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Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, seeHaplogroup D-M174.
Haplogroup D
Possible time of originca. 60,000 – 40,000 YBP
Possible place of originEast Asia
AncestorM80'D
DescendantsD4, 16189
Defining mutations4883 5178A 16362[1]

Inhuman mitochondrial genetics,Haplogroup D is ahuman mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.It is a descendant haplogroup ofhaplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in theLate Pleistocene, before theLast Glacial Maximum and thesettlement of the Americas).[2]

In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central[3] and Northeast Asia.[4] Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in theindigenous peoples of the Americas, the others beingA,B,C, andX. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).[5]

Subclades

[edit]

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4

[edit]

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for thesettlement of the Americas.D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especiallyAleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and inInuit of Canada and Greenland,[6] is a branch of D4b1c.

D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such asJapanese,[7][8][9][10]Okinawans,[8]Koreans,[8][11] northernHan Chinese (e.g. fromLanzhou[12]), and someMongolic- orTungusic-speaking populations of theHulunbuir region, such asBarghuts inHulun Buir Aimak,[13]Mongols andEvenks inNew Barag Left Banner,[14] andOroqens inOroqen Autonomous Banner.[14] D4 is also the most common haplogroup among theOroks ofSakhalin, theBuryats andKhamnigans of theBuryat Republic, theKalmyks of theKalmyk Republic, theTelenghits andKazakhs of theAltai Republic,[13][15] and theKyrgyz ofKyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture.[16] It also predominates among published samples ofPaleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered fromChertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all overChina, theHimalayas,Central Asia,Siberia, andindigenous peoples of the Americas, with some cases observed inSoutheast Asia,Southwest Asia, andEurope.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan[24]

  • D1 – America
    • D1a – Colombia
      • D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
      • D1a2 – Guaraní
    • D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
    • D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
    • D1d
      • D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
      • D1d2 – Mexican
    • D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
    • D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA
      • D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
      • D1f2 – Colombia
      • D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American)
    • D1g –Southern Cone of South America
      • D1g1
        • D1g1a
        • D1g1b
      • D1g2
        • D1g2a
      • D1g3
      • D1g4
      • D1g5
      • D1g6
    • D1h
      • D1h1 – Mexican
      • D1h2 – Mexican
    • D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
      • D1i1 – Mexican
      • D1i2 – Mexican
    • D1j –Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
      • D1j1
        • D1j1a
          • D1j1a1 – Argentina
          • D1j1a2
    • D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
    • D1m – Mexican
    • D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico
    • D1r – Peru
    • D1u
      • D1u1 – Peru

