In October 2017, followingsexual abuse allegations dating back to the late 1970s, Weinstein was dismissed from his company and expelled from theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. More than 80 women made allegations of sexual harassment or rape against him by October 31.[7] The allegations sparked the#MeToosocial media campaign and subsequent sexual abuse allegations against many powerful men worldwide; this phenomenon is referred to as the "Weinstein effect".
In May 2018, Weinstein was arrested and charged withrape inNew York City; in February 2020, he was found guilty of two of five felony counts.[8] Weinstein was sentenced to 23 years in prison,[9] and began serving his sentence. On July 20, 2021, Weinstein wasextradited toLos Angeles to face further charges at a subsequent trial, where he was found guilty of three of seven charges on December 19, 2022.[10] Weinstein was sentenced to 16 years in the Los Angeles trial, with his California prison term required to be served separately from his New York sentence.[11]
On April 25, 2024, theNew York Court of Appeals overturned the New York rape convictions because of "egregious errors" of procedure, ordering a retrial.[12][13][14] Weinstein remained in prison because of the California conviction. The retrial began on April 15, 2025.[15][16] On June 11, 2025, Weinstein was convicted in a mixed verdict.[17] On June 12, 2025, an additional rape charge case against Weinstein was given a mistrial.[18]
Early life
Weinstein was born in theFlushing neighborhood ofQueens, in New York City,[19] to diamond cutter Max Weinstein (died 1976)[20] and his wife, Miriam (née Postel; died 2016).[20][21] The family isJewish,[22] and Weinstein's maternal grandparentsimmigrated to the United States fromPoland.[23] Harvey grew up with a younger brother,Bob, in theElectchesterhousing co-op in New York City; he graduated fromJohn Bowne High School and then attended theState University of New York at Buffalo.[24] With his brother, Bob, and Corky Burger, he formedHarvey & Corky Productions, which independently producedrock concerts inBuffalo through most of the 1970s.[24][25] Among the top acts it brought to town wereFrank Sinatra,the Who,Jackson Browne, andthe Rolling Stones. Weinstein's longtime friend Jonathan A. Dandes followed him to Buffalo and has described Harvey as "aggressive" and "consumed" in matters of business.[26][27] Although Weinstein attended the University at Buffalo from 1969 to 1973, he did not ultimately graduate, choosing instead to concentrate on his business interests.[28][29]
In the late 1970s, using profits from their concert promotion business, Weinstein and his brother founded the independent film distribution companyMiramax Films, named after their parents Miriam and Max.[21] The company's initial releases were primarily music-oriented concert films such asPaul McCartney'sRockshow.[30]
1980s: Success with arthouse and independent films
In the early 1980s, Miramax Films acquired the rights to two British films of benefit shows filmed for thehuman rights organizationAmnesty International. Working closely withMartin Lewis, the producer of the original films, the Weinstein brothers edited the two films into one movie tailored for the American market. The resulting film was released asThe Secret Policeman's Other Ball in May 1982, and it became Miramax Films' first hit. The movie raised considerable sums of money for Amnesty International and was credited by Amnesty with having helped to raise its profile in the United States.[24][25] The Weinsteins slowly built upon this success throughout the 1980s witharthouse films which achieved critical attention and modest commercial success.
Weinstein and Miramax Films gained wider attention in 1988 with the release ofErrol Morris' documentaryThe Thin Blue Line, which detailed the struggle ofRandall Dale Adams, a wrongfully convicted inmate sentenced todeath row. The publicity that soon surrounded the case resulted in Adams' release and nationwide publicity for Miramax Films. In 1989, their successful launch release ofSteven Soderbergh'sSex, Lies, and Videotape propelled Miramax Films to become the most successful independent studio in America.[31]
Miramax Films continued to grow its library of films and directors until, in 1993, after the success ofThe Crying Game,Disney offered the Weinsteins $80 million for ownership of Miramax Films.[33] The brothers agreed to the deal which in turn cemented their Hollywood clout and also ensured that they would remain at the head of their company. The following year, Miramax Films released its first blockbuster,Quentin Tarantino'sPulp Fiction, and distributed the popular independent filmClerks.
