Sir Harold Walter Kroto (bornHarold Walter Krotoschiner; 7 October 1939 – 30 April 2016) was an Englishchemist. He shared the 1996Nobel Prize in Chemistry withRobert Curl andRichard Smalley for their discovery offullerenes. He was the recipient of many other honors and awards.
Kroto ended his career as the Francis Eppes Professor of Chemistry atFlorida State University, which he joined in 2004. Prior to this, he spent approximately 40 years at theUniversity of Sussex.[2]
Kroto promoted science education and was a critic of religious faith.
Kroto was born inWisbech,Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire, England, to Edith and Heinz Krotoschiner,[3][4] his name being ofSilesian origin.[5] His father's family came fromBojanowo, Poland, and his mother's from Berlin. Both of his parents were born in Berlin and fled to Great Britain in the 1930s asrefugees from Nazi Germany; his father wasJewish. Harry was raised inBolton while the British authorities interned his father on theIsle of Man as anenemy alien during World War II.[6] Kroto attendedBolton School, where he was a contemporary of the actorIan McKellen. In 1955, Harold's father shortened the family name to Kroto.[3]
As a child, he became fascinated by aMeccano set.[7] Kroto credited Meccano, as well as his aiding his father in the latter's balloon factory after World War II – amongst other things – with developing skills useful in scientific research.[5][6] He developed an interest inchemistry,physics, and mathematics in secondary school, and because hissixth form chemistry teacher (Harry Heaney – who subsequently became a university professor) felt that theUniversity of Sheffield had the best chemistry department in the United Kingdom, he went to Sheffield.
Although raised Jewish, Kroto stated that religion never made any sense to him.[5] He was a humanist who claimed to have three religions: Amnesty Internationalism, atheism, and humour.[8][9][10] He was a distinguished supporter of theBritish Humanist Association.[11] In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed theHumanist Manifesto.[12]
Kroto was educated at Bolton School and went to the University of Sheffield in 1958, where he obtained a first-class honours BSc degree in Chemistry (1961) and a PhD in Molecular Spectroscopy (1964).[3] During his time at Sheffield he also was the art editor ofArrows – the university student magazine, played tennis for the university team (reaching the UAU finals twice) and was President of the Student Athletics Council (1963–64). Among other things such as making the firstphosphaalkenes (compounds with carbon phosphorus double bonds), his doctoral studies included unpublished research oncarbon suboxide, O=C=C=C=O, and this led to a general interest inmolecules containing chains of carbon atoms with numerous multiple bonds. He started his work with an interest inorganic chemistry, but when he learned aboutspectroscopy it inclined him towardsquantum chemistry; he later developed an interest inastrochemistry.[3]
After obtaining his PhD, Kroto spent two-years as a postdoctoral fellow in the molecular spectroscopy group ofGerhard Herzberg at theNational Research Council in Ottawa, Canada, and the subsequent year (1966–1967) atBell Laboratories in New Jersey carrying out Raman studies of liquid phase interactions and worked on quantum chemistry.[3]
In 1967, Kroto began teaching and research at theUniversity of Sussex in England. During his time at Sussex from 1967 to 1985, he carried out research mainly focused on the spectroscopic studies of new and novel unstable and semi-stable species. This work resulted in the birth of the various fields of new chemistry involving carbon multiply bonded to second and third row elements e.g. S, Se and P. A particularly important breakthrough (with Sussex colleague John Nixon) was the creation of several new phosphorus species detected by microwave spectroscopy. This work resulted in the birth of the field(s) of phosphaalkene and phosphaalkyne chemistry. These species contain carbon double and triple bonded to phosphorus (C=P and C≡P) such ascyanophosphaethyne.[14]
In 1975, he became a full professor of Chemistry. This coincided with laboratory microwave measurements with Sussex colleague David Walton on long linear carbon chain molecules, leading to radio astronomy observations with Canadian astronomers surprisingly revealing that these unusual carbonaceous species exist in relatively large abundances in interstellar space as well as the outer atmospheres of certain stars – the carbon-rich red giants.[15][16]
In 1985, on the basis of the Sussex studies and the stellar discoveries, laboratory experiments (with co-workersJames R. Heath, Sean C. O'Brien, Yuan Liu,Robert Curl andRichard Smalley at Rice University) which simulated the chemical reactions in the atmospheres of the red giant stars demonstrated that stableC60 molecules could form spontaneously from a condensing carbon vapour. The co-investigators directedlasers at graphite and examined the results.[17][18][19] The C60 molecule is a molecule with the same symmetry pattern as a football, consisting of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons of carbon atoms.[20] Kroto named the molecule buckminsterfullerene, afterBuckminster Fuller who had conceived of thegeodesic domes, as the dome concept had provided a clue to the likely structure of the new species.[21]
In 1985, the C60 discovery caused Kroto to shift the focus of his research from spectroscopy in order to probe the consequences of the C60 structural concept (and prove it correct) and to exploit the implications for chemistry and material science.[22][23]
This research is significant for the discovery of a newallotrope of carbon known as afullerene. Otherallotropes of carbon includegraphite, diamond andgraphene. Kroto's 1985 paper entitled "C60: Buckminsterfullerene", published with colleagues J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, presented to Rice University in 2015.[24][25] The discovery of fullerenes was recognized in 2010 by the designation of aNational Historic Chemical Landmark by theAmerican Chemical Society at the Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University in Houston, Texas.[18]
