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Help:IPA/Afrikaans

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This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Afrikaans on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Afrikaans in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Afrikaans

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsAfrikaans pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeAfrikaans phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Afrikaans, as well as dialectal variations that are not represented here.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	beet	beet
d	dak	duck
f	fiets,ver	far
ɦ	hoekom	behind
j	ja	yes
k	kat	skin
l	land	land
m	mens	man
n	nek	neck
ŋ	eng	long
p	pen,rib,lip	sport
r	ras	rolled r
s	sak,seep	sock
t	tak,hond	stop
χ	generaal,weg	loch (Scottish English)
v	wang	van
ʋ	kwaad,twaalf^[1]	water
Loan consonants
ʔ	beïnvloed [bəˈʔənflut]	the catch inuh-oh!
ɡ	ghries,^[2]berge,erger	goal
z	Zoeloe	zoo
ʃ	sjabloon,chef	shall
ʒ	genre	vision
tʃ	tjek,Tsjeggië	chat
dʒ	djihad,jellie	jump
ɲ	oranje	onion
Stress
ˈ	vóórkom[ˈfuərkɔm] voorkóm[ˌfuərˈkɔm]	as incommandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdiər/
ˌ	vóórkom[ˈfuərkɔm] voorkóm[ˌfuərˈkɔm]	as incommandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdiər/

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Monophthongs (oral)
a	bad	Britishcat; somewhat likecut in other dialects.
ɑː	aap	father
æ	bel,sleg,lekker,ster^[3]	American and Australianback (short)
æː	perd,ver,wêreld,bêre^[4]	American and Australianmad (long)
ɛ	met,wen,september	met
ɛː	nè,mens,hê	modernRPsquare
ə	vis,hemel,vanaand^[5]	again
əː	wîe^[6]	fur
i	nies,polisie	deep (short)
iː	spieël,bier^[7]	deep (long)
ɔ	bot	story (short)
ɔː	môre^[8]	story (long)
œ	hut	roughly likebook (short)
œː	rûe^[8]	roughly likebook (long)
u	hoed,polisie	cool (short)
uː	koeël,moer^[7]	cool (long)
y	nuut	roughly likecute; Frenchtu
yː	uur^[7]	roughly liketrue; Germanüber
Monophthongs (nasal)
ɑ̃ː	dans	no English equivalent, long nasalized[ɑ]; Frenchsans
ɛ̃ː	mens	no English equivalent, long nasalized[ɛ]; Frenchvin
ɔ̃ː	spons	no English equivalent, nasalized[ɔː]; Frenchdupont
Diphthongs
ai	baie	price
aːi	braai	prize
əi	rys,reis	may
iə	eer,ere	ear
iu	eeu	ew
oːi	nooi	boy
œu	ou	boat
œy	ui	house (Scottish English)
uə	so, boot	rural
yœ	seun	roughly likefear in some accents

Notes

[edit]

^[ʋ] is an allophone of /v/ in onset consonant clusters such as /kv/ and /tv/.
^/ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Afrikaans; it occurs only in loanwords likegholf or as an allophone of/χ/ at the end of suffixed root nouns or adjectives when both preceded by a short vowel + R cluster and followed by a schwa.
^[æ] is not a phoneme, but an allophone of/ɛ/ that appears before/l/,/r/,/x/ and/k/, especially in the northern parts of South Africa (former Transvaal and Free State). In other regions, predominantly the Cape Provinces, this is not the case. Also, this allophonic phenomenon is largely absent in the Afrikaans as spoken by most coloured speakers, irrespective of geographic region (Wissing (2016)).
^[æː] is not a phoneme, but an allophone of/ɛ/. When followed by/r/,/ɛ/ is both lengthened and lowered by speakers in some regions (Wissing (2016)).
^/ə/ appears both as a stressed vowel, as invis, and as an unstressed vowel, as inhemel. In unstressed positions, vowels are frequently reduced to schwa, as the first vowel invanaand.
^/əː/ occurs in no other word (Donaldson (1993:7)).
^^a ^b ^cAs phonemes,/iː/ and/uː/ occur only inspieël andkoeël, respectively. In other cases,[iː] and[uː] occur as allophones of/i/ and/u/ before/r/./y/ is also lengthened to[yː] before/r/ (Donaldson (1993:4–6)).
^^a ^b/œː/ and/ɔː/ occur only in a few words (Donaldson (1993:7).

References

[edit]

Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993). "1. Pronunciation".A Grammar of Afrikaans. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 1–35.ISBN 978-3-11-0134261. Retrieved16 April 2017.
Lass, Roger (1987). "Intradiphthongal Dependencies". In Anderson, John; Durand, Jaques (eds.).Explorations in Dependency Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland. pp. 109–131.ISBN 9067652970. Retrieved16 April 2017.
Wissing, Daan (2016)."Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory".Taalportaal.Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved16 April 2017.
Wissing, Daan (2020). "Afrikaans".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.50 (1):127–140.doi:10.1017/S0025100318000269.

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