Haplogroup J-M304
Possible time of origin	42,900 years ago[1]
Coalescence age	31,600 years ago[1]
Possible place of origin	Western Asia[2]
Ancestor	IJ
Descendants	J-M172,J-M267
Defining mutations	M304/Page16/PF4609, 12f2.1
Highest frequencies	Ingush,Chechens,Avars,Dargins,Arabs,Persians,Kurds,Assyrians,Jews,Greeks,Georgians,Arameans,Melkites,Mandeans,Italians,Lebanese,Cypriots

Haplogroup J-M304, also known asJ,^{[Phylogenetics 1]} is ahuman Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is believed to have evolved inWestern Asia.^[2] The clade spread from there during theNeolithic, primarily intoNorth Africa, theHorn of Africa, theSocotra Archipelago, theCaucasus,Europe,Anatolia,Central Asia,South Asia, andSoutheast Asia.

Haplogroup J-M304 is divided into two mainsubclades (branches),J-M267 andJ-M172.

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Haplogroup J-M304 is believed to have split from thehaplogroup I-M170 roughly 43,000 years ago in Western Asia,^[1] as both lineages arehaplogroup IJsubclades. Haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K derive fromhaplogroup IJK, and only at this level of classification does haplogroup IJK join withHaplogroup G-M201 andHaplogroup H as immediate descendants ofHaplogroup F-M89. J-M304 (Transcaucasian origin) is defined by the M304 genetic marker, or the equivalent 12f2.1 marker. The main current subgroups J-M267 (Armenian highlands origin) and J-M172 (Zagros mountains origin), which now comprise between them almost all of the haplogroup's descendant lineages, are both believed to have arisen very early, at least 10,000 years ago. Nonetheless, Y-chromosomes F-M89* and IJ-M429* were reported to have been observed in the Iranian plateau (Grugni et al. 2012).

On the other hand, it would seem to be that different episodes of populace movement had impacted southeast Europe, as well as the role of the Balkans as a long-standing corridor to Europe from the Near East is shown by the phylogenetic unification of Hgs I and J by the basal M429 mutation. This proof of common ancestry suggests that ancestral Hgs IJ-M429* probably would have entered Europe through the Balkan track sometime before theLGM. They then subsequently split into Hg J and Hg I in Middle East and Europe in a typical disjunctive phylogeographic pattern. Such a geographic hall^{[clarification needed]} is prone to have encountered extra consequent gene streams, including the horticultural settlers. Moreover, the unification of haplogroups IJK creates evolutionary distance from F–H delegates, as well as supporting the inference that both IJ-M429 and KT-M9 arose closer to the Middle East than Central or East Asia.^{[citation needed]}

Haplogroup J has also been found among twoancient Egyptian mummies excavated at theAbusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from a period between the lateNew Kingdom and theRoman era.^[3]

Haplogroup J-M267 is found in its greatest concentration in theArabian Peninsula. Outside of this region, haplogroup J-M304 has a significant presence in other parts of theMiddle East as well as inNorth Africa, theHorn of Africa, and theCaucasus. It also has a moderate occurrence inSouthern Europe, especially in central and southern Italy, Malta, Greece and Albania. The J-M410 subclade is mostly distributed inAsia Minor, Greece and southern Italy. Additionally, J-M304 is observed inCentral Asia andSouth Asia, particularly in the form of its subclade J-M172. J-12f2 and J-P19 are also found among theHerero (8%).^[4]

Paragroup J-M304*^{[Phylogenetics 2]} includes all of J-M304 except for J-M267, J-M172 and their subclades. J-M304* is rarely found outside of the island of Socotra, belonging to Yemen, where it is extremely frequent at 71.4% and j1-267 for the rest with no j2^[6] Haplogroup J-M304* also has been found with lower frequency inOman (Di Giacomo 2004),Ashkenazi Jews,^[7]Saudi Arabia (Abu-Amero 2009),Greece (Di Giacomo 2004), theCzech Republic (Di Giacomo 2004 andLuca 2007),Uygurs^[8] and severalTurkic peoples.^[9] (Cinnioglu 2004 andVarzari 2006).

YFull^[1] andFTDNA^[10] have however failed to find J* people anywhere in the world although there are 2 J2-Y130506 persons and 1 J1 person from Soqotra. But Cerny 2009 study found 9 J1 persons in Soqotra/Socotra and majority of J* and no J2, hypothesizing a J1 founder effect in Socotra.