On September 30, 2005, the Weinstein brothers left Miramax Films to form their own production company,The Weinstein Company (TWC), with several other media executives, directorsQuentin Tarantino andRobert Rodriguez, andColin Vaines, who had successfully run the production department at Miramax Films for 10 years.[39] In February 2011, filmmakerMichael Moore took legal action against the Weinstein brothers, claiming they owed him $2.7 million in profits for his documentaryFahrenheit 9/11 (2004), which he said were denied to him by "Hollywood accounting tricks."[40] In February 2012, Moore dropped the lawsuit for an undisclosed settlement.[41]
Weinstein was thanked or praised in 34Academy Award acceptance speeches—as many times as God, and second only toSteven Spielberg (with 43 mentions), as found by an analysis of speeches made between 1966 and 2016.[42]
On October 8, 2017, Harvey Weinstein was fired from TWC after a list of sexual abuse charges was released to the press. After months of unsuccessful attempts to sell the company or its library, TWC filed for bankruptcy, withLantern Entertainment subsequently purchasing all assets in 2018. The company was shut down on July 16, 2018, and its website sometime thereafter.
While lauded for opening up theindependent film market and making it financially viable, Weinstein has been criticized for the techniques he applied in his business dealings.Peter Biskind's bookDown and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance and the Rise of Independent Film[24] denounced Miramax's release history and editing of arthouse films. For example, the book states that54 had been originally made as anarthouse film but, afterRyan Phillippe's sudden rise to stardom, Weinstein forced directorMark Christopher to re-edit and re-shoot the film to make it more mainstream.
Weinstein in 2014
Weinstein re-edited several Asian films and dubbed them in English. Weinstein tried to release the English-dubbed versions ofShaolin Soccer andHero in the United States theatrically, but they scored badly in test screenings, leading Weinstein to release the films in United States cinemas in their original language.[43][44] Furthermore, Weinstein re-edited 1993CannesPalme d'Or winnerFarewell My Concubine for American theatrical release; 1993Cannes jury headLouis Malle was furious. "The film we admired so much in Cannes is not the film seen in this country, which is twenty minutes shorter—but it seems longer, because it doesn't make any sense", complained Malle.[45]
When Weinstein was charged with handling the American release ofPrincess Mononoke, directorHayao Miyazaki was reported to have sent him asamurai sword in the mail. Attached to the blade was a stark message: "No cuts." Miyazaki commented on the incident: "Actually, my producer did that. Although I did go to New York to meet this man, this Harvey Weinstein, and I was bombarded with this aggressive attack, all these demands for cuts. I defeated him."[46] Weinstein and his brother Bob have also been criticized for altering the vision of foreign filmmakers hired to create movies for Miramax, such as on the 1997 projectsMimic (directed byGuillermo del Toro)[47] andNightwatch (directed byDaneOle Bornedal).[48] Weinstein has always insisted that such changes were done in the interest of creating the mostfinancially viable film. "I'm not cutting for fun," he said in an interview. "I'm cutting for the shit to work. All my life I served one master: the film. I love movies."[25][49]
Another example cited by Biskind wasPhillip Noyce'sThe Quiet American (2002), the release of which Weinstein delayed following theSeptember 11 attacks owing to audience reaction in test screenings to the film's critical tone toward past U.S. foreign policy. After being told the film would gostraight to video, Noyce planned to screen the film at theToronto International Film Festival in order to mobilize critics to pressure Miramax to release it theatrically. Weinstein decided to screen the film at the festival only after he was lobbied by starMichael Caine, who threatened to boycott publicity for another film he had made for Miramax.The Quiet American received mostly positive reviews at the festival, and Miramax eventually released the film theatrically. However, it was alleged that Miramax did not make a major effort to promote the film for Academy Award consideration, though Caine was nominated for anAcademy Award for Best Actor.[24]
