Riddles inHebrew are referred to as חידותḥidot (singular חִידָהḥidah).^[2] They have at times been a major and distinctive part of literature in Hebrew and closely related languages. At times they have a complex relationship withproverbs.^[3]

Riddles are not common in theBible,^[4] though other tests of verbal wit are. The most prominent riddle in the Bible isSamson's riddle:Samson outwitted thePhilistines by posing a riddle about the lion and the beehive until they learned the answer from his Philistine bride, costing Samson 30 suits of clothes (Judges 14:5-18).^[5] In theBook of Proverbs, it mentions "the words of the wise and their riddles."^[6] In Proverbs 30:15, in which sets of three or four objects are mentioned were likely originally in the form of riddles. InEzekiel17:1-10 is also a riddle of sorts^[7] as well as inHabakkuk 2:6-20.

Riddles are not common inMidrashic literature,^[8] but some are found. For example, theLamentations Rabbah, composed around the middle of the first millennium CE, expounds the first verse of theBook of Lamentations by telling eleven stories in which Jerusalemites outwit Athenians. Most of these are in some sense riddlic;^{[9]: 39–87} the one most straightforwardly containing a riddle^[9]: 55 features schoolboys asking "what is this thing: nine go out and eight are complete, and twenty-four serve, and two pour, and one drinks". These numbers turn out to refer respectively to nine months of pregnancy, eight days between birth and circumcision, twenty-four months of breastfeeding, two breasts, and one baby.^{[9]: 48–49}

Sirach mentions riddles as a popular dinner pastime.

TheTalmud contains several riddles, such as this one from the end ofKinnim: 'What animal has one voice living and seven voices dead?' ('The ibis, from whose carcass seven different musical instruments are made').^[7]

The AramaicStory of Ahikar contains a long section of proverbial wisdom that in some versions also contains riddles.^[10]

The Bible describes how theQueen of Sheba testsSolomon with riddles, but without giving any hint as to what they were.^[11] On this basis, riddles were ascribed to the Queen in later writings (see:Colloquy of the Queen of Sheba). Four riddles are ascribed to her in the tenth- or eleventh-centuryMidrash Proverbs,^[12][13] including the following: 'She said to him: "Seven exit and nine enter, two pour and one drinks". He said to her: "Surely, seven days of menstruation exit and nine months of pregnancy enter, two breasts pour and the baby drinks".’^[14] These plus another fourteen or fifteen tests of wisdom, some of which are riddles, appear in theMidrash ha-Ḥefez (1430 CE), for example:^[12]

• There is an enclosure with ten doors: when one is open nine are shut; when nine are open, one is shut. — The womb, the bodily orifices, and the umbilical cord.
• Living, moves not, yet when its head is cut off it moves. — A ship in the sea (made from a tree).
• What was that which is produced from the ground, yet produces it, while its food is the fruit of the ground? — A wick.^[13]

The early medieval AramaicTargum Sheni also contains three riddles posed by the Queen to Solomon.^[12]

Under the influence ofArabic literature in medievalal-Andalus, there was a flourishing of literary Hebrew riddles in verse during the Middle Ages.Dunash ben Labrat (920-990), credited with transposing Arabic metres into Hebrew, composeda number of riddles, firmly rooted, like folk-riddles, in describing everyday, physical objects.^[15] Hisdiwan includes a twenty-line poem comprising ten riddles, one of which runs:

Subsequent exponents includedSamuel ibn Naghrillah (born 993), the sixth section of whose philosophical verse collectionBen Mishlei (literally 'son ofProverbs', but more idiomatically 'after Proverbs') presents a series of philosophically inclined riddles.^[18][19][20] The subjects of his riddles generally remained concrete — examples include the moon, pen and ink, a boat or fountain — but he began to introduce riddles on abstract themes such as God, wisdom, joy, and folly, with a didactic purpose.^[21]: 20

And he said to me: Is there life in death, without a heart?