  • D4a – China,[26]Mongol fromInner Mongolia andHeilongjiang,[25] Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province),[27] Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang),[27] Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana),[28] Pakistan (Saraiki),[29] Mongolia[28]
    • D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal,Ulchi[30]
      • D4a1a – Japan
        • D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea
          • D4a1a1a – Japan
      • D4a1b – Japan, Korea
        • D4a1b1 – Japan
      • D4a1c – Japan, Korea
      • D4a1d – Japan
      • D4a1e – Mainland China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa,Mongol fromShandong,[25] Yakut
        • D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs
      • D4a1f – Japan
        • D4a1f1 – Japan
      • D4a1g – China, Bargut
      • D4a1h – Japan
    • D4a2 – Japan, Korea
      • D4a2a – Japan, Korea
      • D4a2b – Japan
    • D4a3Mongol fromTongliao[25]
      • D4a3a
        • D4a3a* – found exclusively in Koreans, parts of Northeast China at low frequency
        • D4a3a1 – primarily found in Koreans, low frequency in Northern China
        • D4a3a2 – Japan (high), South Korea (low)
      • D4a3b
        • D4a3b* – China,Mongol fromShenyang[25]
        • D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）,[31] Pakistan (Kalash)[32]
        • D4a3b2 – Mainland China, Taiwan
    • D4a4 – Japan
    • D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan fromKachin State[33]), China (Zhejiang,[33]Chamdo,[33]Korean fromAntu County,Mongol fromTongliao[25])
    • D4a6 - China[34] (Eastern China,[35] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[31]),Mauritius[36]
  • D4a-b
    • D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang)[35]
      • D4a7
        • D4a7* – China[37]
          • D4a7a
            • D4a7a* – Taiwan[38]
              • D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung)[39]
          • D4a7b
            • D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)[40]
              • D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan),[10] Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi),[39] Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi)[41] Singapore (Malaysian)[42]
    • D4a8 – China
  • D4b – Thailand (Thai fromCentral Thailand[43])
    • D4b1
      • D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic,Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur,Mongol fromBeijing,[25]etc.)
      • D4b1a
      • D4b1b'd
        • D4b1b - Mainland China, Taiwan
          • D4b1b1 – Japan
            • D4b1b1a – Japan
              • D4b1b1a1 – Japan
          • D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang)
        • D4b1d – China (Gelao fromDaozhen)
      • D4b1c
        • D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
          • D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka,etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
          • D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
          • D3b – Oroqen
          • D3c
            • D3c* – Buryat
            • D3c1
              • D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
              • D3c1a
                • D3c1a1
                  • D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
                  • D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire)
                • D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site ofGlazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
          • D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
          • D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
    • D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period)Yokohama,[45] China (Mongol fromHebei[25]), Thailand (Hmong fromChiang Rai Province), India (Gallong)
      • D4b2a – Japan
        • D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean fromAntu County)
        • D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea
          • D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan
            • D4b2a2a1 – Japan, South Korea, China (Han fromDandong)
            • D4b2a2a2 – Japan
          • D4b2a2b – Japan
      • D4b2b – China (Mongols fromNortheast China andInner Mongolia,[25] Uyghurs,Tu, Tibet,etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province[27]), Saudi Arabia
        • D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat,Mongol fromTongliao,[25] Uyghur, Persian
          • D4b2b1a – Japan
          • D4b2b1b – Japan
          • D4b2b1c – Japan
          • D4b2b1d – Japan
        • D4b2b2 – China (Mongol fromChifeng andHeilongjiang,[25] Tujia, Han fromLanzhou,[12]etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
          • D4b2b2a – Mainland China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
            • D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia
          • D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea
          • D4b2b2c – China, Buryat
        • D4b2b3 – Japan
        • D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
        • D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
        • D4b2b6 – Chinese (Shandong, Beijing,Lanzhou,[12] Denver), Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Armenian
        • D4b2b7 – Mainland China, Taiwan (Hakka)
        • D4b2b8 – Uyghur
        • D4b2b9
          • D4b2b9* – China, Xibo
          • D4b2b9a
            • D4b2b9a* – Buryat
            • D4b2b9a1 – China
      • D4b2c
      • D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
  • D4c
    • D4c1 – Uyghur
      • D4c1a – Japan, Korea
        • D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
      • D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia
        • D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet
        • D4c1b2 – Japan
    • D4c2 – Turkmenistan,Mongol fromChifeng[25]
      • D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
        • D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
      • D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
      • D4c2c – Japan
  • D4d – Japan, Korea