Weinstein acquired a reputation for ruthlessness and fits ofanger.[50] According to Biskind, Weinstein once put aNew York Observer reporter in a headlock while throwing him out of a party. On another occasion, Weinstein yelled at directorJulie Taymor and her husband during a disagreement over a test screening of her movieFrida, saying to Taymor, "You are the most arrogant person I have ever met!" and to her husband, film composerElliot Goldenthal, "I don't like the look on your face. Why don't you defend your wife, so I can beat the shit out of you?"[25]
In a 2004New York magazine article, Weinstein appeared somewhat repentant for his often aggressive discussions with directors and producers.[51] However, aNewsweek story on October 13, 2008, criticized Weinstein, who was accused of "hasslingSydney Pollack on his deathbed" about the release of the filmThe Reader. After Weinstein offered $1 million to charity if the accusation could be proven, journalistNikki Finke published an email sent byScott Rudin on August 22 asserting that Weinstein "harassed"Anthony Minghella's widow and a bedridden Pollack until Pollack's family asked him to stop.[52][53]
In September 2009, Weinstein publicly voiced opposition to efforts to extraditeRoman Polanski from Switzerland to the U.S. regarding a 1977 charge that he had drugged and raped a 13-year-old girl, to which Polanski pleaded guilty before fleeing the country.[54] Weinstein, whose company distributedRoman Polanski: Wanted and Desired, a film about the Polanski case, questioned whether Polanski committed any crime,[55] promptingLos Angeles County District AttorneySteve Cooley to insist that Polanski's guilty plea indicated that his action was a crime, and that several other serious charges were pending.[56]
The sexual abuse allegations precipitated a wave of "national reckoning" against sexual harassment and assault in the United States[71] known as theWeinstein effect. Compounded by other sexual harassment cases earlier in the year, the Weinstein reports and subsequent#MeToo hashtag campaign, which encouraged individuals to share their suppressed stories ofsexual misconduct, created a cavalcade of allegations across multiple industries that brought about the swift ouster of many men in positions of power both in the United States and, as it spread, around the world.[72][73]
Ronan Farrow reported inThe New Yorker in November 2017 that Weinstein had hired British-Israeli private intelligence firmBlack Cube in order to stop the publication of the abuse allegations against him. Using false identities, private investigators from Black Cube reportedly tracked and met journalists and actresses, in particularRose McGowan, who accused Weinstein of rape. Weinstein reportedly had Black Cube,Kroll and other agencies "target, or collect information on, dozens of individuals, and compile psychological profiles that sometimes focused on their personal or sexual histories".[74][75][76]
Weinstein reportedly sought help from Farrow's fatherWoody Allen to help stop Farrow from reporting on the claims of sexual abuse against Weinstein. Allen declined to help.[77] Weinstein also reportedly used Black Cube to attempt to silence journalistsMegan Twohey andJodi Kantor reporting on the allegations against him. According to Kantor, a Black Cube agent posing as a women's rights advocate attempted to manipulate and dupe her.[78] Weinstein approachedHillary Clinton in an attempt to help him stop Farrow from publishing the sexual misconduct allegations against him. Clinton publicist Nick Merrill emailed Farrow and unsuccessfully attempted to convince him to not publish the story.[79][80] According to Rose McGowan,Jennifer Siebel Newsom, California GovernorGavin Newsom's wife, aided Weinstein lawyerDavid Boies in attempting to bribe McGowan and keep her silent about her allegations against Weinstein.[81][82]
In 2019, the documentaryUntouchable was released with interviews from several of his accusers.[83]
