HarmonyOS NEXT
Developer	Huawei
Written in	C,C++,JavaScript,ArkTS,Cangjie,[1]Rust,Assembly language and others
OS family	OpenHarmony-based
Working state	Current
Source model	Closed, withopen source components
Initial release	August 4, 2023; 2 years ago (2023-08-04)
Latest release	6.0 / November 25, 2025; 2 days ago (2025-11-25)
Update method	Over-the-air
Package manager	.app, OpenHarmony Package Manager (ohpm)
Supported platforms	ARM64
Kernel type	Microkernel (HongMeng Kernel)
Userland	System Service Layer (OpenHarmony-basedHarmonyOS system,Linux ABI Runtime reused drivers container)[2][3]
Default user interface	Harmony Design (Design System) (multi-touch,GUI)
License	Commercial software,Proprietary software except for open-source components
Preceded by	HarmonyOS 4.2 mobile/4.5 (TV) AOSP & Linux
Official website	consumer.huawei.com/cn/harmonyos-next
Support status
Supported
Articles in the series
HarmonyOS version history

HarmonyOS NEXT is aproprietarydistributed operating system that succeeded the similarly namedHarmonyOS, with the main difference that the "Next" operating system was developed byHuawei to support only HarmonyOSnativeapps. Unlike Android-based HarmonyOS versions 1 to 4 (2019–2024) and the global marketEMUI operating system, the Next version (starting with HarmonyOS Next 5, also known as HarmonyOS 5) does not include the AndroidAOSP core and is incompatible with Android applications.^[4][5]

HarmonyOS NEXT both discards the commonUnix-likeLinux kernel and replaces the previousmultikernel system with its own bespoke HarmonyOSmicrokernel.^[6] The rich execution environment (REE) version of the HarmonyOS microkernel is placed at its core, with a single framework as kernel mode. TheOpenHarmony-based operating system shares lineage with the lightweightLiteOSreal-time operating system for resource-constrained devices like smartwearables andIoT products.^[7]

On August 4, 2023, at Huawei Developers Conference 2023 (HDC), Huawei officially announced HarmonyOS NEXT, the next version of HarmonyOS, which supports only nativeAPP apps viaArk Compiler and native APIs in the HarmonyOSSDK.^[8] The kernel of HarmonyOS NEXT no longer includes the compatibility layer ofAOSP framework with Android libraries fromEMUI in theuser space and cannot run Androidapk apps natively, as was the case with the initial dual-framework HarmonyOS.^[9][10]

The first internal preview version of the system was revealed on August 4, 2023, and the first preview version was released to registered public developers on January 18, 2024.^[11] The first devices tested with the developer preview version were theMate 60, Mate 60 Pro and Mate X5 phones.^[12]

On October 22, 2024, HarmonyOS 5 was officially launched as the "HarmonyOS NEXT 5" brand,^[13][14] after the public beta was released on October 8, 2024.^[15] The first device to feature HarmonyOS NEXT at sale was theHuawei Mate 70, which went on sale in China in November 2024.^[16] By installing the all-new operating system on a newly launched device, Huawei created a new competitor toAndroid andiOS. Future Huawei devices are to be sold mainly with HarmonyOS NEXT, creating a third player in themarket for smartphone operating systems worldwide.^[17]On May 8, 2025, a HarmonyOS computer running the HarmonyOS 5 operating system made its debut inShenzhen, following the expiration of Huawei'sMicrosoft Windows licence in March.^[18]

HarmonyOS NEXT uses a direct manipulation interface.^[19] The main interface is the multi-touch touchscreen. However, external peripherals such as mice, microphones, headphones, and keyboards can be connected via bluetooth or theUSB-C charging port.

