Helen Gahagan Douglas | |
|---|---|
 Gahagan Douglas,c. 1945 | |
| Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromCalifornia's14th district | |
| In office January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1951 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas F. Ford |
| Succeeded by | Sam Yorty |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Helen Mary Gahagan (1900-11-25)November 25, 1900 Boonton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | June 28, 1980(1980-06-28) (aged 79) New York City, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
| Parents |
|
| Alma mater | Barnard College |
| Occupation |
|
Helen Gahagan Douglas (bornHelen Mary Gahagan; November 25, 1900 – June 28, 1980) was an American actress and politician.
Gahagan Douglas's acting career included success onBroadway, as a touringopera singer, and inHollywood films. Her portrayal of the villain inShe (1935) inspired theEvil Queen inSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937).
In 1944, Gahagan Douglas was first elected to theUnited States Congress. In the1950 U.S. Senate election in California, she lost toRepublican nomineeRichard M. Nixon. The campaign became symbolic of modern political vitriol, as both Gahagan Douglas'sDemocratic primary opponentManchester Boddy and Nixon referred to her as "pink right down to her underwear", suggesting Communist sympathies.
Helen Mary Gahagan was born inBoonton, New Jersey,[1] ofScotch-Irish descent.[2] She was the eldest daughter of Lillian Rose (Mussen) andWalter H. Gahagan, an engineer who owned a construction business inBrooklyn and a shipyard inArverne, Queens; her mother had been a schoolteacher.[1] She was rearedEpiscopalian.[3][4] Gahagan was raised at 231 Lincoln Place[5] in thePark Slope area of Brooklyn, an upper-middle-class neighborhood. She attended the prestigiousBerkeley Carroll School,[6] where she "attracted the favorable attention of Brooklyn critics through her performance in school plays".[7] Following an argument with her father, who did not believe becoming an actress was a suitable occupation for a woman, she was sent to study at theCapen School for Girls in Northampton, Massachusetts.[5]
Gahagan gained admittance toBarnard College ofColumbia University, class of 1924.[8] To the dismay and shock of her father she left after two years, without finishing her degree, to pursue an acting career.[6]
Gahagan found great success and became a well known star onBroadway in the 1920s, appearing in popular plays such asYoung Woodley andTrelawney of the Wells.[9]
In 1927, at the age of 26, Gahagan set out to forge a new career as an opera singer, and, after two years of voice lessons, she found herself touring across Europe and receiving critical praise, unusual for an American at the time.[5] In 1930, she returned to Broadway to star in a production ofTonight or Never, where she co-starred with actorMelvyn Douglas.[10] The two married in 1931, Gahagan keeping her maiden name.[5][11] They had two children, Peter and Mary.[12]
Gahagan Douglas went to Los Angeles in 1935, starring in theHollywood movieShe, playing Hash-a-Motep, queen of a lost city. The movie, based onH. Rider Haggard'snovel of the same name, is perhaps best known for popularizing a phrase from the novel, "She who must be obeyed". Gahagan's depiction of the "ageless ice goddess"[13] served as inspiration for theEvil Queen inWalt Disney'sSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs.[14][15]
While in Vienna in 1938, performing in opera (which was a dream come true for Gahagan Douglas), she found herself having coffee with aNazi sympathizer. The experience sickened her to such a degree that she immediately flew back to Los Angeles, determined to fight Nazism publicly.[16]
Introduced to politics by her husband,[5] Gahagan Douglas joined the Democratic Party shortly after the election ofFranklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. The Roosevelts and the Douglases would develop a close friendship,[17] withEleanor Roosevelt serving as a political mentor to Gahagan Douglas.
