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Help:IPA/Latin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Latin on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Latin in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Latin

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsClassical Latin andEcclesiastical Latin pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeLatin phonology and orthography andLatin regional pronunciation for a more thorough look at the sounds of Latin.

Key

[edit]
Consonants[1]
IPALatin
alphabet		ExamplesEnglish approximation
Class.Eccl.
bbbellumbean
dddecemdeck
dzz[2]zēlusadds
dʒg[3]gēnsgiant
fffaciōfan
ɡggravisgear
hhhabeōherorhour
ji[4]j[4]jūvoyes
kc, kcaputscar
kʰch[2]chartacar
kʷququattuorsquash
lllītusleave
ɫl[5]multusall
mm[6]manusman
nn[6]nosternext
ŋlongus[7]song
gignis[7]
ɲgnignis[7]onion
pppāxspan
pʰph[2]pharetrapan
rrregiōtrilled ortapped r
ss[8]sumbetweensip andship (retracted)
ʃsc[3]scindōship
tttabulastone
tʰth[2]thalamustone
tst[3]portiōBotswana
tʃc[3]centumchange
wu[4]uerbumwest
vv[4]vest
zz[2]zēlusbetweenzone andgenre (retracted)
s[8]miserēre
Vowels[9]
IPALatin
alphabet		ExamplesEnglish approximation
Class.Eccl.
aaanimapasta
aːāācer,āctusfather
ɛeestmet
eae/æ
oe/œ
e
eːēēlēctusScottish[10] made
ɪiincipitmit
ii
y		īra, mīllemead
iːī
ɔoomnisoff
oostory (short)
oːōōrdōstory (long)
ʊuurbsput
uulūnacool (short)
uːūcool (long)
ʏy[2]cyclusroughly like root(some dialects[11]; short);French tu
yːȳ[2]cȳmaroughly like root(some dialects[11]; long);Germanüber
Vowels that precede vowels[12]
eeVmeaScottish[10] mate
iiVItaliapeace
Diphthongs
ae̯aecaelumsigh
oe̯oepoenaboy
au̯auaurumcow
ei̯eideindesaying
eu̯euseuhello as pronounced byElmer Fudd:hewwo; Spanisheuro
ui̯uicuibooyah; Gruyère
Nasal vowels[6]
◌̃ːum
un		mōnstrumlong nasal vowels
Prosody
IPAExamplesExplanation
ˈGāius
[ˈɡaː.i.ʊs]		stress (placed before the stressed syllable)[13]
.syllable marker, generally between vowels inhiatus[14]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Geminate (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for/jj/ and/ww/:anus[ˈanʊs],annus[ˈannʊs]. In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign:/nn/ or/nː/.
  2. ^abcdefgOnly found inGreek loanwords.
  3. ^abcdIn Classical Latin,⟨c g t⟩ are always pronounced hard, as[kgt]. In Ecclesiastical Latin,⟨c g sc⟩ are pronounced assoft[tʃdʒʃ] before thefront vowels⟨e i y ae oe⟩, and unstressed⟨ti⟩ before a vowel is pronounced[tsi].
  4. ^abcdIn Classical Latin,⟨i u⟩ represent the vowels/ɪiː/ and/ʊuː/, and the consonants/j/ and/w/. Between consonants or when marked with macrons or breves,⟨i u⟩ are vowels. In some spelling systems,/jw/ are written with the letters⟨j v⟩. In other cases, consult a dictionary.
    • Consonantal⟨i⟩, between vowels, stands fordoubled/jj/:cuius[ˈkʊjjʊs]. The vowel before the double/jj/ is usually short, but it is sometimes marked with a macron. When a prefix is added to a word beginning in/j/, the/j/ is usually single:trā-iectum[traːˈjɛktũː].
    • /w/ is doubled between vowels only in Greek words, such asEuander[ɛwˈwandɛr].
    In Ecclesiastical Latin,⟨i⟩ represents the vowel/i/,⟨j⟩ represents the consonant/j/,⟨u⟩ represents the vowel/u/ or (in the combinations⟨gu su qu⟩) the consonant/w/, and⟨v⟩ represents the fricative/v/.
  5. ^/l/ has two allophones in Classical Latin. The clear[l] occurs when geminated to/ll/ and before the vowels/ɪ/ and/iː/, as well as before/ʏ/ and/yː/. Elsewhere, a dark (velarized)[ɫ] occurs: at the end of a word, before another consonant, and before all other native vowels, including/ɛ/ and/eː/.
  6. ^abcIn Classical Latin, the combination of a vowel and⟨m⟩ at the end of a word, or a vowel and⟨n⟩ before⟨s⟩ or⟨f⟩, represents a longnasal vowel.
  7. ^abcIn both Classical and Ecclesiastical Latin,⟨n⟩ is pronounced as[ŋ] before/k,ɡ/. The digraph⟨gn⟩ is pronounced as[ŋn] in Classical Latin, but[ɲ] in Ecclesiastical Latin.
  8. ^abIn Ecclesiastical Latin,⟨s⟩ between vowels is often pronounced[z].
  9. ^Classical Latin haslong and short vowels. If vowel length is marked, long vowels are marked withmacrons,⟨ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ⟩, and short vowels withbreves,⟨ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, y̆⟩. Ecclesiastical Latin does not distinguish between long and short vowels.
  10. ^abAlso most forms ofIrish English andNorthern England English (excludingScouse andMancunian)
  11. ^abThese dialects include modernReceived Pronunciation and most forms ofEnglish English (with some exceptions such asYorkshire),Australian,New Zealand,White South African,Scottish,Ulster,Southern American,Midland American,Philadelphia,Baltimore,Western Pennsylvania andCalifornia English. Other dialects of English, such asNorthern American,New York City,New England,African American Vernacular,Welsh andRepublic of Ireland English, have no close equiavalent vowel.
  12. ^In Classical Latin, short⟨e⟩ and⟨i⟩ have a more closed articulation,[e] and[i] when they occur before another vowel, instead of their normal Classical values of [ɛ] and [ɪ].
  13. ^In words of two syllables, the stress is on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on thepenultimate syllable ifheavy, and on theantepenultimate syllable otherwise. There are some exceptions, most caused bycontraction orelision.
  14. ^This does not indicate a glottal stop [ʔ]; glottal stops are not reconstructed for Latin prosody in word-internal hiatus.
Comparisons
Introductory guides
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