Carrie Nation | |
|---|---|
 Nation in 1903 | |
| Born | Caroline Amelia Moore (1846-11-25)November 25, 1846 Garrard County, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | June 9, 1911(1911-06-09) (aged 64) Leavenworth, Kansas, U.S. |
| Resting place | Belton Cemetery Belton, Missouri |
| Other names | Carry A. Nation |
| Education | Normal Institute |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 1 |
| Relatives | Carleton Beals, grandson |
Caroline Amelia Nation (November 25, 1846 – June 9, 1911), often referred to asCarrie,Carry Nation,[1]Carrie A. Nation, orHatchet Granny,[2][3] was an American who was a radical member of thetemperance movement, which opposed alcohol before the advent ofProhibition. Nation is noted for attacking alcohol-serving establishments (most often taverns) with ahatchet. She married David Nation in 1874. She was previously known by either her birth name,Carrie Moore and, after her first marriage in 1867, asCarrie Gloyd.
Nation was known as "Mother Nation" for the charity and religious work she did.[4] Like many in the temperance movement, she considered drunkenness a cause of many of society's problems. She attempted to help people in prison.[4] In 1890, Nation founded a sewing circle inMedicine Lodge, Kansas to make clothing for the poor as well as prepare meals for them on holidays like Thanksgiving and Christmas.[5]In 1901, Nation established a shelter for wives and children of alcoholics in Kansas City, Missouri. This shelter would later be described as an "early model for today's battered women's shelter".[6]
In her autobiography,The Use and Need of the Life of Carry A. Nation (1908), she also strongly opposedFreemasonry.[7] Nation was also concerned about tight clothing for women; she refused to wear acorset and urged women not to wear them because of their harmful effects on vital organs.[8] She described herself as "a bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at what He doesn't like",[9] and claimed a divine ordination to promote temperance by destroying bars.[10]
Caroline Amelia Moore[a] was born inGarrard County, Kentucky, to George Moore and Mary Campbell.[13] Her father was a successful farmer, stock trader, and slaveholder[12] of Ulster Scot descent.[citation needed] During much of her early life, her health was poor and her family experienced financial setbacks.[14] The family moved several times in Kentucky and finally settled inBelton, Missouri, in 1854.[12]
In addition to their financial difficulties, many of Moore's family members suffered from mental illness, her mother at times having delusions.[14] There is speculation that the family did not stay in one place long because of rumors about Mary Moore's mental state. Some writers have speculated that Mary believed she wasQueen Victoria because of her finery and social airs. Mary lived in an insane asylum inNevada, Missouri, from August 1890 until her death on September 28, 1893. Mary was put in the asylum through legal action by her son, Charles, although there is suspicion that Charles instigated the lawsuit because he owed Mary money.[12]
The family moved to Texas as Missouri became involved in theCivil War in 1862. George did not fare well in Texas, and he moved his family back to Missouri.[12] The family returned toHigh Grove Farm inCass County. When theUnion Army ordered them to evacuate their farm, they moved to Kansas City. Carrie nursed wounded soldiers after a raid onIndependence, Missouri. The family again returned to their farm when the Civil War ended.[12]
In 1865, Carrie met Charles Gloyd, a young physician who had fought for the Union, who was a severe alcoholic.[15] Gloyd taught school near the Moores' farm while deciding where to establish his medical practice. He eventually settled onHolden, Missouri, and asked Moore to marry him. Moore's parents objected to the union because they believed he was addicted to alcohol, but the marriage proceeded.[12] They were married on November 21, 1867, and separated shortly before the birth of their daughter, Charlien, on September 27, 1868. Gloyd died in 1869 of alcoholism.[11]
Influenced by the death of her husband, Carrie Gloyd developed a passionate activism against alcohol. With the proceeds from selling her inherited land (as well as that of her husband's estate), she built a small house in Holden. Gloyd moved there with her mother-in-law and Charlien, and attended theNormal Institute inWarrensburg, Missouri, earning her teaching certificate in July 1872. Gloyd taught at a school in Holden for four years.[11] She obtained a history degree and studied the influence of Greek philosophers on American politics.[16]