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for J-M267 and J-M172, showing its distribution in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia.

HaplogroupJ-M267^{[Phylogenetics 3]} defined by the M267 SNP is in modern times most frequent in the Arabian Peninsula:Yemen (up to 76%),^[11]Saudi (up to 64%) (Alshamali 2009),Qatar (58%),^[12] andDagestan (up to 56%).^[13] J-M267 is generally frequent among ArabBedouins (62%),^[14]Ashkenazi Jews (20%) (Semino 2004),Algeria (up to 35%) (Semino 2004),Iraq (28%) (Semino 2004),Tunisia (up to 31%),^[15]Syria (up to 30%),Egypt (up to 20%) (Luis 2004), and theSinai Peninsula. To some extent, the frequency of Haplogroup J-M267 collapses at the borders ofArabic/Semitic-speaking territories with mainly non-Arabic/Semitic speaking territories, such asTurkey (9%),Iran (5%), SunniIndian Muslims (2.3%) and Northern Indian Shia (11%) (Eaaswarkhanth 2009). Some figures above tend to be the larger ones obtained in some studies, while the smaller figures obtained in other studies are omitted. It is also highly frequent amongJews, especially theKohanim line (46%) (Hammer 2009).

ISOGG states that J-M267 originated in theMiddle East. It is found in parts of theNear East,Anatolia andNorth Africa, with a much sparser distribution in the southernMediterranean flank ofEurope, and inEthiopia.

But not all studies agree on the point of origin. TheLevant has been proposed but a 2010 study concluded that the haplogroup had a more northern origin, possiblyAnatolia.

The origin of the J-P58 subclade is likely in the more northerly populations and then spreads southward into theArabian Peninsula. The highY-STR variance of J-P58 in ethnic groups inTurkey, as well as northern regions inSyria andIraq, supports the inference of an origin of J-P58 in nearby easternAnatolia. Moreover, the network analysis of J-P58 haplotypes shows that some of the populations with low diversity, such asBedouins fromIsrael,Qatar,Sudan and theUnited Arab Emirates, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes. This suggests that founder effects with star burst expansion into theArabian Desert (Chiaroni 2010).

HaplogroupJ-M172^{[Phylogenetics 4]} is found in the highest concentrations in theCaucasus and theFertile Crescent/Iraq and is found throughout theMediterranean (including theItalian,Balkan,Anatolian andIberian peninsulas andNorth Africa) (Di Giacomo 2003).

The highest ever reported concentration of J-M172 was 72% in NortheasternGeorgia (Nasidze 2004). Other high reports includeIngush 32% (Nasidze 2004),Cypriots 30-37% (Capelli 2005),Lebanese 30% (Wells et al. 2001),Assyrian,Mandean andArabIraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005)^{[full citation needed]},Syrians 22.5%,Kurds 24%-28%,Pashtuns 20-30%,^[16]Iranians 23% (Aburto 2006),Ashkenazi Jews 24%,Palestinian Arabs 16.8%-25%,Sephardic Jews 29%^[17] and North IndianShia Muslim 18%, Chechens 26%, Balkars 24%, Yaghnobis 32%, Armenians 21-24%, and Azerbaijanis 24%-48%.

In South Asia, J2-M172 was found to be significantly higher amongDravidian castes at 19% than amongIndo-European castes at 11%. J2-M172 and J-M410 is found 21% amongDravidian middle castes, followed by upper castes, 18.6%, and lower castes 14%. (Sengupta 2006)^[18] Subclades of M172 such as M67 and M92 were not found in either Indian or Pakistani samples which also might hint at a partial common origin.(Sengupta 2006)^[18]

According to a genetic study in China by Shou et al., J2-M172 is found with high frequency amongUygurs (17/50 = 34%) andUzbeks (7/23 = 30.4%), moderate frequency amongPamiris (5/31 = 16.1%), and also found J-M172 in Han Chinese (10%)^[19] and low frequency amongYugurs (2/32 = 6.3%) andMonguors (1/50 = 2.0%). The authors also found J-M304(xJ2-M172) with low frequency among theRussians (1/19 = 5.3%),Uzbeks (1/23 = 4.3%),Sibe people (1/32 = 3.1%),Dongxiangs (1/35 = 2.9%), andKazakhs (1/41 = 2.4%) inNorthwest China.^[20] Only far northwestern ethnic minorities had haplogroup J in Xinjiang, China. Uzbeks in the sample had 30.4% J2-M172 andTajiks of Xinjiang and Uyghurs also had it.^[21]