TheNew York County District Attorney's Office charged Weinstein with "rape, criminal sex act, sex abuse and sexual misconduct for incidents involving two separate women" on May 25, 2018. He was arrested the same day after surrendering to theNew York City Police Department (NYPD)[3] and released after US$1 millionbail was posted on his behalf. He surrendered his passport and was required to wear an ankle monitor, with travel being restricted to New York and Connecticut. His lawyer,Benjamin Brafman, said Weinstein would plead not guilty.[84] A trial date was set for January 6, 2020.[85] On that date, Weinstein was also charged inLos Angeles with raping one woman and sexually assaulting another in 2013.[86]
After deliberating for five days, a jury convicted Weinstein on February 24, 2020, of two of five criminal charges: one count of criminal sexual assault in the first degree and one count of rape in the third degree.[87][88][89][90] The jury found him not guilty regarding predatory sexual assault, which could have led to a life sentence.[91][92][93][94] Weinstein was remanded to jail atRikers Island in New York City pending his sentencing hearing on March 11, when he was sentenced to 23 years in prison.[95][96][97] Weinstein was then transferred toWende Correctional Facility inErie County, New York.[98][99] Through his attorneys, Weinstein stated that he would appeal the verdict.[100] Weinstein was stripped of his honoraryCBE (Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) on September 18, 2020.[101] Once incarcerated, Weinstein hiredprison consultantCraig Rothfeld.[102][103] By June 2021, Weinstein had been transferred to theMohawk Correctional Facility inRome, New York.[104]
On July 20, 2021, Weinstein was flown to Los Angeles and taken to theTwin Towers Correctional Facility.[108] The trial in Los Angeles commenced in October 2022. Weinstein was charged with 11 counts of rape, forcible oral copulation and sexual battery, stemming from alleged acts between 2004 and 2013.[109] He was found guilty of three of seven charges (four of the initial 11 charges were dropped) on December 19, 2022.[110] Convictions included charges of rape, forced oral copulation and third-degree sexual misconduct.[111] On February 23, 2023, Weinstein was sentenced to 16 years in prison for these convictions.[112][113] His sentence in California prisons must be served separately from (i.e., consecutively to rather than concurrently to) his time served in New York.[11] Weinstein is appealing the Los Angeles conviction.[114] On April 11, 2023, Weinstein was extradited from California and back to upstate New York's Mohawk Correctional Facility.[115] After the New York convictions were overturned in April 2024, and plans were made to retry him in New York City, Weinstein was transferred back to Riker's Island prison.[4][116]
On June 8, 2022, Weinstein was formally charged by theMetropolitan Police with two counts of indecent assault against a woman in London between July 31 and August 31, 1996.[117]
On July 9, 2024, New York prosecutors announced an investigation was underway for additional claims against Weinstein for sexual assault, including for claims that fall within the state's statute of limitations, though no indictment was immediately sent to the grand jury.[118]
New York conviction overturned
On April 25, 2024, the New York Court of Appeals overturned the New York rape convictions and said that the trial judge had made "egregious errors" with the attorney stating Weinstein had been "tried on his character, not the evidence."[13] The Court of Appeals ordered a retrial.[119]
After the New York appeal ruling, a number of actresses who had made allegations against Weinstein responded:
Ashley Judd, who was among the first to disclose her rape, told theNew York Times: "That is unfair to survivors. We still live in our truth. And we know what happened." Later at a press conference, Judd added: "This is what it's like to be a woman in America, living with male entitlement to our bodies."
Rosanna Arquette, who disclosed that Weinstein assaulted her, said in a statement to theHollywood Reporter: "Harvey was rightfully convicted. It's unfortunate that the court has overturned his conviction. As a survivor, I am beyond disappointed."
Rose McGowan, who also shared her story of assault from Weinstein, said in a video statement: "No matter what they overturn, they cannot take away who we are and what we know, what we've gone through and what we can achieve in this life. We are not victims. We are people that were injured by evil."[120]
Retrial