  • D4h
    • D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province,Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province[27]), Philippines
    • D4h1
      • D4h1* – China
      • D4h1a - Korea, China (LiaoningHan)
        • D4h1a1 – Japan, Korea, China (Beijing)
        • D4h1a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Liaoning, Jilin, Tianjin, Shandong)
      • D4h1b
        • D4h1b-G10398A - China (HunanHan, Zhejiang), Kyrgyzstan
        • D4h1b-A16241G - Japan (Tokyo,Aichi)
      • D4h1c – China (incl.Tu), Tibet
      • D4h1d – Bargut
    • D4h2 – Ulchi
    • D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province[27])[46]
      • D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA,[47][48] and Colombia.[49]
        • D4h3a1 – Chile
          • D4h3a1a – Chile
            • D4h3a1a1 – Chile
            • D4h3a1a2 – Chile
        • D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina
        • D4h3a3 – Chile
          • D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA
        • D4h3a4 – Peru
        • D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina
        • D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador
        • D4h3a7 – ancient Canada
        • D4h3a8 – Mexico
        • D4h3a9 – Peru
      • D4h3b – China
    • D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan,Mongol (Bayannur,[25]Hinggan[25])
      • D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
  • D4i
    • D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
    • D4i1 – Japan
    • D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
    • D4i3
      • D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu)
      • D4i3a – Mainland China, Taiwan (Atayal)
    • D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
    • D4i5 – Japan

  • D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat,Mongols in China (Bargut,Chifeng,[25]Hohhot,[25]Tianjin,[25]Tongliao[25]), Mainland China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
    • D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Uyghur
      • D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
        • D4j1a1 – Lepcha,Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Lahu fromMae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province[27]), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
          • D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet
          • D4j1a1b – Toto
        • D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh
      • D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • D4j1b2 – Gallong
    • D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut,[50] Dolgan[50]
      • D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)[51]
    • D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
    • D4j4 – Nganasan, Even (Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic[50]), Evenk (Nyukzha river basin,[51] Iengra River basin[51])
      • D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic,[50] Iengra River basin[51]), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin[50])
    • D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (Khorasan),[52] Uyghur, Kyrgyz,[53] Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut,[51][50] Yukaghir,[50] Even (Sakha Republic),[51][50] Evenk (Sakha Republic)[50]
    • D4j-T146C!
      • D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
      • D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
    • D4j7 – Tubalar,Mongol (Hinggan League[25])
      • D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut
    • D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic),[50] Yakut,[50] Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
    • D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
    • D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
    • D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
    • D4j14 – Japan
    • D4j15 – China, Tibet,Mongols in China (Chifeng[25]), Kazakhstan
    • D4j16 – China
  • D4k'o'p
    • D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh,etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
    • D4o –Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat[46]
    • D4p
      • D4p* – Altaian, Buryat
      • D4p1 – Japan
      • D4p2 – Buryat
  • D4l
    • D4l1
      • D4l1a – Japan
        • D4l1a1 – Japan
      • D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
    • D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central,Vilyuy), Uyghur,[33] Kazakh[33]
      • D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir,Mongol (Xilingol League[25])
        • D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
        • D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
      • D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa)
  • D4m
  • D4n
    • D4n* – Japan, Korea
    • D4n1
      • D4n1* – Japan
      • D4n1a – Japan
    • D4n2
      • D4n2a – China
      • D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan),[53] Tibet,[61] Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[46] Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)[54]
  • D4q – Taiwan,[59] China,[33]Mongols in China (Fuxin[25]),Kyrgyz,[60]Tajiks,[60] India (Jammu and Kashmir),[33] Germany,[59] Poland,[59] Netherlands,[59] United States[59]
  • D4r – Thailand, Myanmar
  • D4s
  • D4t – China, Korea, Japan
  • D4u
    • D4u*
    • D4u1
      • D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai)[52]
      • D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli)[53]
  • D4v – Thailand[27]
  • D4w – Japan (Tokyo),Tu
  • D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
  • D4y – Vietnam (La Chí)
  • D4z – China

D5'6

[edit]

D5'6 (16189) is mainly found inEast Asia andSoutheast Asia, especially in China, Korea, and Japan.[65][66][67] It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%[50]) among theYakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of theMongol expansion.[50]