She largely disliked the atmosphere of Hollywood; following the birth of her daughter, Mary Helen, in 1938, Gahagan Douglas took to learning about the plight ofmigrant workers and grew increasingly politically aware.[9] She soon became the director of theJohn Steinbeck Committee,[18] named for the author ofThe Grapes of Wrath, and by 1940 she was the national spokesperson for migrants.[3]
The Douglases joined theHollywood Anti-Nazi League; in 1939, they joined others in calling for a United States boycott against goods produced inNazi Germany.[5][19]
Gahagan Douglas was a member of the national advisory committee of theWorks Progress Administration[20] and of the State committee of theNational Youth Administration in 1939 and 1940. She then served as Democratic national committeewoman for California and vice chairwoman of the Democratic state central committee and chairman of the women's division from 1940 to 1944. She was also a member of the board of governors of the California Housing and Planning Association in 1942 and 1943, and was appointed by Roosevelt as a member of the Voluntary Participation Committee,Office of Civilian Defense. She was later appointed by PresidentHarry S. Truman as an alternate United States delegate to theUnited Nations Assembly.[21]
In 1946, she was among those honored by theNational Association of Colored Women for her role in interracial cooperation for advancing race and gender equality. Gahagan Douglas had been a colleague of the organization's founder,Mary McLeod Bethune, on the National Youth Administration.[22]
In 1943,Democratic leaders, including FDR, persuaded Gahagan Douglas to run in the 1944 election[11] for the14th Congressional District seat opened by the retirement of CongressmanThomas F. Ford.[20] To try to appeal to conservative voters, she started using her husband's last name.[11] As the California Democratic committee chairwoman, she spoke at the1944 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.[23] Her impressive speech raised her profile, with some imagining a VP spot in her future, if not a presidential candidacy.[18] In the fall elections, Gahagan Douglas won theHouse race and subsequently ran for — and won — two more terms, serving in the79th,80th and81st Congresses (January 1945 – January 1951).[24][21]
During her three terms in the House, she championed various issues, such as civil rights, migrant worker welfare,[18] women's issues, affordable housing, progressive taxation,[18] and nuclear disarmament;[11] she sponsored an anti-lynching bill against Southern opposition. She also championed a controversial bill to create a Franklin Delano Roosevelt National Forest that would protectCalifornia redwoods from Sonoma County to Oregon. The forest bill was opposed locally by business interests fearing the loss of taxable properties.[25][26]
Her love affair withLyndon B. Johnson was an open secret on Capitol Hill.[27]
In 1950, Gahagan Douglas ran for theUnited States Senate, although incumbent DemocratSheridan Downey was seeking a third term. California Democratic state chairmanWilliam M. Malone had advised Gahagan Douglas to wait until 1952 to run for the Senate, rather than split the party in a fight with Downey. Gahagan Douglas, however, told Malone that Downey had neglected veterans and smallgrowers and had to be unseated. Downey withdrew from the race before the primary and supported a third candidate,Manchester Boddy, the owner and publisher of theLos Angeles Daily News. When Gahagan Douglas defeated Boddy for the nomination, Downey endorsed theRepublican nominee, U.S. RepresentativeRichard M. Nixon.[28]
Fellow RepresentativeJohn F. Kennedy quietly donated money to Nixon's campaign against Gahagan Douglas, Kennedy and Nixon sharing similar views on the threat of communism.[29][30][18]
In the primary race, Boddy had referred to Gahagan Douglas as "the Pink Lady" and said that she was "pink right down to her underwear", a suggestion that she sympathized with theSoviet Union. During the general election, Nixon reprised Boddy's line of attack. Nixon's campaign manager,Murray Chotiner, had 500,000 flyers printed on sheets of pink paper. Chotiner explained, "The purpose of an election is not to defeat your opponent, but to destroy him."[31]
In a race that was remembered as one of the most vicious in California political history, Nixon's charges were intentionally directed towards theassassination of Gahagan Douglas's character.[31] He implied that she was a Communist "fellow traveler" by comparing her votes to those of RepresentativeVito Marcantonio ofNew York (a pro-Soviet member of theAmerican Labor Party), and deployedanti-Semitic surrogates to call on voters to reject her because her husband, Melvyn, wasJewish.[31] Gahagan Douglas, in return, popularized a nickname for Nixon (apparently coined by Manchester Boddy) which became one of the most enduring nicknames in American politics: "Tricky Dick".[32][11]
Nixon won the election by a vote of 2,183,454 (59%) to 1,502,507 (41%), and Gahagan Douglas's political career came to an end, but she remained an activist, continuing to advocate for theregulation of nuclear weapons for several decades. In the 1950 election, conservative DemocratSamuel W. Yorty (later a Republican convert) succeeded her in Congress.