HarmonyOS NEXT devices come with preinstalled applications. Apps can also be downloaded through the HuaweiApp Gallery. As of September 2024, there were more than 10,000 native apps.^[20] This number increased to more than 20,000 on the app store as of January 2025.^[21] As of November 2025, the number of HarmonyOS Next apps and meta services reached over 300,000.^[22] Unlike previous versions of HarmonyOS, Android applications are no longer compatible and cannot be downloaded from the store. Large numbers of western apps are therefore not available natively. Yet, applications such as Easy Abroad and DroiTong do allow Android apps to run in emulation inside a separate container. Apps downloaded via DroiTong are automatically placed into a dedicated folder on the home screen.^[23] This includes leading apps such as Amazon, ChatGPT, Facebook, Netflix, YouTube.^[24] While these apps work, there are issues present with missed notifications, lower resolution, and file transfers in and out of the container. Apps not present include major banking apps, most streaming services, alternative mapping solutions such as Waze as well as some Google services such as Google Assistant and Gemini. Most major Chinese apps are also available, but most Chinese games are still missing.^[23]

Devices running HarmonyOS Next have storage ranging from 128GB and 1TB.^[32][33] The storage can be expanded in some devices using Huawei's proprietaryNano Memory.^[34]

HarmonyOS NEXT is found almost exclusively on Huawei devices.^[35] The first phones with the OS preinstalled were the Mate 70 series and Mate X6.^[36] The latest phones to release with HarmonyOS NEXT were the Pura 80 series.^[37]

The HongMeng kernel, sometimes referred to as the Harmony kernel, is a computeroperating system (OS)kernel developed byHuawei since August 2023. It is used in the HarmonyOS 5 version of the proprietaryHarmonyOS distributed operating system, replacing previous versions that utilized theAOSP compatibility layer, the Linux kernel, and theLiteOS kernel.^[38][39]

The HarmonyOS Kernel utilizes amicrokernel architecture, which aims to improve security and performance by isolating critical components of the system.

The HongMeng kernel is amicrokernel at rich executed environment level for software outside hardware-based HarmonyOS TEE kernel, called tee_OS, enabling greater modularity and larger portions of the OS to benefit frommemory protection at kernel mode. HarmonyOS NEXT maintains the speed of a monolithic Linux kernel while incorporating a modular OpenHarmony system.^{[citation needed]} It achieves compatibility through an abstraction layer that supports POSIX APIs and integrates musl-libc for advanced devices. This design allows HarmonyOS NEXT to efficiently handle critical tasks in user mode within its commercial distribution. The kernel hasLinux ABI compatibility by placing an ABI-compatible shim in IC0 (kernel space) with support for OpenHarmony andAOSP complex framework hardware migration deployments, which redirects Linuxsystem calls to IPC and serves as a central repository for global state. The kernel also reuses Linux drivers through driver containers, which balances between compatibility and critical path performance, while having control plane and data plane separation to improve performance.HongMeng kernel capabilities in context switching, network, application startup time, load, frame loss, interrupt latency, etc., and also performance optimised in smart routers and smart vehicles with real time capabilities functions.^[40]

As of October 23, 2024^[update], HarmonyOS kernel runs onARM64 devices on HarmonyOS 5.0.0 Release (Beta) version with current version 1.9.3.B010.^[41]

HarmonyOS NEXT is designed with a hybrid approach, combining the efficiency of a monolithic Linux kernel with modular elements from OpenHarmony. By utilizing a kernel abstraction layer, it ensures compatibility while maintaining performance optimization.

The system integrates a POSIX-compliant compatibility layer, enabling smoother interoperability with third-party applications. Furthermore, musl-libc is incorporated to support more advanced devices, facilitating optimized performance for critical user-mode tasks.

This kernel design allows HarmonyOS NEXT to handle complex computational tasks effectively while remaining lightweight for various device categories. Its balance between modularity and speed ensures stable operations in both consumer electronics and industrial applications.