Table of frequencies by ethnic group

[edit]
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PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypes
Ban Ravat (Uttarakhand)1.00038[citation needed]D4=38
Aleut (Commander Islands)1.00036[23]D2a1a=36
Orok (Sakhalin)0.68961[citation needed]D(xD5)=41, D5=1
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.656163[23]D2a1a=107
Tibetan (Deqin,Yunnan)0.55040[citation needed]D(xD5)=20, D5(xD5a)=2
Northern Paiute/Shoshoni0.47994[18]D=45
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.43816[3]D(xD4c)=5, D4c=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.43244[14]D(xD5)=14, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Subba (Limbu)0.43244[citation needed]D4=19
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.415217Asari 2007D4a=24, D4b=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=21, D4e=11, D5=10, D4g=2, D4j=1
Japanese (northernKyūshū)0.414256[8]D4b=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D4a=19, D4e=16, D5=10, D4g(xD4g1)=8, D4j=3
Japanese0.412211[7]D4(xD4b)=75, D5(xD5a)=10, D5a=1, D4b=1
Japanese (Tōkai)0.411282[8]D4b=34, D4a=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D5=14, D4e=13, D4j=3, D4g(xD4g1)=2
Northern Paiute0.40898[17]D=40
Japanese (Japan)0.4011928[73]D4=705, D5=68
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.399336[8]D4a=31, D4b=30, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=29, D4e=17, D4g(xD4g1)=11, D5=10, D4j=4, D4g1=2
Korean (South Korea)0.398103[15]D4(xD2, D3)=33, D5=8
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.39648[14]D(xD5)=16, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Dolgan (Anabarsky,Volochanka,Ust-Avam, andDudinka)0.390154[50]D4l2=35, D3=8, D4e4a1=5, D4b1(xD3)=4, D4i2=2, D4j2=2, D4a=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D5a2a2=1
Japanese (Japan)0.389672[74]D4 (xD4e, D4g, D4h)=111, D4a=42, D4b=79, D5=30
Okinawa0.383326[8]D4a=28, D4b=23, D4e=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=18, D4j=12, D4g(xD4g1)=12, D5=7, D4g1=4
Tibetan (Nyingchi,Tibet)0.37524[64]D=9
Korean (South Korea)0.364261[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=36, D4b=20, D4a=18, D5=14, D(xD4, D5)=7
Japanese (Tokyo)0.356118[10]D4=39, D5=3
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.356149[13]D4(xD2, D3)=47, D2=3, D3=2, D5=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.349295[15]D4(xD2, D3)=86?, D5=8, D3=7, D2=2
Buryat0.348419[46]D4(xD2)=134, D5=9, D2=3
Korean (Ulsan)0.3421094[75]D=374
Korean (South Korea)0.340203[8]D5=15, D4b=14, D4a=10, D4j=9, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=8, D4e=7, D4g(xD4g1)=6
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.33399[15]D4(xD2, D3)=25, D3=5, D5=2, D2=1
Korean (northern China)0.33351[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=11, D4a=3, D5(xD5a)=2, D(xD4, D5)=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.33348[14]D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=5
Yakut (vicinity ofYakutsk)0.329164[50]D5a2a2=28, D4i2=9, D4c2=5, D4o2=4, D4j5=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D4a=1, D4j8=1, D4l2=1
Korean (South Korea)0.326850[76]D4a(xD4a1, D4a2, D4a3)=64, D4b1=6, D4b2=36, D4e1=9, D4e2=17, D4f1=18, D4g1=16, D4j=12, D4(xD4g2)=49, D5=50
Korean (South Korea)0.324185[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=44, D5(xD5a)=6, D5a=3, D4a=3, D4b=3, D(xD4, D5)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.32331[citation needed]D(xD5)=8, D5(xD5a)=2
Korean (South Korea)0.322593[77]D=7, D4=93, D4a=30, D4b=30, D5=31
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.31947[14]D(xD5)=12, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.30173[15]D4(xD2, D3)=13, D5=5, D3=4
