American inorganic chemist
Harry Barkus Gray (born November 14, 1935) is the Arnold O. Beckman Professor of Chemistry atCalifornia Institute of Technology .[ 2]
Gray received his B.S. in chemistry fromWestern Kentucky University in 1957. He began his work ininorganic chemistry atNorthwestern University , where he earned his Ph.D. in 1960 working underFred Basolo andRalph Pearson . He was initiated into the Upsilon chapter ofAlpha Chi Sigma at Northwestern University in 1958.[ 3] NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at theUniversity of Copenhagen ,[ 4] [ 5] [ 6]
After completing his NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship at theUniversity of Copenhagen , he relocated to New York City to take up a faculty appointment atColumbia University . He served as an assistant professor from 1961 to 1963 and as an associate professor from 1963 to 1965.
In 1966, he became the Arnold O. Beckman Professor of Chemistry atCalifornia Institute of Technology , and founding director of theBeckman Institute .[ 7] Infosys Prize from 2010 to 2013.
Gray also trained future leaders of several major science research universities. Four of his doctoral students became presidents or chancellors: Dave Dooley atUniversity of Rhode Island , Greg Geoffroy atIowa State University ,Holden Thorp atUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , andMark Wrighton atWashington University in St. Louis .[ 8]
Gray's interdisciplinary research program addresses a wide range of fundamental problems ininorganic chemistry ,biochemistry , andbiophysics .Electron transfer (ET) chemistry is a unifying theme for much of this research.[ 9]
Over the past twenty-five years the Gray group has been measuring the kinetics of long-range ET reactions in metalloproteins labeled with inorganicredox reagents. Early research by his lab members showed that details of the internal structures of the proteins dominate the ET rates.[ 10] Jay R. Winkler of theBeckman Institute at Caltech they have developed new techniques for measuring ET rates in crystals of Ru-, Os-, and Re-modifiedazurins , as well as crystals of Fe(III)-cytochrome c doped with Zn(II)-cytochrome c.[ 11] photosensitizers into protein crystals has provided a powerful new tool for studying biochemical reaction dynamics.[ 12] protein folding incytochrome c .[ 13]
Ponce, Adrian; Gray, Harry B.; Winkler, Jay R. (August 2000)."Electron Tunneling through Water: Oxidative Quenching of Electronically Excited Ru(tpy) (tpy = 2,2':6,2' '-terpyridine) by Ferric Ions in Aqueous Glasses at 77 K" (PDF) .Journal of the American Chemical Society .122 (34):8187– 8191.Bibcode :2000JAChS.122.8187P .doi :10.1021/ja000017h . Babini, Elena; Bertini, Ivano; Borsari, Marco; Capozzi, Francesco; Luchinat, Claudio; Zhang, Xiaoyu; Moura, Gustavo L. C.; Kurnikov, Igor V.; Beratan, David N.; Ponce, Adrian; Di Bilio, Angel J.; Winkler, Jay R.; Gray, Harry B. (May 2000)."Bond-Mediated Electron Tunneling in Ruthenium-Modified High-Potential Iron−Sulfur Protein" (PDF) .Journal of the American Chemical Society .122 (18):4532– 4533.Bibcode :2000JAChS.122.4532B .doi :10.1021/ja994472t . Winkler, J. R.; Di Bilio, Angel J.; Farrow, N. A.; Richards, J. H.; Gray, H. B. (January 1, 1999)."Electron tunneling in biological molecules" .Pure and Applied Chemistry .71 (9):1753– 1764.doi :10.1351/pac199971091753 Dmochowski, I. J.; Crane, B. R.; Wilker, J. J.; Winkler, J. R.; Gray, H. B. (November 9, 1999)."Optical detection of cytochrome P450 by sensitizer-linked substrates" .Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .96 (23):12987– 12990.Bibcode :1999PNAS...9612987D .doi :10.1073/pnas.96.23.12987 PMC 23886 PMID 10557259 . Wilker, Jonathan J.; Dmochowski, Ivan J.; Dawson, John H.; Winkler, Jay R.; Gray, Harry B. (January 15, 1999). "Substrates for Rapid Delivery of Electrons and Holes to Buried Active Sites in Proteins".Angewandte Chemie International Edition .38 (1– 2):89– 92.doi :10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990115)38:1/2<89::AID-ANIE89>3.0.CO;2-R . Telford, Jason R.; Wittung-Stafshede, Pernilla; Gray, Harry B.; Winkler, Jay R. (November 1998). "Protein Folding Triggered by Electron Transfer".Accounts of Chemical Research .31 (11):755– 763.doi :10.1021/ar970078t . Gray, Harry B.; Winkler, Jay R. (June 1996)."Electron Transfer in Proteins" (PDF) .Annual Review of Biochemistry .65 (1):537– 561.doi :10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.002541 .PMID 8811189 .S2CID 18469372 . Pascher, T.; Chesick, J. P.; Winkler, J. R.; Gray, H. B. (March 15, 1996). "Protein Folding Triggered by Electron Transfer".Science .271 (5255):1558– 1560.Bibcode :1996Sci...271.1558P .doi :10.1126/science.271.5255.1558 .PMID 8599112 .S2CID 24879221 . Langen, R; Chang, I.; Germanas, J.; Richards, J.; Winkler; Gray, H. (June 23, 1995). "Electron tunneling in proteins: coupling through a beta strand".Science .268 (5218):1733– 1735.Bibcode :1995Sci...268.1733L .doi :10.1126/science.7792598 .PMID 7792598 . Grinstaff, M.; Hill, M.; Labinger, J.; Gray, H. (May 27, 1994). "Mechanism of catalytic oxygenation of alkanes by halogenated iron porphyrins".Science .264 (5163):1311– 1313.Bibcode :1994Sci...264.1311G .doi :10.1126/science.8191283 .PMID 8191283 . His accolades include:
He was awarded theWolf Prize in Chemistry in 2004 for his pioneering work inbioinorganic chemistry , unraveling novel principles of structure and long-rangeelectron transfer in proteins.[ 9] [ 27]
