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Help:IPA/Lombard

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<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Lombard on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Lombard in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Lombard

The charts below show how theInternational Phonetic Alphabet representsLombard language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Words are listed for the two major varieties of the language:Western andEastern Lombard. Neither is preferred at Wikipedia unless a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant. See the respective articles to learn more.

There exist several proposed orthographies, none of which is comprehensive enough to represent the whole dialectal span of the language, and a final agreement to select common written standard of Lombard has yet to be reached.Classical Milanese orthography is here used for Western Lombard and Eastern Unified Orthography for Eastern Lombard. When a word is spelled the same in both orthographies, it is given only once.

Consonants
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
b(WL)biott, dubbi, (EL)biót, döbebud
d(WL) lader,drizz, (EL) làder,dréccday
dz(WL) mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter[1][2][3]cods
dʒ(WL) veggia,gent,giovin, resgiô, lecc grand, (EL) ègia, regiùr[1][4]juice
f(WL) boffà, oeuv, (EL) bofà, öf[1]fit
ɡ(WL)gatt, bagaj, (EL)gat, bagàigood
h(EL) presidènt,sùra, dés,sich,sènt, pesàda,sigóla, pès[3][5]ham
k(WL)can, marches, foeugh, (EL)cà, marchés, föch[1]sky
llacc, caròtola, (WL) ballon, vioeula, (EL) balù, viöla, pedriöl[6]lock
m(WL)mes'cià, (EL)mes-cià, campiù[7][8]maid
ɱ(EL) banfà, convegnì[7][8]triumph
nnòcc, (WL) danee, (EL) danér, cantù, sentì[7][8]den
ŋ(EL) ànga, mànche[7][8]long
ɲ(WL)gnucca, legn, (EL)gnöca, lègn, àzegn[8]opinion
p(WL)piasè, goeubb, (EL)piasér, gòp[1]spite
r(WL)roeuda, porscell, corr, caròtola, vioeula, (EL)röda, porsèl, cór[6]trilled r
s(WL) pressident,sora, dis,zuccher, lenzoeu,cazzoeula, mezz, dersett,scova, (EL) presidènt,sùra, dés,sich,sènt, pesàda,sigóla, pès,scùa[1][2][3]same
ʃ(WL) pesciada,scigolla, pesg,scenna,scova, (EL)scéna[1][9]shame
t(WL)todesch, giald, (EL)todèsch, zalt[1]stay
ts(WL)zuccher, lenzoeu,cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, (EL)söcher, lensöl, casöla, mès, dersèt[1][2][3]pets
tʃ(WL) mas'c, vegg,ciocca,cinch,cent, tucc trii, (EL) mascc, ècc,ciòca, lesiù[1][5]chain
ʋ(WL)violin, elvent, cavej, on pò devent, (EL)viulì, olvènt[1][10]betweenwetandvet
zdesmentegà, (WL) basell,s'gionf, mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter, (EL) bazèl,sgiónf, mezalüna, rözà, mès méter,zét,zùen, rezùr[1][2][3][4]zone
ʒ(WL) resgiô, desmentegà[1][4]vision
Non-native consonants
ʎ(WL) botteglia, (EL) butìgliamillion
Semivowels
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
j(WL) piatt, tajà, mej, lezion, (EL) piàt, taià, mèi,lècc grant, töcc tré[1]yes
w(WL) aqua, sguerc, s'ciao, (EL) àqua, sguèrsway
Vowels[11]
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
Short vowels
aabità, (WL) mamma, Bressa, perchè, semper,[12] (EL) mama, Brèsa, cantù, pader, lombard, nacc,ach, italià[13]manner (Scotland)
epelà, perchè, (WL) semper, cortellin,elencà,elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (EL)envéren, méter, sèmper,elencà,elètrega,edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, dét, prensépe, isé, prém, mel, dré, seré, décc,énte[14]bay,but shorter
ɛ(WL) regn, adess, invern, metter, savè, domènega, (EL) règn, adès, pelà, perchè, sèmper,elencà,elètrega,edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, prensépe, setèmber[14]bed
i(WL) inscì, primm, Milan, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (EL) curtilì, saì, dümìnica, Milà, simpàtech, finìcc, cunusìcc, mìa, giardìbeet, but shorter
o(EL) s-ciào, Cóm, cólda,ólter,ólta, póch, conós,óst, modéren, colùr, popolasiù, compàgn, piemontés, ciót, faró, alóra, próa, segónt[15]story, but shorter
ɔ(WL) nòmm, anmò, Còmm,oeuli, vòlta, pocch, cognoss, (EL) nòm, amò, mama, Brèsa[13][15]off
ø(WL)oeugg,[16] (EL)öcc,öle, töarà, cöcömer, pröa, töcc, piö, löster, cöntà, encö, zöga, löna, scör, cönt,öndes[15]bird (RP), but shorter
u(WL) agost, modern, pocch, cognoss, sô, color, popolazion, comun, tovarà, cocumer, (EL) sul, culùr, pupulasiù, piemuntés, cumpuzisiù, alùra, amùr, put, nasiùcool, but shorter
y(WL) tucc, pussee, luster, comunicazion, busecca, (EL) lüna, scür, cümü, büzècafoot (Scotland)
Shortnasal vowels[8]
ã(WL) banfà, campion, cantonsang (Scotland)
ẽ(WL) sentì, asen, venditorsang (Southern U.S.)
ĩ(WL) prinzipi, simpateghring
ũ(WL) compagn, piemontes, composizion, convegnìno English equivalent; nasalized/u/
ỹ(WL) cuntàno English equivalent; nasalized/y/
Long vowels
aː(WL) pader, lombard, andaa, calda,alter[17]father
eː(WL) mel, dreebay
iː(WL) dii, prinzipi, finiibeet
oː(WL) calda,alter,oeuli, vòlta[15]story
uː(WL) ciod, faroo, alora, amorcool
øː(WL) proeuva, incoeu,oeuli, vòlta[15]bird (RP)
yː(WL) giuga, luna, scur, cuu, cognossuufew (Scotland)
Long nasal vowels[8]
ãː(WL) vanga, manchi,anca, italiansang (Scotland)
ẽː(WL) settember, serensang (Southern U.S.)
ĩː(WL) dinc, vint, minga, giardinno English equivalent; nasalized/iː/
ũː(WL) segond, pont, nazionno English equivalent; nasalized/uː/
ỹː(WL) cunt, vundes, comunno English equivalent; nasalized/yː/
Suprasegmentals
IPAExamplesExplanation
ˈ(WL) insemma[ĩˈsɛma], (EL) ensèma[ɛnˈsɛma]primary stress
ˌ(WL)tirabuscion[ˌti(ː)rabyˈʃũː], (EL)tirabosù[ˌtiraboˈsu]secondary stress
.(WL) sciador[ʃi.aˈduːr], (EL) sciadùr[ʃi.aˈdur]syllable break
ː(WL) tròpp dolz[ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːul(t)s], (EL) tròp dóls[ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːols][3]geminated consonant