In 2004, Kroto left the University of Sussex to take up a new position as Francis Eppes Professor of Chemistry atFlorida State University.[26] At FSU he carried out fundamental research on: Carbon vapour with Professor Alan Marshall;[27][28] Open framework condensed phase systems with strategically important electrical and magnetic behaviour with Professors Naresh Dalal (FSU) and Tony Cheetham (Cambridge);[29] and the mechanism of formation and properties of nano-structured systems.[30][31][32] In addition, he participated in research initiatives at FSU that probed the astrochemistry of fullerenes, metallofullerenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in stellar/circumstellar space, as well as their relevance to stardust.[33][34][35]
In 1995, he jointly set up theVega Science Trust, a UK educational charity that created high quality science films including lectures and interviews with Nobel Laureates, discussion programmes, careers and teaching resources for TV and Internet Broadcast. Vega produced over 280 programmes, that streamed for free from the Vega website which acted as a TV science channel. The trust closed in 2012.[36]
In 2009, Kroto spearheaded the development of a second science education initiative,Geoset.[37] Short for the Global Educational Outreach for Science, Engineering and Technology, GEOSET is an ever-growing online cache of recorded teaching modules that are freely downloadable to educators and the public. The program aims to increase knowledge of the sciences by creating a global repository of educational videos and presentations from leading universities and institutions.[38]
In 2003, prior to the Blair/Bushinvasion of Iraq on the pretext that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, Kroto initiated and organised the publication of a letter to be signed by a dozen UK Nobel Laureates and published inThe Times. It was composed by his friend the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate the lateSir Joseph Rotblat and published inThe Times on 15 February 2003.[39]
In October 2010 Kroto participated in theUSA Science and Engineering Festival's Lunch with a Laureate program where middle and high school students had the opportunity to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize–winning scientist.[45]
He spoke atMahatma Gandhi University, atKottayam, inKerala, India in January 2011, where he was an 'Erudite' special invited lecturer of the Government of Kerala, from 5 to 11 January 2011.[46]
In 1963, Kroto married Margaret Henrietta Hunter, also a student of the University of Sheffield at the time. The couple had two sons. Throughout his life, Kroto was a lover of film, theatre, art, and music and published his own artwork.[51]
Kroto was a "devout atheist"[5] who thought that beliefs in immortality derive from lack of the courage to accept human mortality.[3] He was a patron of theBritish Humanist Association.[52] He was a supporter ofAmnesty International.[53] He referred to his view thatreligious dogma causes people to accept unethical or inhumane actions: "The only mistakeBernie Madoff made was to promise returns inthis life."[54] He held that scientists had a responsibility to work for the benefit of the entire species.[55] On 15 September 2010, Kroto, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published inThe Guardian, stating their opposition toPope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK.[56]
Kroto praised the increase of organized online information as an "Educational Revolution" and named it as the "GooYouWiki" world referring to Google, YouTube and Wikipedia.[60]
The discovery of buckminsterfullerene caused Kroto to postpone his dream of setting up an art and graphic design studio – he had been doing graphics semi-professionally for years. However, Kroto's graphic design work resulted in numerous posters, letterheads, logos, book/journal covers, medal design, etc. He produced artwork after receiving graphic awards in the Sunday Times Book Jacket Design[61] competition (1964) and the Moet Hennesy/Louis Vuitton Science pour l'Art Prize (1994).[61] Other notable graphical works include the design of the Nobel UK Stamp for Chemistry[62] (2001) and features at the Royal Academy (London) Summer Exhibition (2004).
Richard Dawkins wrote a memorial for Kroto in which he mentioned Kroto's "passionate hatred of religion."[65]The Wall Street Journal described him as "(spending much of his later life) jetting around the world to extol scientific education in a world he saw as blinded by religion."[66] Slate'sZack Kopplin related a story about how Kroto gave him advice and support to fight Louisiana's creationism law, a law that allows public school science teachers to attack evolution and how Kroto defended the scientific findings of global warming.[67] In an obituary published in the journalNature,Robert Curl andJames R. Heath described Kroto as having an "impish sense of humour similar to that of the British comedy groupMonty Python".[2]
^"Humanism and Its Aspirations: Notable Signers".Humanism and Its Aspirations: Humanist Manifesto III, a Successor to the Humanist Manifesto of 1933. American Humanist Association. Retrieved7 September 2017.
^Simmons, Nigel P. C.; Nixon, John F.; Kroto, Harold W.; Hopkinson, Michael J. (1976). "The detection of unstable molecules by microwave spectroscopy: phospha-alkenes".Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (13):513–515.doi:10.1039/C39760000513.
^ab"2015 Awardees".illinois.edu. School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2015. Archived fromthe original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved1 July 2016.
^Jain, P; Ramachandran, V; Clark, RJ; Zhou, HD; Toby, BH; Dalal, NS; Kroto, HW; Cheetham, AK (2009). "Multiferroic Behavior Associated with an Order−Disorder Hydrogen Bonding Transition in Metal−Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with the Perovskite ABX3 Architecture".Journal of the American Chemical Society.131 (38):13625–13627.Bibcode:2009JAChS.13113625J.doi:10.1021/ja904156s.PMID19725496.
