 The Haystack Radio Telescope at Haystack Observatory | |
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| Alternative names | MIT Haystack Observatory |
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| Organization | |
| Observatory code | 254 |
| Location | Westford, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°37′24″N71°29′18″W / 42.6233°N 71.4882°W /42.6233; -71.4882 |
| Altitude | 131 m (430 ft) |
| Established | 1960 |
| Website | www |
| Telescopes |
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  Location of Haystack Observatory | |
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 Related media on Commons | |
Haystack Observatory is a multidisciplinary radio science center, ionospheric observatory, and astronomicalmicrowaveobservatory owned byMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[1] It is inWestford, Massachusetts, in the United States, about 45 kilometers (28 mi) northwest ofBoston. The observatory was built by MIT'sLincoln Laboratory for theUnited States Air Force and was called the Haystack Microwave Research Facility.[2] Construction began in 1960, and the antenna began operating in 1964. In 1970 the facility was transferred to MIT, which then formed the Northeast Radio Observatory Corporation (NEROC) with other universities to operate the site as the Haystack Observatory. As of January 2012[update], a total of nine institutions participated in NEROC.[3]
The Haystack Observatory site is also the location of the Millstone Hill Geospace Facility, an atmospheric-sciences research center.[4] Lincoln Laboratory continues to use the site, which it calls theLincoln Space Surveillance Complex (LSSC).[5] The George R. Wallace Astrophysical Observatory of MIT'sDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences is south of the Haystack dome and east of the Westford dome.[6] The Amateur Telescope Makers of Boston has its clubhouse on the MIT property.[7]
Haystack Vallis onMercury is named after this observatory.
The 37 m (121 ft) Haystack Radio Telescope is aparabolic antenna protected by a 46 m (151 ft) metal-frameradome. It is known as the Haystack Long-Range Imaging Radar (LRIR) or Haystack Ultrawideband Satellite Imaging Radar (HUSIR) when used for the LSSC.[5] It was constructed for use in space tracking and communication, but now is used primarily for astronomy. It was completed in 1964 and originally observed at 8 GHz on theradio spectrum.[8] Since then it has been upgraded to listen to other frequency bands, though not simultaneously. When used forradar it broadcasts and listens in bands at either 10 GHz or 95 GHz. The main dish was upgraded in 2006, which allowed operation at frequencies up to 150 GHz.[9] The secondary reflector of theCassegrain design features anactive surface.
TheLong-Range Imaging Radar (LRIR) system was originally designed to function as anX-band long-rangeimaging radar. In wideband mode, LRIR runs at 10 GHz with a 1.024 GHz bandwidth. The system was capable of sensitivity of 25 cm resolution, allowing for tracking and imagingsatellites out togeostationary orbit distances, as well as deep space objects out to 40,000 km (130,000,000 ft) range.[10] The radar was upgraded with a completely new antenna capable of dual-band operations, calledHaystack Ultrawideband Satellite Imaging Radar (HUSIR). The system is capable of simultaneous operations inX band andW-band, which allows it to better determine the size, shape, orientation, and motion of orbiting objects.[11] The HUSIR design allows for tracking object with 0.5 millidegree accuracy.[12] The W-band operates between 92 and 100 GHz, with a bandwidth of 8 GHz. The system contributes data to theUnited States Space Surveillance Network (SSN).[13]
TheHaystack Auxiliary Radar (HAX) isKu-band system with a 40 ft (12 m)dish antenna. It was constructed in 1993 to augment the LSSC imaging and data collectionsspace debris.[14] It contributes data to the SSN.[10]
The 18.3 m (60 ft)Westford Radio Telescope was built in 1961 by Lincoln Laboratory forProject West Ford as anX-band radar antenna.[15] It is located approximately 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi) south of the Haystack telescope along the same access road. The antenna is housed in a 28.4 m (93 ft) radome and has an elevation-azimuth mount. Since 1981, it has been used primarily forgeodeticvery long baseline interferometry (VLBI).[16] By measuring the location of astronomical radio sources very accurately, geodetic VLBI techniques can be used to measure things such as changes in theaxial tilt of the Earth.
Haystack serves as a computational hub for theEvent Horizon Telescope, an assemblage of radio telescopes around Earth that combine data forvery-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) to achieveangular resolution capable of imaging asupermassive black hole'sevent horizon. Data are transported on large hard drives from the observing telescopes to Haystack, where a cluster of about 800 CPUs run algorithms to produce black hole imagery. The computation has been termed a "silicon lens", as the data from each telescope is useless by itself and must be computationally combined to produce an image.[17]
Millstone Hill Geospace Facility is aMassachusetts Institute of Technology atmospheric sciences research centre inWestford, Massachusetts, under primary support from theUS National Science Foundation's Geospace Facilities section. It is part of Haystack Observatory, a multidisciplinary radio science observatory. Millstone Hill is the location for two of the most well-knownincoherent scatter radars in the world. These include a fully steerable 46-meter antenna calledMillstone Hill Steerable Antenna (MISA), and a 68-meter fixed zenith antenna. These radars are capable of measuring a vast array ofionospheric state variables, including electron density, plasma temperature, ion velocity, and ion composition. Data from Millstone Hill is publicly available on theMADRIGAL distributed database, anupper atmosphere data system managed by MIT Haystack.
TheMillstone Hill Steerable Antenna (MISA) is a 46 m (151 ft) fully steerableUHF antenna. Built in 1963, the system was initially installed at the Sagamore Hill Air Force facility inHamilton, Massachusetts, and was relocated as part of Millstone Hill at the Haystack Observatory complex in 1978. It is primarily used as an upper atmospheric radar observatory using incoherent scatter radar techniques.[19]
The 67 m (220 ft) Zenith antenna was constructed in 1963 to use with theUHFtransmitter. The radar transmitter was previously connected to a steerable 84-foot antenna with a UHF horn feed. When the steerable 84' antenna was converted to a higherL-band frequency, the Zenith antenna was connected to the UHF transmitter and was dedicated exclusively toincoherent scatter radar observations of the mid-latitude ionosphere.[20]
Paul B. Sebring was the Haystack Observatory's director from 1970 to 1980.[21] From 1980 to 1983John V. Evans was the director. Joseph E. Salah was the director from 1983 to 2006, Alan R. Whitney was the interim director from 2006 to 2008. Colin J. Lonsdale was the director from 1 September 2008 to 31 December 2023. Philip J. Erickson became the new director on 1 January 2024.[22]
TheSun Drawing art exhibit at the Haystack Observatory was conceived and developed as part of theGlobal Sun Drawing Project by visual artistJanet Saad-Cook.[23][24] "Sun Drawings" are projected images created by reflecting sunlight from a variety of materials that are strategically positioned to relate to their specific location on Earth. The reflections change shape and color in relation to the position of the Sun, creating a four-dimensional artwork of varying reflections throughout the day and year. Similar installations for theGlobal Sun Drawing Project have been planned at other astronomically significant locations worldwide, including an exhibit at theKarl G. Jansky Very Large Array in New Mexico.[25][26]
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