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Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu

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<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu
This page containsIndic text. Without properrendering support, you may see boxes or letters that did not properly join into syllables instead of Indic text.

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsHindustani (Hindi andUrdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Key

[edit]
Consonants
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
HindiUrduISO 15919
bबीसبیسbīscabbie
bʱभालूبھالوbhālūclubhouse
d[1]दालدالdālwidth,Spanish andar
dʱ[1]धूपدھوپdhūpadhere (but dental)
dʒजानجانjānbudging
dʒʱझड़नाجھڑناjhaṛnāhedgehog
ɖ[1]डालनाڈالناḍālnāAmerican bird
ɖʱ[1]ढक्कनڈھکّنḍhakkanAmerican birdhouse
f[2]ख़िलाफ़خلافk͟hilāffuss
ɡगोलگولgolago
ɡʱघरگھرgharloghouse
ʔ[3]ऐतबार, एतबारاِعْتِبارiʻtibār[a]The pause in"uh-oh!", butter (glottal stop)
ɣ[2]बाग़باغbāġSimilar to the French R
ɦहमہمhamahead
हुक्मحکمh̤ukm
jयादیادyādyuck
kकमज़ोरکمزورkamzorscab
kʰखालکھالkhālcab
lलबلبlableaf
mमगरمگرmagarmuch
nनहींنہیںnahī̃panther
ɳ[5]किरणکرنkiraṇAmerican burn
ŋरंगرن٘گraṅgbang
pपलپلpalspot
pʰफलپھلphalpot
q[2]क़रीबقریبqarībsomewhat likecaught
r[6]रसرسrasTrilledring
ज़र्राذرّہzarra
ɾ[6]ज़राذراzarāAmerican atom
ɽलड़नाلڑناlaṛnāAmerican garter
ɽʱपढ़ाईپڑھائیpaṛhāīno English equivalent
sसबسبsabsun
ʂ[5]नष्टنشٹnaṣṭAmerican worship
ʃकाशکاشkāśshoe
t[1]तालाबتالابtālābsimilar to outthink, Spanishtomar
लतीफ़ाلطیفہlat̤īfa
tʰ[1]थैलाتھیلاthailātub (but dental)
t͡ʃचोरچورcorcatch
t͡ʃʰछोड़नाچھوڑناchoṛnābeachhead
ʈ[1]टमाटरٹماٹرṭamāṭarstub (but retroflex)
ʈʰ[1]ठंडٹھنڈṭhanḍtub (but retroflex)
ʋ[7]वर्ज़िशورزشvarziśvat
w[7]पकवानپكوانpakvānwell
x[2]ख़राबخرابk͟harābScottish loch
z[2]काग़ज़کاغذkāġazzoo
ʒ[2]अझ़दहाاژدہاaždahāpleasure
Vowels
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
HindiUrduISO 15919
aːकामکامkāmfather
eːजेबجیبjēbsay
ɛ[8]रहनाرہناrêhnāpen
ɛːकैसाکیساkaisāfairy
əकलکَلkalabout
ɪजितनाجِتناjitnāsit
iːजीतनाجیتناjītnāseat
oːबोलोبولوbōlōstory
ɔ[8]बहुतبَہُتbôhôtcot
ɔːकौनکَونkaunoff, but long
ʊउनاُنunfoot
uːऊनاُونūncool
◌̃मैंمَیںmaiṁnasal vowel faun
([ãː,õː], etc.)
Suprasegmentals
IPAExampleNotes
ˈ◌[ˈbaːɦər]stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː[ˈʊtːəɾpɾəˈdeːʃ]long sound
(placed after doubled consonant and long vowel)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghHindi and Urdu contrast dental[t] and[d] with apical postalveolar[ʈ] and[ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like/t/ and/d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English/θ/ and/ð/ for some speakers withth-stopping.
  2. ^abcdefMainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ], [q] and [f] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g], [k] and [pʰ] respectively.
  3. ^In a number of words, theع and/orء is sometimes pronounced asʔ in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.
  4. ^"Meaning of etibar in English".Rekhta Dictionary. Retrieved2023-03-18.
  5. ^abMainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.
  6. ^ab/ɾ/ can surface as a trill[r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate/ɾː/ is always a trill.
  7. ^ab[w] occurs as an allophone of[ʋ] when /वو/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while[ʋ], which may phonetically be[v], occurs otherwise.
  8. ^ab[ɛ] and[ɔ] occur as allophones of/ə/ near an/ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides byschwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an[ɛ] and[ɔ] respectively, preceding an/ɦ/.
  1. ^Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as ऐतबार or एतबार (aitbār, ētbār).Rekhta Dictionary transliterates this term as ए'तिबार (ē'tibār) in Devanagari/Hindi.[4]

See also

[edit]
Comparisons
Introductory guides
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