In 1874, Gloyd married David A. Nation, an attorney, minister, newspaper journalist, and father, 19 years her senior.[17][18]
The family purchased a 1,700 acre (690 ha) cotton plantation on theSan Bernard River inBrazoria County, Texas. As neither knew much about farming, the venture was ultimately unsuccessful.[13] They moved toBrazoria for David Nation to practice law. In about 1880, they moved to Columbia (nowEast Columbia) to operate the hotel owned by A. R. and Jesse W. Park.[19] Her name is on the roll of Columbia Methodist Church inWest Columbia. She lived at the hotel with her daughter, Charlien Gloyd, "Mother Gloyd" (Carrie's first mother-in-law), and David's daughter, Lola. Carrie Nation's husband also operated a saddle shop just southwest of this site. The family soon moved toRichmond, Texas, to operate a hotel.[20]
David Nation became involved in theJaybird–Woodpecker War. As a result, he was forced to move back north toMedicine Lodge, Kansas, in 1889, where he found work preaching at a Christian church and Carrie ran a successful hotel.[citation needed]
Carrie Nation began her temperance work in Medicine Lodge by starting a local branch of theWoman's Christian Temperance Union and campaigning for the enforcement of Kansas' ban on the sale of liquor. Her methods escalated from simple protests to serenading saloon patrons with hymns accompanied by ahand organ, to greeting bartenders with pointed remarks such as, "Good morning, destroyer of men's souls."[9] Dissatisfied with the results of her efforts, Nation began to pray to God for direction. On June 5, 1900, she felt she received her answer in the form of a heavenly vision. As Nation described it:
The next morning I was awakened by a voice which seemed to me speaking in my heart, these words, "GO TOKIOWA," and my hands were lifted and thrown down and the words, "I'LL STAND BY YOU." The words, "Go to Kiowa," were spoken in a murmuring, musical tone, low and soft, but "I'll stand by you," was very clear, positive and emphatic. I was impressed with a great inspiration, the interpretation was very plain, it was this: "Take something in your hands, and throw at these places in Kiowa and smash them."[10]
Responding to the revelation, Nation gathered several rocks – "smashers", she called them – and proceeded to Dobson's Saloon on June 7. Announcing "Men, I have come to save you from a drunkard's fate", she began to destroy the saloon's stock with her cache of rocks. After she similarly destroyed two other saloons in Kiowa, a tornado hit eastern Kansas, which Nation took as divine approval of her actions.[9]
Carrie Nation continued her saloon destruction campaign in Kansas, her fame spreading through her growing arrest record. After she led a raid inWichita, Kansas, Nation's husband joked that she should use a hatchet next time for maximum damage. Nation replied, "That is the most sensible thing you have said since I married you."[9] The couple divorced in 1901; they had no children.[21] Between 1902 and 1906, she lived inGuthrie, Oklahoma.[22]
Alone or accompanied by hymn-singing women, Nation would march into a bar and sing and pray while smashing bar fixtures and stock with a hatchet. Between 1900 and 1910, she was arrested some 30 times for "hatchetations", as she came to call them. Nation paid her jail fines from lecture-tour fees and sales ofstick pins in the shape of hatchets.[23] The souvenirs were provided by aTopeka, Kansas, pharmacist. Engraved on the handle of the hatchet, the pin reads, "Death to Rum".[24]
In April 1901, Nation went to Kansas City, Missouri, a city known for its wide opposition to the temperance movement, and smashed liquor in various bars on 12th Street in downtown Kansas City.[25] She was arrested, taken to court, and fined$500 (equivalent to $18,900 in 2024) although the judge suspended the fine under the condition that she never return to Kansas City.[26][27] She was arrested more than 32 times—one report is that she was placed in theWashington, D.C., poorhouse for three days for refusing to pay a $35 fine.[28]
Nation also conductedwomen's rights marches in Topeka, Kansas. She led hundreds of women that were part of the Home Defender's Army to march in opposition to saloons.[29] In Amarillo, Texas, she received a strong response, as she was sponsored by the surveyor W. D. Twichell, an active Methodist layman.[30]
Nation's anti-alcohol activities became widely known, with the slogan "All Nations Welcome But Carrie" becoming a bar-room staple.[31] She publishedThe Smasher's Mail, a biweekly newsletter, andThe Hatchet, a newspaper.