In Y-chromosome phylogenetics,subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M304. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center inHouston, Texas.The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft treeProposed Tree for haplogroup J-P209 (Krahn & FTDNA 2013). For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

• J-M304 12f2a, 12f2.1, M304, P209, L60, L134
  • M267, L255, L321, L765, L814, L827, L1030
    • M62
    • M365.1
    • L136, L572, L620
      • M390
      • P56
      • P58, L815, L828
      • L256
    • Z1828, Z1829, Z1832, Z1833, Z1834, Z1836, Z1839, Z1840, Z1841, Z1843, Z1844
      • Z1842
      • L972
  • M172, L228
    • M410, L152, L212, L505, L532, L559
      • M289
      • L26, L27, L927
      • L581
    • M12, M102, M221, M314, L282
      • M205
      • M241

This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(January 2013)

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008 (Karafet 2008). Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current (2022) version is of the 2019/2020 update.

• Ben Affleck^[22]
• Qajar dynasty^[23]
• Khabib Nurmagomedov^[22]
• House of Saud^[23]
• Vincent van Gogh^[24][23]
• Rothschild family^[22]
• Dustin Hoffman^[23]
• Bernard Montgomery^[22]
• John Stamos^[22]
• Bernie Sanders^[22]
• Dzhokhar Dudayev^[22]
• Adam Sandler^[22]