I answered: foolishness.

And he continued: Is there death in life, with the body intact?

I answered: poverty.

Frequently, the word representing the solution was integrated into the end-rhyme of the poem, making the solution to the riddle the completion of a verse.^{[22]: 100–101}

Samuel was followed byMoses ibn Ezra (born c. 1055×60),Judah Halevi (born c. 1075),Abraham ibn Ezra (born 1089×92) andYehuda Alharizi (born 1165).^[7][23]

Judah is noted as the most prolific Hebrew riddler of his time, with a corpus of at least sixty-seven riddles,^[21]: 21 some of which survive in his own hand, and even in draft form.^[1] These are mostly short, monorhyme compositions on concrete subjects such as everyday artefacts, animals and plants, or a name or word.^[24][1] For example, he wrote:

Evincing the infinite--

the size of your palm--

what it holds is beyond you,

curious, at hand.^[25]

(The answer is 'hand-mirror'.) However, his riddles also include a piece as long as 36 verses, to be solved both as 'pomegranate' and 'Granada';^[21] the solution to some remains the subject of research.^[26]

Meanwhile, Abraham is noted for maximising the use of riddles as a meditation on knowledge and the divine.^{[22]: 104 n. 1 [27][28]}

The Andalusian tradition extended to Italy from the twelfth century, beginning with the work ofYerahmiel Bar Shlomo.^[22]Immanuel the Roman wrote riddles, as didIsrael Onceneyra.^[29]

In Hebrew-speaking Spain and Italy during around 1650-1850, abaroque sub-genre of the literary riddle calledḥiddat hatsurah vehalo‘ez (literally 'riddles of an emblem with foreign-language passages', known in English simply as 'emblem riddles') flourished. The genre was characterised by alluding to words in languages other than Hebrew (lo‘ez) in order to provide clues to the solution. For example, one riddle includes the Hebrew phraseEh ko nistarti ('I am hidden somewhere here'). The first two of these words sound the same as the Italian/Spanish wordeco ('echo'), and 'echo' (Hebrewhed) is indeed the solution to the poem. Each riddle would include an 'emblem' (tsurah) near the opening in the form of an allusive picture, poem, or phrase, or a combination of these, after which the riddle proper would commence. Poems in this genre wereoccasional, composed in celebration of specific high-society events such as weddings and circumcisions. The topic of the riddle would often reflect the occasion and audience (with solutions such as 'wisdom' for a gathering of scholars, or 'love' at a wedding), and the riddle might make use of information about the people at the gathering in ways which would make little sense to a wider audience.^[30]

At the end of theHaggadah, there is also theEchad Mi Yodea, characterised byJoseph Jacobs as 'a curious riddle'.^[7]

• Yehuda Ratzaby, 'Halakhic Poetic Riddles of R. Shalem Me'oded',Sefunot: Studies and Sources on the History of the Jewish Communities in the East (שירי-חידה הלכיים לר' שלם מעודד יהודה רצהבי, ספונות: מחקרים ומקורות לתולדות קהילות ישראל במזרח) New Series /סדרה חדשה, כרך א (טז) (תש"ם), pp. 273–286
• Y. Ratzhaby, 'Ahuda Na' ['Let me Utter Riddles'],Yeda-am, 2 (1954), 36-42.
• Dan Pagis,A Secret Sealed: Hebrew Baroque Emblem-Riddles from Italy and Holland (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1986).
• רוזן-מוקד, טובה [Tova Rosen-Moked], “'Testing with Riddles': The Hebrew Riddle of the Middle Ages” [in Hebrew],הספרות [Ha-Sifrut], 30–31 (1980): 168–83
• רוזן-מוקד, טובה (1999–2000)."החידה כמשל - על חידות דיאלוגיות של שמואל הנגיד" [Dialogic Riddles in "Ben Mishle" by Samuel Ha-Nagid].דפים למחקר בספרות.12:7–23.JSTOR 23417452.

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