Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known asMPS[4] is a humany-chromosomehaplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. 2014.[1]
Basal paragroup K2b* has not been identified among living males but was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man from China.[5]
K2b1 (P397/P399) known previously asHaplogroup MS, andHaplogroup P (P-P295), also known asK2b2 are the only primary clades of K2b. The population geneticistTatiana Karafet and other researchers (2014) point out that K2b1, its subclades and P* are virtually restricted geographically toSouth East Asia andOceania.[1] Whereas, in a striking contrast,P1 (P-M45) and its primary subcladesQ andR now make up "the most frequent haplogroup inEurope, theAmericas, andCentral Asia andSouth Asia". According to Karafet et al., the estimated dates for the branching of K, K2, K2b and P point to a "rapid diversification" within K2 "that likely occurred in Southeast Asia", with subsequent "westward expansions" of P*, P1, Q and R.[1]
Modern populations with living members ofK2b1 (all subclades), P* (a.k.a. K2b2*; P-P295*) and P2 (K2b2b) appear to be restricted toOceania,South East Asia andSiberia.
Basal, un-mutated P1* (K2b2a*; P-M45*), in modern times, is distributed in isolated pockets, over a relatively wide area that includesIsland South East Asia.
SomeNegrito populations of South-East Asia carry next to noteworthy East Asian ancestry, very high levels of K2b at the subclade level. It is carried, for instance, by more than 83% of males among theAeta (or Agta) people of the Philippines, in the form ofK2b1 (60%),P* (P-P295*, a.k.a. K2b2*) andP2 (P-B253; K2b2b).
K2b1 is found in 83% of males of Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in theAeta people of thePhilippines.[1] It is also found among otherMelanesian populations, as well asindigenous Australians, and at lower levels amongstPolynesians.[1] It is also found in the Melanesian populations of Indonesia.
Major studies ofindigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 29% ofindigenous Australian males belong to subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroupS1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308),[1] and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroupM1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 wereTorres Strait Islanders.[7] (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)
Apart from the basal paragroupP* (K2b2), it has only one subclade: P1 (M45), also known as K2b2a – which is also the parent of the major haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2).[1]
P-P295* (sometimes known as "pre-P", before P-M45 was redesignated P1) is found among 28% of males among theAeta, as well as inTimor at 10.8%, and one case may have been found inPapua New Guinea (Kaysar et al. 2006) although this has not been verified.[1]
Population
Rate of P* (%)
Notes
Papua New Guinea
0.69
assumed from Kayser et al. 2006, i.e. one P* found
P1 (M45/PF5962), also known as K2b2a, is hundreds of times more common than P* (K2b2; PxM45), as it includes haplogroups Q and R, is estimated as being 14,300 years younger than K2b.[1]
Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 at low to moderate frequencies.[9] In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims ofManipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). Cases of P1 (M45) reported in South Asia may be unresolved cases or R2 or Q.[9]
Population group (withethnolinguistic affiliation)
AssumingB70 ky for the TMRCA of M168 chromosomes,10 we estimate theinterval of time between the diversification of K-M9 and that ofK-P331 to be <3 ky. This rapid diversification has also been assessedusing whole Y-chromosome sequence data.22 In addition, we estimatethe total time between the common ancestor of K-M9 and that ofP-P295 to be <5 ky, and the time between the common ancestorP-P295 and that of P-P27 to be 12.3 ky (95% CI: 6.6–20 ky).[1]
^abNagle, N.; Ballantyne, K. N.; Van Oven, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Xue, Y.; Taylor, D.; Wilcox, S.; Wilcox, L.; Turkalov, R.; Van Oorschot, R. A.; McAllister, P.; Williams, L.; Kayser, M.; Mitchell, R. J. (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.159 (3):367–381.doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886.PMID26515539.
^Rasmussen, Morten; Anzick, Sarah L.; Waters, Michael R.; Skoglund, Pontus; Degiorgio, Michael; Stafford, Thomas W.; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Albrechtsen, Anders; Doyle, Shane M.; Poznik, G. David; Gudmundsdottir, Valborg; Yadav, Rachita; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; V, Samuel Stockton White; Allentoft, Morten E.; Cornejo, Omar E.; Tambets, Kristiina; Eriksson, Anders; Heintzman, Peter D.; Karmin, Monika; Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand; Meltzer, David J.; Pierre, Tracey L.; Stenderup, Jesper; Saag, Lauri; Warmuth, Vera M.; Lopes, Margarida C.; Malhi, Ripan S.; et al. (2014)."The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana".Nature.506 (7487):225–229.Bibcode:2014Natur.506..225R.doi:10.1038/nature13025.PMC4878442.PMID24522598.
^Rosser, Z. H.; Zerjal, T; Hurles, M. E.; Adojaan, M; Alavantic, D; Amorim, A; Amos, W; Armenteros, M; Arroyo, E; Barbujani, G; Beckman, G; Beckman, L; Bertranpetit, J; Bosch, E; Bradley, D. G.; Brede, G; Cooper, G; Côrte-Real, H. B.; De Knijff, P; Decorte, R; Dubrova, Y. E.; Evgrafov, O; Gilissen, A; Glisic, S; Gölge, M; Hill, E. W.; Jeziorowska, A; Kalaydjieva, L; Kayser, M; et al. (December 2000)."Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language".The American Journal of Human Genetics.67 (6):1526–43.doi:10.1086/316890.PMC1287948.PMID11078479.
^Pichler, I.; Mueller, J. C.; Stefanov, S. A.; De Grandi, A.; Volpato, C. B.; Pinggera, G. K.; Mayr, A.; Ogriseg, M.; Ploner, F.; Meitinger, T.; Pramstaller, P. P. (2006). "Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms".Human Biology.78 (4):441–464.doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0057.PMID17278620.S2CID20205296.
^Robino, C.; Varacalli, S.; Gino, S.; Chatzikyriakidou, A.; Kouvatsi, A.; Triantaphyllidis, C.; Di Gaetano, C.; Crobu, F.; Matullo, G.; Piazza, A.; Torre, C. (2004). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios".Forensic Science International.145 (1):61–64.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026.PMID15374596.
^Sanchez, J.J.; Børsting, C.; Hernandez, A.; Mengel-Jørgensen, J.; Morling, N. (2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis".International Congress Series.1261:347–349.doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2.
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".Human Mutation.35 (2):187–91.doi:10.1002/humu.22468.PMID24166809.S2CID23291764.
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznikop. cit.;YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and;PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