Despite the successful appeal, Weinstein remains set to face a retrial for the overturned New York convictions in the fall of 2024.[121] During a court hearing on July 19, 2024, Judge Curtis Farber ruled that Weinstein would be retried and tentatively set for the retrial to start on November 12, 2024.[122] Despite this, Farber also ruled that previous plans to have the retrial start in September 2024 were still an option, and the start date of the retrial would depend on pretrial discoveries.[122] Weinstein's lawyers have called for the retrial to begin as soon as possible.[122] On January 29, 2025, Judge Farber set the retrial date to April 15, 2025,[123] The jury selection process for the retrial began on April 15, 2025,[15][124] with opening statements and witness testimony then beginning on April 23, 2025.[125][126][127] Jury deliberations in the retrial would then begin on June 5, 2025.[128] On June 11, 2025, Weinstein was found guilty of one count of criminal sexual act and not guilty of another. There is still no verdict on an allegation made by a third woman.[129]
Additional charges in New York
On September 12, 2024, a New York grand jury indicted Weinstein on new charges, as announced by prosecutors from the Manhattan District Attorney's office. The specific charges remain unknown, as the indictment is sealed and will be revealed during Weinstein's arraignment.[130] On September 18, 2024, Weinstein was arraigned in New York for this new indictment, entering a plea of not guilty to one count of criminal sexual act in the first degree.[131][132] The prosecution filed a motion to consolidate the new charges into Weinstein's retrial rather than have two separate New York trials.[131] The presiding judge granted the prosecution's motion to consolidate on October 23.[133] On June 12, 2025, Weinstein received a mistrial on this charge following tensions within the jury.[134]
Personal life
Weinstein was married twice. In 1987, he married his assistant Eve Chilton; the couple divorced in 2004.[51][135] They had three daughters.[136] In 2007, Weinstein married English fashion designer and actressGeorgina Chapman.[137] They have a daughter and a son.[138][139] On October 10, 2017, after the sexual harassment accusations became public, Chapman announced that she was leaving Weinstein.[69] They reached a settlement in January 2018, and their divorce was finalized in July 2021.[70]
In July 2024, Weinstein was admitted to the prison ward ofBellevue Hospital with what his lawyers said wereCOVID-19 anddouble pneumonia.[149] On September 9, 2024, he underwent emergency heart surgery at Bellevue and was said to be in critical condition for a time afterward.[150] In October 2024, it was reported that he had been diagnosed withchronic myeloid leukemia.[151][152] On December 2, 2024, it was reported that Weinstein was hospitalized in Manhattan due to blood test results that were described as "alarming".[153]
Weinstein has won numerous awards. On September 26, 2000, he was awarded thehonorary degree ofDoctor of Humane Letters (DHL) by theUniversity at Buffalo.[154] On April 19, 2004, Weinstein was appointed an honorarycommander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in recognition of his contributions to the British film industry. This award was honorary because Weinstein is not a citizen of aCommonwealth country.[155] On March 2, 2012, Weinstein was made a knight of the FrenchLegion of Honour, in recognition of Miramax's efforts to increase the presence and popularity of foreign films in the United States.[156]
The University at Buffalo revoked Weinstein's honorary doctorate, saying his conduct "contradicts the spirit of the honorary degree", while French PresidentEmmanuel Macron revoked his Legion of Honour, both in late 2017.[157][158][159] On September 18, 2020, Weinstein was stripped of his honorary CBE, following his conviction for rape and sexual assault earlier that year.[160][161]
The table below lists additional awards nominated to or won by Weinstein. Those not shared with others have also since been rescinded. Wins are highlighted in pink.
shared with Ben Affleck, Matt Damon, Chris Moore, Sean Bailey, Bob Weinstein, Bob Osher, Dan Cutforth, Jane Lipsitz, Tony Yates, Randy Sacks and Eli Holzman
shared with Bob Weinstein, Dan Cutforth, Jane Lipsitz, Jane Cha Cutler,Desiree Gruber,Heidi Klum, Shari Levine, Frances Berwick, Rich Bye, Rich Buhrman, Gaylen Gawlowski,Sebastian Doggart, Alexandra Lipsitz,Jennifer Berman, Barbara Schneeweiss, Eli Holzman