Gray has made generative contributions to the understanding of chemical bonding of metal complexes, mechanisms of inorganic reactions, spectroscopy and magneto-chemistry of inorganic compounds. His study of the first trigonal prismatic complexes is one such example. Harry Gray's most significant work lies at the interface betweenchemistry andbiology . As a pioneer of the important and thriving field ofbioinorganic chemistry , he has made many key contributions, the most important of which is the development of fundamental understanding of electron transfer in biological systems, at the atomic level.[ 28]
^ "Harry B. Gray - www.cce.caltech.edu" . Cce.caltech.edu. Archived fromthe original on August 10, 2017. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2015 .^ "Harry B. Gray" .California Institute of Technology . Archived fromthe original on August 10, 2017. RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ "Educational Foundation - Alpha Chi Sigma" . Alphachisigma.org. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2015 .^ "Dr. Harry B. Gray (Inducted in 1995)" .Western Kentucky University . RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ Avery, John; Dahl, Jens Peder; Hansen, Aage E. (1987).Understanding Molecular Properties a Symposium in Honour of Professor Carl Johan Ballhausen, held at The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, April 4 and 5, 1986 ix– x.ISBN 978-94-009-3781-9 . RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 . ^ "Francis Clifford Phillips Lecture Series 1986 Phillips Lecturer Brief Biography of Harry Gray, California Institute of Technology" .Phi Lambda Upsilon Xi Chapter, University of Pittsburgh . Archived fromthe original on November 17, 2002. RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ "Harry B. Gray" .Beckman Institute Laser Resource Center . Archived fromthe original on August 10, 2017. RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ "Leading By Example" .E&S Magazine . California Institute of Technology. May 6, 2015.^a b Jacoby, Mitch (January 26, 2004)."AWARDS Harry Gray Wins Wolf Prize In Chemistry" .Chemical & Engineering News .82 (4). RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 . ^ Beratan, DN; Betts, JN; Onuchic, JN; et al. (1991)."Protein electron transfer rates set by the bridging secondary and tertiary structure" Science .252 (5010). Sciencemag.orgaccessdate=June 18, 2013:1285– 8.Bibcode :1991Sci...252.1285B .doi :10.1126/science.1656523 .PMID 1656523 . ^ Winkler, Jay R.; Gray, Harry B. (July 16, 2015)."Electron flow through biological molecules: does hole hopping protect proteins from oxidative damage?" .Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics .48 (4):411– 420.doi :10.1017/S0033583515000062 .PMC 4793975 PMID 26537399 . ^ Tezcan, F. Akif; Crane, Brian R.; Winkler, Jay R.; Gray, Harry B. (2001)."Electron Tunneling in Protein Crystals" .Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America .98 (9):5002– 5006.Bibcode :2001PNAS...98.5002A .doi :10.1073/pnas.081072898 JSTOR 3055554 .PMC 33153 PMID 11296248 . ^ Mines, Gary A.; Pascher, Torbjörn; Lee, Sonny C.; Winkler, Jay R.; Gray, Harry B. (June 1996)."Cytochrome c folding triggered by electron transfer" .Chemistry & Biology .3 (6):491– 497.doi :10.1016/S1074-5521(96)90097-6 PMID 8807879 . ^ "ACS Award in Pure Chemistry" . American Chemical Society. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2014 .^ "1979 Richard C. Tolman Award Recipient Harry B. Gray California Institute of Technology" .SCALACS . 1979–1980. RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details" .National Science Foundation . RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ "Harry Gray" .National Medal of Science . RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ "People: Caltech Chemist Wins AIC Gold Medal For His Studies Of Electron Transfer" .The Scientist . April 2, 1990. RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ "People Briefs" .The Scientist . July 9, 1990. RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ "Harvey Prize" .Technion . RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 .^ "Harry Gray | Royal Society" .^ Theopold, Klaus H. (September 2005). "The 2004 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry presented to Harry B. Gray".Journal of the Franklin Institute .342 (6):586– 591.doi :10.1016/j.jfranklin.2005.04.015 . ^ Perry, Jill (January 22, 2004)."Professor Harry Gray Awarded Wolf Prize" .Caltech News . RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 . ^ Rovner, Sophie L. (May 25, 2009)."Harry Gray Wins Welch Award Caltech professor recognized for achievement in basic research" .Chemical & Engineering News .87 (212): 8. RetrievedOctober 25, 2016 . ^ "Fraternity - Awards - Hall of Fame - Alpha Chi Sigma" . Alphachisigma.org. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2015 .^ "Othmer Gold Medal" .Science History Institute . 31 May 2016. RetrievedMarch 22, 2018 .^ "Beckman Institute Laser Resource Center" (PDF) . Bilrc.caltech.org. Archived fromthe original (PDF) on September 7, 2008. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2015 .^ Simply-Smart."תוצאות חיפוש - פרס וולף" . Wolffund.org.il. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2015 .
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Behavioral and social science
1960s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Biological sciences
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Chemistry
1960s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
Engineering sciences
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Physical sciences
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
International National Academics People Other
Harry Gray discussesHow Arnold O. Beckman's Instrumental Voice Shaped Chemistry's History, and the Beckman Institute at Caltech; Profiles in Chemistry,Chemical Heritage Foundation