Notes

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  1. ^abcdefghijklmnLombard, like a number of other languages, hasfinal devoicing of obstruents, as well as finalvoicing of normally-devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: Westernpesg d'inscì[ˌpeːʒdĩˈʃi], Easternpès d'isé[ˌpɛzdiˈse]. In such cases, word-final/dz/,/dʒ/,/tʃ/ and/ts/ may reduce to respectively,[z],[ʒ],[ʃ],[s] in the West, and in the East,/dʒ/ and/tʃ/ are generally realized as[j].
  2. ^abcd/dz/ and/ts/ contrast with/z/ and/s/ only in some Western dialects.
  3. ^abcdefCompleteregressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a finalocclusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances,/z/ becomes[dz] and[h] turns back to[s].
  4. ^abc/ʒ/ is phonemically distinctive only in a few areas of Western Lombardy. Everywhere else, it is realized as[dʒ] or (certain Eastern dialects)[z]. Note that[ʒ] may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal/z/ in dialects such asComasco.
  5. ^abIn some Eastern variants,/s/ is pronounced[h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as[htʃ] or, after a consonant,[tʃ].
  6. ^abWestern Lombard generally drops word-final/l/ after a long vowel (pedrioeu[pedriˈøː], Easternpedriöl[pedriˈøl]). In addition, its northern dialects haverhotacized Latin non-geminate/l/ in all (semi)vowel-internal instances ([ˈskʰɔla] →[ˈskøːra]; compare[ˈbʊlːa] →[ˈbula]).
  7. ^abcdIn dialects that feature syllable-final nasals,assimilation to the following consonant always takes place even in an ending nasal+stop cluster, and the stop is dropped before another one (Easternguànt biànch[ˌɡwamˈbjaŋk], Westernguant bianch[ˌɡwãːˈbjãːk]).
  8. ^abcdefgOnly the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemicnasal consonant within aclosed syllable (Westerntemp[ˈtẽːp], Easterntép[ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than/n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus/n/. Those are nearly the only cases for which Eastern Lombard has the same realization (WesternGiovann[dʒuˈʋan], EasternGioàn[dʒoˈan]; compareMilan[miˈlãː] andMilà[miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and Eastern dialects always render them by a vowel alone word-finally and sometimes word-internally.
  9. ^In Eastern dialects,/ʃ/ may occur only in foreign borrowings, along with/ʎ/.
  10. ^Compare Eastern Lombard postvocalic/v/-dropping:caèi[kaˈɛj],on pó de ènt[omˈpodeˈɛnt].
  11. ^Only in Western dialects, but fewminimal pairs actually occur, andvowel length isphonemic, with long vowels appearing only in stressed positions. In Eastern dialects, the same contrast tends to be expressed throughvowel quality or other means (Westerngod[ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys",gott[ˈgut] "drops", Easterngót[ˈɡot],góte[ˈɡotɛ]).
  12. ^abcIn some Western dialects of the north, unstressed/e/ of some words is[a], but in others, it is[i].
  13. ^abFinal rounding of unstressed/a/ to[ɔ] is possible in Eastern dialects.
  14. ^abEastern unstressed/e/ is pronounced either high-mid[e] or low-mid[ɛ].
  15. ^abcde[oː] is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed/ɔ/ (alterning with[øː] in other realizations),/aː/ (both corresponding to/o/ in the East), and of/øː/ (alterning with[ɔ] in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern/ø/).
  16. ^Realization varies between[ø] and[œ].
  17. ^Realization varies between[aː] and[ɑː].

See also

[edit]

External links

[edit]
Comparisons
Introductory guides
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