Han (Beijing)0.30040[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=2
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.300100[citation needed]D4(xD4a,D4b1,D4b2b)=16, D4a=5, D4b2b=3, D5a(xD5a2)=3, D4b1=1, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a2=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.30020[3]D4c=5, D(xD4c)=1
Yakut0.299117[14]D(xD5)=17, D5a=17, D5(xD5a)=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.297111[50]D5a2a2=20, D4i2=4, D4c2=2, D2b1=2, D4b1(xD3)=1, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=1, D4j2=1, D4j4a=1, D4o2=1
Iu Mien (Mengla,Yunnan)0.29627[19]D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.292137[64]D4(xD4a)=29, D5a=6, D4a=5
Nganasan0.29224[citation needed]D3=4, D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=3
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.291110[15]D4(xD2, D3)=24, D5=6, D2=2
Nivkh (northernSakhalin)0.28656[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=16
Tibetan (Nagchu,Tibet)0.28635[64]D=10
Daur (Hulunbuir)0.282209[78]D4(xD4c, D4j, D4m)=42, D2b=1, D5=16,
Evenk (Ust-Maysky,Oleneksky, andZhigansky)0.280125[50]D5a2a2=10, D4l2=8, D2b1=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D3=2, D4c2=2, D4e4a1=2, D4j4a=2, D4j5=2, D4j8=1, D4o2=1
Chinese (Shenyang,Liaoning)0.275160[8]D5=16, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=6, D4b=5, D4e=5, D4g(xD4g1)=5, D4j=4, D6=2, D4a=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna,Yunnan)0.27333[citation needed]D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna,Yunnan)0.26715[citation needed]D(xD5)=4
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach,Altai Republic)0.26598[13]D4(xD2, D3)=22, D5=4
Tubalar (Altai Republic)0.264144[79]D4b1a2a1=10, D4j=6, D4o=6, D4(xD4l, D4m)=9, D5c=7
Yakut (northernYakutia)0.257148[50]D5a2a2=9, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=6, D4j2=5, D4l2=4, D4i2=3, D5b1d=3, D4c2=2, D4j5=2, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D4o2=1
Nganasan (Ust-Avam,Volochanka, and Novaya)0.25639[23]D3a1=7, D6=2, D4a=1
Han (Xinjiang)0.25547[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5a=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.25547[citation needed]D(xD5)=12
Nuu-Chah-Nulth0.255102[17]D=26
Han (southernCalifornia)0.254390[64]D(xD4a, D5)=53, D5=28, D4a=18
Manchurian0.25040[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=8, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky &Momsky)0.248105[50]D4c2=5, D4l2=5, D4i2=3, D4j5=3, D5a2a2=3, D4m2=2, D4a=1, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4j4(xD4j4a)=1, D4o2=1
Tubalar (Altai Republic)0.245143[80]D4=28, D5=7
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.24553[15]D4(xD2, D3)=12, D5=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.24445[14]D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=2
Evenk (Buryatia)0.24445[15]D3=6, D4(xD2, D3)=4, D2=1
Han (Taiwan)0.2431117[64]D=271
Negidal0.24233[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=8
Aini (Xishuangbanna,Yunnan)0.24050[citation needed]D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Ainu0.23551[citation needed]D(xD5,D6)=8, D5=4
Taiwanese (Taipei,Taiwan)0.23191[8]D5=11, D4a=5, D4b=2, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=2, D4g(xD4g1)=1
Mongolian (Dornod Province)0.230370[81]D2b=6, D4a=7, D4b=12, D4(xD4e, D4o)=34, D4j=19, D5a=6, D5b=1
Darjeeling (general population)0.22766[citation needed]D4=13
D5=2
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631[citation needed]D(xD4b, D5)=6, D4b=1
