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Help:IPA/Nepali

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This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Nepali on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Nepali in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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H:IPA-NEH:IPA-NE

Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Nepali

Charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsNepali pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeNepali phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Nepali.

Key

[edit]

Consonants
IPA	Examples		English Approximation
IPA	Nepali	IAST	English Approximation
b	बाटो	bāṭo	cabbie
bʱ^[1]	भट्टी	bhaṭṭī	clubhouse
d^[2]	दाउरा	dāurā	width
dʱ^[2]	धान	dhān	adhere (but dental)
ɖ^[2]^[3]	डमरु	ḍamaru	American bird
ɽ^[3]	गाडी	gāḍī	American bird
ɖʱ^[2]	ढाल	ḍhāl	American birdhouse
d͡z	जल	jal	dads
d͡zʱ	झरना	jharanā	dad's house
ɡ	गीत	gīt	again
ɡʱ^[1]	घर	ghar	loghouse
ɦ^[3]	हलो	halo	ahead
k	कलम	kalam	scan
kʰ^[1]	खाना	khānā	can
l	लामो	lāmo	leaf
m	माटो	māṭo	much
n	नाम	nām	not
ŋ	नङ	naṅ	sing
ɳ^[4]	अण्डा	aṇḍā	American burn
p	पल	pal	span
pʰ^[1]	फल	phal	pan
r^[5]	रातो	rāto	Trilledring
ɾ^[5]	तारा	tārā	American atom
s^[6]	सानो	sāno	sun
t͡s	चोर	cor	bats
t͡sʰ	छाना	chānā	cats head
t^[2]	तर	tara	stick (but dental)
tʰ^[2]	थाल	thāl	tub (but dental)
ʈ^[2]	टमाटर	ṭamāṭar	American parts
ʈʰ^[2]	ठीक	ṭhīk	American partake
w^[7]	हावा	hawa	want
j	याद	yād	yes

Vowels
IPA	Examples		English Approximation
IPA	Nepali	IAST	English Approximation
Monophthongs
a	आमा	āmā	father
ʌ	असल	asal	cut (most dialects outsideNorthern England,English Midlands andRepublic of Ireland; no equivalent in these dialects)
e	केरा	kerā	Scottish may
i	इनाम	inām	happy
i	ईनार	īnār	happy
o	थोपा	thopā	force
u	उमेर	umēr	cool
u	ऊन	ūn	cool
Diphthongs
ʌi̯	ऐना	ainā	Canadian writer
ʌu̯	मौका	maukā	Canadian about
ou̯	धोऊ	dhoū	goal
oi̯	खोइ	khoi	toy
au̯	पाउ	pāu	now
ei̯	केही	kehī	day
ai̯	माइत	māita	my
iu̯	जीउ	jīu	similar tofew
ui̯	दुई	duī	booyah; Gruyère
eu̯	एउटा	euṭā	somewhat like go(some dialects^[8]);similar to heyooh elided into a single syllable
Vowel Diacritic
◌̃	आँसु	ā̃su	nasal vowel [ʌ̃], [ã], [ũ], etc.)

Suprasegmentals
IPA
◌ ̤ː	Doubled vowel (placed after vowel^[9])
◌ː	Doubled consonant (placed after consonant)

Notes

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^^a ^b ^c ^dVoiced and voiceless aspirated/murmured labials and velars can undergo fricativization, therefore, realized as the corresponding homorganic fricatives e.g. /sʌpʰa/ transcribed phonetically as [sʌɸa], /bʱ/as [β], /kʰ/ as [x], and /ɡʱ/ as [ɣ].
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^hNepali contrasts dental[t] and[d] with apical postalveolar[ʈ] and[ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like/t/ and/d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English/θ/ and/ð/ for some speakers withth-stopping.
^^a ^b ^cDue to a process of h-deletion in some words, ɦ may be replaced by a retroflex flap [ɽ] if words are pronounced with long vowels e.g. पहाडी which is phonetically[paːɽi] can be analyzed phonemically as/pʌhaɖi/. Additionally, [ɽ] can occur if ɖ or ɖʱ are flapped in postvocalic position.
^/ɳ/ may occur as a retroflex nasal flap [ɽ̃] in spellinɡ pronunciations of some Sanskrit loanwords.
^^a ^b/r/ is usually trilled [r] but may be tapped [ɾ] when in intervocalic position.
^/s/ phonetically may be either [s] or [ʃ].
^The combination of the labio-velar approximant /w/ and /e, i, o, ʌi̯, r, w, j/ is constrained in Nepali, thus the orthographic ⟨व⟩ is pronounced as a bilabial stop /b/ in such cases.
^These dialects includeSouthern England (includingReceived Pronunciation),English Midlands,Australian,New Zealand, theSouthern American,Midland American,Philadelphia,Baltimore,Western Pennsylvania and youngerCalifornian English. Other dialects of English, such as most other forms ofAmerican,Northern England,Welsh,Scottish andIrish English, have no close equivalent vowel.
^Words are pronounced with long vowels due to the process of intervocalic h deletion, e.g पहाडी phonemically/pʌɦaɖi/ is realized phonetically as[paːɽi].

Bibliography

[edit]

Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,39 (3):337–380,doi:10.1017/S0025100309990181
Pokharel, Madhav Prasad (1989),Experimental analysis of Nepali sound system (Ph.D.), University of Pune, India
Masica, Colin (1991),The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
Hutt, Michael; Subedi, Abhi (1999),Teach Yourself Nepali (2003 ed.), McGraw-Hill,ISBN 978-0-07-142468-4.
Acharya, Jayaraj (1991),A Descriptive Grammar of Nepali and an Analyzed Corpus, Georgetown University Press,ISBN 0878400737

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