Gahagan Douglas would later say that Nixon's harsh campaign tactics were "completely unnecessary" and that she likely would've lost the election anyway. Young, Republican-inclined voters in the state could feel a closer personal connection to Nixon, a thirty-something man with a young family much like themselves. They perceived Gahagan Douglas as too liberal and stuck in theNew Deal era.[33] Further, money from oil companies was pouring into the state to tilt the balance in favor of Nixon.[34]
It was rumored that Gahagan Douglas would have been given a political appointment in the Truman administration, but that the Nixon–Douglas race had made such an appointment too controversial for Truman.[35]Democratic National Committee vice-chairIndia Edwards, a Gahagan Douglas supporter, remarked that Gahagan Douglas could not have been appointed dogcatcher.[36]
She returned to acting in 1952,[18] and later campaigned for John F. Kennedy, who ran successfully against Nixon in the1960 presidential race.[35]
Gahagan Douglas was mentioned in the 1965 song "George Murphy" by satiristTom Lehrer. The song begins, "Hollywood's often tried to mix / show business with politics / from Helen Gahagan / toRonald Reagan ..."
Kennedy's successor Lyndon Johnson appointed Gahagan Douglas as "Special Ambassador" to the inauguration of Liberian PresidentWilliam Tubman.[37] However, Gahagan Douglas's subsequent opposition to theVietnam War angered Johnson, estranging him from her.[38] She also campaigned forGeorge McGovern in his unsuccessful bid to prevent Nixon's 1972 re-election, and she called for Nixon's removal from office during theWatergate scandal.[39]
During and after the Watergate scandal, bumper stickers featuring the legend "Don't blame me, I voted for Helen Gahagan Douglas" cropped up on cars in California.[40] In October 1973, Gahagan Douglas was among the first women featured on the cover ofMs. magazine.[11][41] At its 1979 commencement ceremonies,Barnard College awarded Gahagan Douglas its highest honor, theBarnard Medal of Distinction. She died the following year frombreast andlung cancer, with her husband Melvyn by her side.[9]
SenatorAlan Cranston of California eulogized her on the floor of the Senate on August 5, 1980, saying, "I believe Helen Gahagan Douglas was one of the grandest, most eloquent, deepest-thinking people we have had in American politics. She stands among the best of our 20th-century leaders, rivaling even Eleanor Roosevelt in stature, compassion and simple greatness."[42]
A collection of Helen Gahagan Douglas's papers spanning her life and career are held by theCarl Albert Center.[43]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Helen Gahagan Douglas | 65,729 | 51.6 | |
| Republican | William D. Campbell | 61,767 | 48.4 | |
| Total votes | 127,496 | 100.0 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratichold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Helen Gahagan Douglas (Incumbent) | 53,536 | 54.4 | |
| Republican | Frederick M. Roberts | 44,914 | 45.6 | |
| Total votes | 98,450 | 100.0 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratichold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Helen Gahagan Douglas (Incumbent) | 89,581 | 65.3 | |
| Republican | W. Wallace Braden | 44,611 | 32.5 | |
| Progressive | Sidney Moore | 2,904 | 2.2 | |
| Total votes | 137,096 | 100.0 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratichold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Richard Nixon | 2,183,454 | 59.23 | |||
| Democratic | Helen Gahagan Douglas | 1,502,507 | 40.76 | |||
| Write-ins | 334 | 0.01 | ||||
| Total votes | 3,686,315 | 100.00 | ||||
| Turnout | 73.32 | |||||
| Republicangain fromDemocratic | ||||||
| U.S. House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromCalifornia's 14th congressional district 1945–1951 | Succeeded by |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Democratic nominee forU.S. Senator fromCalifornia (Class 3) 1950 | Succeeded by Sam Yorty |
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