shared with Ben Affleck, Matt Damon, Chris Moore, Sean Bailey, Bob Weinstein, Bob Osher, Dan Cutforth, Jane Lipsitz,Andy Cohen, Frances Berwick, Dave Serwatka, Rich Buhrman, Gaylen Gawlowski, Kevin Morra, Casey Kriley, Jennifer Berman, Eli Holzman, Marc Joubert, Barbara Schneeweiss,Larry Tanz and Alexandra Lipsitz
shared with Bob Weinstein, Dan Cutforth, Jane Lipsitz, Heidi Klum, Jane Cha Cutler, Desiree Gruber, Rich Bye, Shari Levine, Andy Cohen, Frances Berwick, Rich Buhrman, Gaylen Gawlowski, Alexandra Lipsitz, Barbara Schneeweiss, Jennifer Berman, Noel Guerra, Steve Lichtenstein, Michael Rucker, Benjamin Mack and Andrew Wallace
shared with Donny Epstein, Yeeshai Gross, Matthew Hiltzik, Robert M. Johnson, Ellie Landau, Jeff Tahler, Bob Weinstein, Joe Fab, Ari Daniel Pinchcot, Elliot Berlin
shared with Bob Weinstein, Dan Cutforth, Jane Lipsitz, Heidi Klum, Jane Cha Cutler, Desiree Gruber, Rich Bye, Rich Buhrman, Barbara Schneeweiss, Frances Berwick, Andy Cohen, Shari Levine, Casey Kriley, Alexandra Lipsitz, Michael Rucker, Benjamin Mack, Andrew Wallace
shared with Dan Cutforth, Jane Lipsitz, Heidi Klum, Jane Cha Cutler, Desiree Gruber, Rich Bye, Rich Buhrman, Barbara Schneeweiss, Andy Cohen, Shari Levine, Casey Kriley, Andrew Wallace, Michael Rucker, Benjamin Mack, Steve Lichtenstein
shared with Bob Weinstein, Dan Cutforth, Rich Bye, Jane Lipsitz, Jane Cha Cutler, Desiree Gruber, Heidi Klum, Frances Berwick, Andy Cohen, Shari Levine, Casey Kriley, Rich Buhrman, Michael Rucker, Andrew Wallace, Barbara Schneeweiss
shared with Bob Weinstein, Jane Cha Cutler, Desiree Gruber, Heidi Klum, Jonathan Murray, Sara Rea, Barbara Schneeweiss, Colleen Sands, Gil Goldschein, Sasha Alpert, Megan Bidner, and Lisa Fletcher
shared with Bob Weinstein, Jonathan Murray, Sara Rea, Heidi Klum, Jane Cha Cutler, Desiree Gruber, JoAnn Alfano, David Hillman, Barbara Schneeweiss, Colleen Sands, Gil Goldschein, Lisa Fletcher, Sasha Alpert, Michael Carroll, and Trish Norton
shared with Barbara Schneeweiss, Gil Goldschein, Lisa Fletcher, Desiree Gruber, Colleen Sands, Sara Rea, Heidi Klum, Tim Gunn, Jonathan Murray, David Hillman, Bob Weinstein, Meryl Poster, Jane Cha Cutler, Rob Sharenow, and Gena McCarthy
shared with Heidi Klum, Bob Weinstein, Meryl Poster, Jonathan Murray, Jane Cha Cutler, Sara Rea, Colleen Sands, Rob Sharenow, Gena McCarthy, David Hillman, Desiree Gruber, Barbara Schneeweiss, Gil Goldschein, Teri Weideman, and Tim Gunn
shared with Bob Weinstein, Meryl Poster, Jonathan Murray, Sara Rea, Heidi Klum, Jane Cha Cutler, Desiree Gruber, Rob Sharenow, Gena McCarthy, David Hillman, Barbara Schneeweiss, Gil Goldschein, Teri Weideman, Rebecca Taylor Henning, Tim Gunn, and Sasha Alpert
shared with Jonathan Murray, Sara Rea, Bob Weinstein, Meryl Poster, Heidi Klum, Mary Donahue, Jane Cha Cutler, David Hillman, Barbara Schneeweiss, Eli Lehrer, Desiree Gruber, Gil Goldschein, Teri Weideman, Sue Kinkead, Cosmo DeCeglie, Tim Gunn, Sasha Alpert
shared with Bob Weinstein, Jonathan Murray, Sara Rea, Heidi Klum, Jane Cha Cutler, Desiree Gruber, Eli Lehrer, Mary Donahue, David Hillman, Patrick Reardon, Barbara Schneeweiss, Gil Goldschein, Teri Weideman, Cosmo DeCeglie, Sue Kinkead, Sasha Alpert, and Tim Gunn
shared with Bob Weinstein, Jonathan Murray, Sara Rea, Colleen Sands, Heidi Klum, Jane Cha Cutler, Desiree Gruber, Mary Donahue, David Hillman, Patrick Reardon, Barbara Schneeweiss, Gil Goldschein, Teri Weideman, Cosmo DeCeglie, Sue Kinkead, Glenn Morgan, Blue, Tim Gunn
Notes
^One count of forcible oral copulation, one count of sexual battery by a foreign object, and one count offorcible rape[1]
^Gates, Anita (November 5, 2016)."Miramax namesake dies at 90".The Anniston Star. p. 7C.Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. RetrievedOctober 29, 2017 – viaNewspapers.com.Miriam Postel was born Feb. 17, 1926, in Brooklyn, the younger of two daughters of Joseph and Sarah Postel, who ran an egg and dairy products store and who were born in Poland.
^Greuet, Christophe (2004).Coupez: Ces films que George Clooney, Nicole Kidman, Jean Reno, Kim Basinger aimeraient oublier (in French). Carnot. p. 45.ISBN2-84855-073-2.
^"The 70th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. October 5, 2014.Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. RetrievedOctober 13, 2017.
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