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.22458[citation needed]D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakut (Yakutia)0.22236[15]D4(xD2, D3)=5, D2=1, D3=1, D5=1
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.22218[23]D5a1=3, D6=1
Tujia (westernHunan)0.21964[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5a=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Ulchi0.21887[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D1a=4, D3=2
Han (Beijing Normal University)0.215121[10]D4=15, D5=11
Vietnamese0.21442[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=7, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Mongolian (Khentii Province)0.212132[81]D4=1, D4b=4, D4e=3, D4g=3, D4h=2, D4j=2, D4m=1, D4o=8, D5a=4
Evenk (53Stony Tunguska basin & 18Tugur-Chumikan)0.21171[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D3=1, D5=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.21171[15]D4(xD2, D3)=15
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua,Hunan)0.20824[19]D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province)0.207246[81]D1j=1, D4a=5, D4b=3, D4c=10, D4e=3, D4(xD4g, D4h, D4l, D4m, D4o)=11, D4j=11, D5a=5, D5b=2
Tibetan (Chamdo,Tibet)0.20729[64]D4(xD4a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse,Tibet)0.20729[64]D4(xD4a)=4, D5a=2
OiratMongol (Xinjiang)0.20449[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Xinjiang)0.203138[16]D4(xD4b,D4e)=20
D5=4
D4b=2
D4e=2
Siberian Eskimos0.20379[citation needed]D2=12, D3=4 (4/8 Naukan, 7/25 Sireniki, 5/46 Chaplin)
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020[3]D(xD4c)=4
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020[3]D(xD4c)=4
Ulch people0.200160[citation needed]D4=18, D4o=13, D5=1
Nu (Gongshan,Yunnan)0.20030[citation needed]D(xD5)=6
Buryat0.198126[14]D(xD5)=20, D5a=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Mongolian (Khovd Province)0.198429[81]D2b=1, D4a=1, D4b1=6, D4b1a2a1=4, D4b1c=4, D4b2a2a=6, D4b2d=8, D4(xD4c, D4e, D4g, G4h, D4m, D4o)=29, D4j=10, D5a1=1, D5a2a=11, D5b=4
Mongolian (Mongolia)0.1972420[81]D4b=76, D4c=68, D4j=64, D4(xD1, D2)=199, D5(xD6)=71
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.196102[citation needed]D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Kazakh (Zhetysu)0.195200[82]D1=1, D4=32, D5=6
Tubalar0.19472[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=10, D5=3, D3=1
Hmong (Jishou,Hunan)0.194103[19]D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Bai (Dali,Yunnan)0.19168[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=4
Mansi0.19063[4]D=12
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan,Guangxi)0.19042[19]D(xD5)=7, D5a=1
Khasi0.190368[citation needed]D4=48
D(xD4, D5a)=22
Mizo0.18848[citation needed]D4=9
Nyishi0.18848[citation needed]D4=7
D5=2
Yi (Xishuangbanna,Yunnan)0.18816[citation needed]D(xD5)=3
Tibetan (Nyingchi,Tibet)0.18554[64]D4(xD4a)=9, D5a=1
Poumai Naga0.18449[citation needed]D4=9
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.18255[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Wenshan,Yunnan)0.17939[19]D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Denver)0.17873[10]D4=10, D5=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.17182[23]D9=4, D8=2, D7=2, D5a1=2, D3a1=2, D3a2=1, D2(xD2a1a)=1
Sherpa (India)0.16754[citation needed]D4=9
Pumi (Ninglang,Yunnan)0.16736[citation needed]D(xD5)=6
Tujia (Yongshun,Hunan)0.16730[citation needed]D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakama0.16742[17]D=7
Bhotia (Uttarakhand)0.16455[citation needed]D4=9
Han (Hunan &Fujian)0.16455[10]D4=6, D5=2, D6=1
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)0.16455[citation needed]D(xD5)=9
Khanty0.160106[4]D=17