The kernel features Address tokens that connects the Access token manager that is an essential component in OpenHarmony-baseddistributed operating systems, responsible for unified app permission management based on access tokens. Access tokens serve as identifiers for apps, containing information such as app ID, user ID, app privilege level (APL), and app permissions. By default, apps can access limited system resources. ATM ensures controlled access to sensitive functionalities which combines bothRBAC andCBAC models as a hybridACL model.^[42][43]

• Full-stack, self-developed HarmonyOS NEXT core operating system natively integrates the following components:
  • PanGu-Σ: Built-in large language model (LLM) for AI applications
  • MindSpore: Native Generative AI framework
  • DevEco Studio IDE and DevEco Testing: Integrated development and testing environment
  • HarmonyOS Design: Native design system for consistent UI/UX
  • ArkUI / ArkUI-X: Native programming framework, including cross-platform support.
  • Ark Compiler,BiSheng Compiler andArk Runtime: Built-in compilers and runtime environment
  • EROFS/HMDFS: Native distributed file system for storage and access.
• Native in-house Cangjie programming language alongsideArkTS^[44] as primary programming languages support for native HarmonyOS system and kernel
• Primary HarmonyOS native app file package,APP for HarmonyOS apps only
• Native Package management subsystem^[45]
• Refined and primary native in-houseArk Engine multimedia API graphics stack system that comes withArkGraphics 2D andArkGraphics 3D with Cangjie support across all devices with developer access^[46]
• Linux and LiteOS RTOS base on wearables, phones, tablets on System Service Layer replaced with self-developed Rich Execution Environment version of HarmonyOS kernel, Microkernel architecture.^[47]
• HarmonyOS NEXT SDK with previous classic HarmonyOS SDK API levels, alongside full standard OpenHarmony SDK development kit access support conglomerated in a complete and comprehensive in-house HarmonyOS SDK API 12, in a form of full development kit.
• Native Generative Edge AI computing API system features for Edge Computing
• NativeGenerative AI andMultimodal learningLLM Voice AssistantCelia/XiaoYi [China & Global] – Powered by Huawei Pangu AI model, supports Chinese and English with Celia Proactive Suggestions and Developers can add Celia Voice services to their atomic services improvements and applications.
• OpenHarmony versioning core baseline of HarmonyOS NEXT system versioning underlining theHarmonyOS operating system baseline versioning
• OpenHarmony user mode contains the kernel abstract layer that wraps theLinux syscall compatible layer via POSIX compatible, third-partymusl fromLiteOS lineage for HarmonyOS NEXT system kernel, in-house Microkernel.
• OpenHarmony Device Connector (HDC) native support, a command line tool for connecting and debugging HarmonyOS devices as well as OpenHarmony devices in interoperability, including self debugging on PC-side with native toolchain system.^{[citation needed]} ReplacesAndroid Debug Bridge on classic dual-framework OpenHarmony L3-L5 basedEMUI andHarmonyOSAOSP userland base.^[48]
• Exclusive to in-house Kirin and HiSilicon chips optimisation and adaptation alongside selected Snapdragon legacy chips
• New visual graphical interfaces based onNeumorphism and Glassmorphism design language trend, visual elements on HarmonyOS Design language system for Spatial computing
• Modified native Task Switcher interface for PC, phones, tablets and foldables
• ArkData powered byGaussDB for ArkTS HarmonyOS native development
• WebView component based on theArkWebsoftware engine.^{[citation needed]}
• NativeHMS Core integration & push API
• New Permission application system withCapability-based security-like Rich Execution Environment kernel features, alongside native OpenHarmony-basedAccess token manager^[49] implements unified app permission management on Core File Kit, departure from previous versions of HarmonyOS withAOSP framework^[50]
• Advanced native multitasking and Task switching system
• Continuity of applications between devices via native Distributed Package Management Service (DBMS) from Distribution Service Kit API.^[51]
• Spatial computing support^[52]
• Native Spatial Audio support in Audio Kit API^[53]
• Harmony Intelligence backend stack embedded across the OS, withPanGu 5.0 LLM with Embedded variant,MindSpore AI framework with Neural Network Runtime API kit with smarter Celia virtual assistant.^[54]
• New Celia UI supporting gesture-based interactions, such as long-press the navigation bar to expand it; drag text, photos or documents into the Celia navigation bar to analyze and extract information.
• Collaboration between apps with the New distributed soft bus, App hop, Cross devices gallery
• Upgraded Desktop Mode forMatePad tablets and new Desktop PC systems forMatebook andMateStation PCs
• New split-screen interface
• New boot animation screen of HarmonyOS with OpenHarmony compatibility label of "Huawei" boot image
• 30% performance boosts, 10.7% native custom HarmonyOS kernel performance boost compared formerLinux kernel
• 5.5G connectivity support with existing 5G, 4G in native telephony stack of OpenHarmony-based HarmonyOS NEXT
• Bluetooth BLE 6.0 &NearLink 2.0 support