Later in life Nation exploited her name by appearing invaudeville in the United States[9] andmusic halls in Great Britain. Nation, a proud woman more given to sermonizing than entertaining, found these venues uninspiring for her proselytizing. One of a number of pre-World War I acts that "failed to click" with foreign audiences, Nation was struck by an egg thrown by an audience member during one 1909 music hall lecture at theCanterbury Theatre of Varieties in Westminster, London. Indignantly, "The Anti-Souse Queen" ripped up her contract and returned to the United States.[32] Seeking profits elsewhere, Nation sold photographs of herself, collected lecture fees, and marketed miniature souvenir hatchets.[33] In October 1909, various press outlets reported that Nation claimed to have invented an aeroplane.[34]
Near the end of her life, Nation moved toEureka Springs, Arkansas, where she founded the home known as "Hatchet Hall". She would give her final speech on January 14, 1911, when she had collapsed mid-way through, having previously suffered health problems.[35] Nation fell into a coma and was taken to Evergreen Place Hospital, where she eventually died on June 9, 1911.[36][17][35] She was buried in the southeastern side of Belton Cemetery inBelton, Missouri. TheWoman's Christian Temperance Union later erected a stone inscribed "Faithful to the Cause of Prohibition, She Hath Done What She Could" and the name "Carry A. Nation".[citation needed]
In 1918, a drinking fountain was erected in Nation's memory by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. It is located at Naftzger Memorial Park in Wichita, Kansas.[37] One myth is that the fountain was nearly destroyed at one time by a beer truck hitting it; Jamie Tracy, a curator of theWichita-Sedgwick County Historical Museum, has not found any evidence for this ironic tale.[38] In July 2018 a life-size bronze statue of Nation was erected in front of the Eaton Hotel (at the time called the Carey Hotel[39]), the location of her raid in Wichita, Kansas.
In the satirical musical melodramaBeyond the Valley of the Dolls the band the Kelly Affair change their name to the Carrie Nations.[40] In theKurt Vonnegut story,Welcome to the Monkey House, the fictionalJ. Edgar Nation's name is a mixture made up fromJ. Edgar Hoover and Carrie Nation. F.B.I. director Hoover "was vigorous in his moral judgments."[41] Nation's message is also present through the characterNancy McLuhan who is convinced that gin is the worst drug of all.
There is the play,Carry Nation; it ran on Broadway and starred American film actressEsther Dale.Beverly Wolff performed in the title role inCarry Nation the opera.[42] Nation was portrayed byValerie Buhagiar inSeason 9 Episode 6 of the CanadianTV seriesMurdoch Mysteries.[43] In "Bar Fights" (Episode 3, Season 4) ofComedy Central'sDrunk History, Nation is portrayed byVanessa Bayer.[44] A fictionalized version of Nation is portrayed in the musicalQueen of the Mist, wherein she crosses paths withAnnie Edson Taylor. Nation was portrayed byJulia Murney in the original Off-Broadway production.[45]
Neil Munro gives a satirical account of an encounter with Carrie Nation in his Erchie MacPherson story, "Erchie and Carrie", first published in theGlasgow Evening News of 14 December 1908.[46] In 1977Gary Dahl, inventor of thePet Rock, used his proceeds from that fad to renovate and open a bar inLos Gatos, California which he jokingly named "Carrie Nation's Saloon."[47][48][49]Broken Hatchet Brewing a microbrewery in Belton, Missouri is named in her "honor".
Carry A. Nation House in Kentucky was a home of Carrie Nation, and was a 10-room house then. It is nowlisted on the National Register of Historic Places in Garrard County, Kentucky,United States. It was built in 1846.[50][51] Nation's home in Medicine Lodge, Kansas, theCarrie Nation House, was bought by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the 1950s and was declared a U.S.National Historic Landmark in 1976.[citation needed]
A frequent guest of the hotel was Caroline Amelia Nation, often referred to Carrie Nation or Hatchet Granny, who was a member of the temperance movement and torn up bars with her hatchet.
Famed temperance advocate Carrie Nation, known as "Hatchet Granny," visited Elmira twice in the early 20th century.
| External videos | |
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 Booknotes interview with Fran Grace onCarry A. Nation: Retelling the Life, October 14, 2001, C-SPAN |
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| National | |
| Other | |