Journals

• Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)."A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups".Genome Research.12 (2):339–48.doi:10.1101/gr.217602.PMC 155271.PMID 11827954.
• Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A (2009)."Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions".BMC Genetics.10: 59.doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59.PMC 2759955.PMID 19772609.
• Al-Zahery, N.; Semino, O.; Benuzzi, G.; Magri, C.; Passarino, G.; Torroni, A.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.28 (3):458–472.Bibcode:2003MolPE..28..458A.doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3.PMID 12927131.
• Alshamali, Farida; Pereira, Luísa; Budowle, Bruce; Poloni, Estella S.; Currat, Mathias (2009)."Local Population Structure in Arabian Peninsula Revealed by Y-STR diversity".Human Heredity.68 (1):45–54.doi:10.1159/000210448.PMID 19339785.
• Arredi, B; Poloni, E; Paracchini, S; Zerjal, T; Fathallah, D; Makrelouf, M; Pascali, V; Novelletto, A; Tyler-Smith, C (2004)."A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa".American Journal of Human Genetics.75 (2):338–45.doi:10.1086/423147.PMC 1216069.PMID 15202071.
• Balanovsky, O.; Dibirova, K.; Dybo, A.; Mudrak, O.; Frolova, S.; Pocheshkhova, E.; Haber, M.; Platt, D.; et al. (2011)."Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region".Molecular Biology and Evolution.28 (10):2905–20.doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126.PMC 3355373.PMID 21571925.
• Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2009)."Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe".European Journal of Human Genetics.17 (6):820–30.doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249.PMC 2947100.PMID 19107149.
• Bosch, E.; Calafell, F.; Gonzalez-Neira, A.; Flaiz, C.; Mateu, E.; Scheil, H.-G.; Huckenbeck, W.; Efremovska, L.; Mikerezi, I.; Xirotiris, N.; Grasa, C.; Schmidt, H.; Comas, D. (July 2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns".Annals of Human Genetics.70 (4):459–487.doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x.PMID 16759179.S2CID 23156886.
• Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2008)."Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman".European Journal of Human Genetics.16 (3):374–86.doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934.PMID 17928816.
• Capelli, C.; Redhead, N.; Romano, V.; Cali, F.; Lefranc, G.; Delague, V.; Megarbane, A.; Felice, A. E.; Pascali, V. L.; Neophytou, P. I.; Poulli, Z.; Novelletto, A.; Malaspina, P.; Terrenato, L.; Berebbi, A.; Fellous, M.; Thomas, M. G.; Goldstein, D. B. (March 2006). "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective".Annals of Human Genetics.70 (2):207–225.doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x.hdl:2108/37090.PMID 16626331.S2CID 25536759.
• Capelli, Cristian; Brisighelli, Francesca; Scarnicci, Francesca; Arredi, Barbara; Caglia’, Alessandra; Vetrugno, Giuseppe; Tofanelli, Sergio; Onofri, Valerio; Tagliabracci, Adriano; Paoli, Giorgio; Pascali, Vincenzo L. (July 2007). "Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic–Neolithic encounter".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.44 (1):228–239.Bibcode:2007MolPE..44..228C.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030.PMID 17275346.
• Chiaroni, Jacques; King, Roy J; Myres, Natalie M; Henn, Brenna M; Ducourneau, Axel; Mitchell, Michael J; Boetsch, Gilles; Sheikha, Issa; et al. (2009)."The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations".European Journal of Human Genetics.18 (3):348–53.doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.166.PMC 2987219.PMID 19826455.
• Chiaroni, Jacques; King, Roy J; Myres, Natalie M; Henn, Brenna M; Ducourneau, Axel; Mitchell, Michael J; Boetsch, Gilles; Sheikha, Issa; et al. (2010)."The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations".European Journal of Human Genetics.18 (3):348–53.doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.166.PMC 2987219.PMID 19826455.
• Cinnioglu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoglu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; et al. (2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia".Human Genetics.114 (2):127–48.doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4.PMID 14586639.S2CID 10763736.
• Di Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Anagnou, N.; Ciavarella, G.; Corbo, R.M.; Cresta, M.; Cucci, F.; Di Stasi, L.; et al. (2003). "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.28 (3):387–95.Bibcode:2003MolPE..28..387D.doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00016-2.PMID 12927125.
• Di Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Popa, L. O.; Akar, N.; Anagnou, N.; Banyko, J.; Brdicka, R.; Barbujani, G.; et al. (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe".Human Genetics.115 (5):357–71.doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9.PMID 15322918.S2CID 18482536.
• Eaaswarkhanth, Muthukrishnan; Haque, Ikramul; Ravesh, Zeinab; Romero, Irene Gallego; Meganathan, Poorlin Ramakodi; Dubey, Bhawna; Khan, Faizan Ahmed; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (March 2010)."Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations".European Journal of Human Genetics.18 (3):354–363.doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.168.PMC 2859343.PMID 19809480.
• El-Sibai, M.; Platt, D. E.; Haber, M.; Xue, Y.; Youhanna, S. C.; Wells, R. S.; Izaabel, H.; Sanyoura, M. F.; Harmanani, H.; Bonab, M. A.; Behbehani, J.; Hashwa, F.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Zalloua, P. A.; Genographic, Consortium (2009)."Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast".Annals of Human Genetics.73 (6):568–81.doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x.PMC 3312577.PMID 19686289.
• Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima (2014)."Sousse: extreme genetic heterogeneity in North Africa".Journal of Human Genetics.60 (1):41–49.doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.99.PMID 25471516.S2CID 25186140.
• Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M; Underhill, Peter A (October 2004)."Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography".European Journal of Human Genetics.12 (10):855–863.doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225.PMID 15280900.S2CID 16765118.
• Gonçalves, Rita; Freitas, Ana; Branco, Marta; Rosa, Alexandra; Fernandes, Ana T.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Kivisild, Toomas; Brehm, Antonio (2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry".Annals of Human Genetics.69 (Pt 4):443–454.doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x.hdl:10400.13/3018.PMID 15996172.S2CID 3229760.
• Hammer, Michael F.; Behar, Doron M.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Hallmark, Brian; Erez, Tamar; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Rosset, Saharon; Skorecki, Karl (2009)."Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood".Human Genetics.126 (5):707–17.doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5.PMC 2771134.PMID 19669163.
• Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000). "New uses for new haplotypes".Trends in Genetics.16 (8):356–62.doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6.PMID 10904265.
• Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008)."New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree".Genome Research.18 (5):830–8.doi:10.1101/gr.7172008.PMC 2336805.PMID 18385274.
• Luca, F.; Di Giacomo, F.; Benincasa, T.; Popa, L.O.; Banyko, J.; Kracmarova, A.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A.; Brdicka, R. (2007). "Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.132 (1):132–9.doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500.hdl:2108/35058.PMID 17078035.
• Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004)."The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations".The American Journal of Human Genetics.74 (3):532–44.doi:10.1086/382286.PMC 1182266.PMID 14973781.
• Martinez, Laisel; Underhill, Peter A; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Gayden, Tenzin; Moschonas, Nicholas K; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T; Conti, Simon; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Cavalli-Sforza, L Luca; Herrera, Rene J (April 2007)."Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau".European Journal of Human Genetics.15 (4):485–493.doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769.PMID 17264870.S2CID 9847088.
• Mirabal S, Varljen T, Gayden T, et al. (July 2010). "Human Y-chromosome short tandem repeats: A tale of acculturation and migrations as mechanisms for the diffusion of agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.142 (3):380–390.doi:10.1002/ajpa.21235.PMID 20091845.
• Nasidze, I.; Ling, E. Y. S.; Quinque, D.; Dupanloup, I.; Cordaux, R.; Rychkov, S.; Naumova, O.; Zhukova, O.; et al. (2004)."Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus".Annals of Human Genetics.68 (3):205–21.doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x.PMID 15180701.S2CID 27204150.
• Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Brinkmann, Bernd; Majumder, Partha P.; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella (November 2001)."The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East".The American Journal of Human Genetics.69 (5):1095–1112.doi:10.1086/324070.PMC 1274378.PMID 11573163.
• Onofri, Valerio; Alessandrini, Federica; Turchi, Chiara; Pesaresi, Mauro; Tagliabracci, Adriano (2008). "Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations".Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series.1:235–236.doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173.
• Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, et al. (October 2005)."High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations".Mol. Biol. Evol.22 (10):1964–75.doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185.PMID 15944443.
• Robino, C.; Crobu, F.; Di Gaetano, C.; Bekada, A.; Benhamamouch, S.; Cerutti, N.; Piazza, A.; Inturri, S.; Torre, C. (2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample".International Journal of Legal Medicine.122 (3):251–255.doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5.PMID 17909833.S2CID 11556974.
• Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maccioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004)."Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area".American Journal of Human Genetics.74 (5):1023–1034.doi:10.1086/386295.PMC 1181965.PMID 15069642.
• Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. (2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation".Human Mutation.24 (3):248–60.doi:10.1002/humu.20077.PMID 15300852.S2CID 1571356.
• Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Hurles, Matthew E; Yang, Huanming; Tyler-Smith, Chris (1 April 2006)."Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times".Genetics.172 (4):2431–2439.doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270.PMC 1456369.PMID 16489223.
• Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan; et al. (2008)."Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean".American Journal of Human Genetics.83 (5):633–642.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012.PMC 2668035.PMID 18976729.