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HarmonysOS NEXT is the third most popular mobile OS in the world at 5% market share as of quarter 1 of 2025.^[77]

Pan Jiaofeng, president of the Institute of Science and Technology Strategy of theChinese Academy of Sciences, stated in October 2024 that HarmonyOS NEXT had "achieved complete independent research and development across the entire chain and process, from the kernel to thedatabase, programming language, and development environment." He highlighted the significant role of the operating system in the development of China's digital economy anddigital transformation.^[78]

The Hong-Kong-based newspaperTa Kung Pao commented in October 2024 that HarmonyOS NEXT had "essentially broken the United States' decades-long technological monopoly and demonstrated to the world China's unwavering commitment to the path of independent innovation."^[79]

HarmonyOS NEXT was opened for public testing in October 2024. While some applications exhibited smoother performance compared to previous versions, others experienced issues such as lag or crashes. Some application vendors advised users to exercise caution when upgrading.^[80]

Shanghai-based semiconductor analyst Li Tongyu noted at the launch that, although Huawei had secured adaptations from many developers, "most of these applications are demo versions with only basic core functionalities."^[81]

Zhu Yuezhong, an assistant professor atSouthern Taiwan University of Science and Technology and an observer of Taiwan's semiconductor industry, remarked that, despite HarmonyOS moving away from Android's source code, at launch in October 2024 "the number of corresponding applications remains a concern."^[81]

The21st Century Business Herald remarked in October 2024 that many niche or "long-tail" applications had yet to be migrated or adapted to the new system.^[82]

In August 2025, according toIT Times, HarmonyOS 5.1.0 version still has a gap in its app experience compared to Android and iOS. The HarmonyOS version ofWeChat is missing nearly 30 features, such as the ability to share real-time location and recognize text in images. In addition, popular apps likeMeituan andBilibili also lack some functions, while some less common or enterprise-developed apps have issues with crashing and freezing. Furthermore, migrating from the Android version to the HarmonyOS version requires re-downloading the app and may result in incomplete data synchronization.^[83]

In October 2025,Sina'sBUG column reports that social media users described experiencing "disastrous" issues following an upgrade, including disorganized icons, non-functional features in popular applications, and difficulties downgrading the system that resulted in data loss. Furthermore, they indicated that Huawei had not sufficiently informed users that the upgrade was an incompatible system replacement instead of a standard update. The column was advised by a Huawei consumer hotline engineer that certain groups, like video creators, "are temporarily not recommended to upgrade to HarmonyOS 5.1." The report also quoted a prior admission by Richard Yu that "user tolerance is a major issue."^[84]

In October 2024, analyst Zhuo Weian commented that, althoughApple Inc. had set a precedent with its closed ecosystem, "HarmonyOS's similar model presents significant challenges for developers accustomed to the openAndroid ecosystem." He also noted that expanding HarmonyOS to the global market was considered difficult.^[81]

In contrast, the newspaperTa Kung Pao opined in October 2024 that Huawei was "actively collaborating with global developers and partners, laying the groundwork for HarmonyOS's global expansion."^[79]

• HarmonyOS
• OpenHarmony
• EulerOS
• LiteOS
• DevEco Studio

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