Thesis and Dissertations

• Varzari, Alexander (2006).Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms(PDF) (Thesis). München, University.OCLC 180859661.
• Yunusbaev, Bayazit Bulatovich (2006).ПОПУЛЯЦИОННО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ НАРОДОВ ДАГЕСТАНА ПО ДАННЫМ О ПОЛИМОРФИЗМЕ У-ХРОМОСОМЫ И АТД-ИНСЕРЦИЙ [Population-genetic study of the peoples of Dagestan on the data on Y-chromosome and ATD-insertion polymorphism](PDF) (PhD). Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 February 2007.

Blogs

• Dienekes (2009)."Middle Eastern and Sub-Saharan lineages in Indian Muslim populations".

Mailing Lists

• Aburto, Alfred A (2006)."Y haplogroup J in Iran" (Mailing list). Archived fromthe original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved3 January 2013.

Websites

• Krahn; FTDNA (2003)."Genomic Research Center Draft Tree (AKA Y-TRee)". Archived fromthe original on 15 August 2015.

• yJdb: the Y-haplogroup J database haplotypes of haplogroup J.
• [1]
• Haplogroup J subclades at International Society of Genetic Genealogy
• Sanchez, Juan J; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Gorlin, RJ (2005)."High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males".European Journal of Human Genetics.13 (7):856–66.doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390.PMID 15756297.
• Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, et al. (February 2006)."Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists".Am. J. Hum. Genet.78 (2):202–21.doi:10.1086/499411.PMC 1380230.PMID 16400607.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toHaplogroup J of Y-DNA.

• Y-DNA Haplogroup J and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2009

• Youtube Haplogroup J2 Channel
• Spread of Haplogroup J, fromNational Geographic
• British Isles DNA Project

• Human Y-DNA haplogroups

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