Buryat (Kushun,Nizhneudinsk,Irkutsk)0.16025[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=4
Bai (Xishuangbanna,Yunnan)0.15819[citation needed]D(xD5)=3
Khakassians (Khakassia)0.15857[15]D4(xD2, D3)=9
Mien (Shangsi,Guangxi)0.15632[19]D(xD5)=5
Hui (Xinjiang)0.15645[citation needed]D(xD5)=6, D5a=1
Altai (Altai Republic)0.155110[83]D=17
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.152105[15]D4(xD2, D3)=9, D2=3, D5=3, D3=1
Nogai (Daghestan)0.15233[citation needed]D=5
Kim Mun (Malipo,Yunnan)0.15040[19]D(xD5)=6
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.15020[3]D4c=2, D(xD4c)=1
Yi (Shuangbai,Yunnan)0.15040[citation needed]D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Yi (Hezhang County,Guizhou)0.15020[citation needed]D(xD4b, D5)=3
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)0.146130[citation needed]D4=13, D5=3, D(xD4,D5)=3
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.14648[citation needed]D(xD5)=7
Bella Coola0.14384[17]D=12
Lahu (Lancang,Yunnan)0.14335[citation needed]D(xD5)=5
Tuvan0.13795[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=9, D3=3, D5=1
Tibetan (Lhasa,Tibet)0.13644[64]D4(xD4a)=5, D5a=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky &Nizhnekolymsky)0.13622[50]D4j5=1, D4l2=1, D5a2a2=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.13315[15]D2=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.13253[citation needed]D(xD5)=7
Sema Naga0.13054[citation needed]D4=7
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.12847[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D4b=1
Tibetan (Shannan,Tibet)0.12755[64]D4(xD4a)=5, D4a=1, D5a=1
Chakhesang Naga0.12755[citation needed]D4=7
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic)0.126324[80]D4=39, D5=2
Shor (Kemerovo)0.12282[15]D4(xD2, D3)=9, D5=1
Chukchi0.12166[citation needed]D2=7, D3=1
Bunu (19 Bu Nu fromDahua & 6 Mu Bin fromTianlin)0.12025[19]D(xD5)=2, D5a=1
Kurd (northwesternIran)0.12025[15]D4(xD2, D3)=3
Udmurt (Malo-Purginsky &Tatyshlinsky)0.119101[citation needed]D=12
Karelian (Viena)0.11587[citation needed]D5=10
Tibetan refugees in India0.112107[citation needed]D4=9
D5=3
Sulawesi (89Manado, 64Toraja, 46Ujung Padang, & 38Palu)0.110237[21]D5=20, D(xD5)=6
Han (Taiwanese)0.108111[citation needed]D4a=2, D5b1=2, D4b1b=1, D4b2b5=1, D4g2=1, D4j1a(xD4j1a1)=1, D4j6=1, D5(xD5a2a1, D5b)=1, D5a2a1=1, D5b(xD5b1)=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.10647[15]D4(xD2, D3)=5
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.10647[citation needed]D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Ao Naga0.10666[citation needed]D4=5
D5=1
D(xD4,D5)=1
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.10020[3]D4c=1, D(xD4c)=1
Khasi0.10040[citation needed]D4=4
Tharu (Morang,Nepal)0.10040[citation needed]D4e1a=2, D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.09971[citation needed]D=7
Chuvantsi (Markovo,Chukotka)0.09432[23]D3a2a=2, D2a1a=1
Lahu (Simao,Yunnan)0.09432[citation needed]D(xD5)=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky,Sterlibashevsky,Ilishevsky, &Perm)0.090221[citation needed]D=20
Tharu (Chitwan,Nepal)0.090133[citation needed]D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=7, D4j=5
Altay Kizhi0.08990[15]D4(xD2, D3)=6, D3=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian,Yunnan)0.08635[citation needed]D(xD5)=3
Mansi0.08298[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=6, D3=1, D5=1
Lisu (Gongshan,Yunnan)0.08137[citation needed]D(xD5)=3
Lanten Yao (Tianlin,Guangxi)0.07726[19]D(xD5)=1, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Northern Thailand)0.076158[citation needed]D4e1a3=9
D4e1a=1
D4b=1
D5b4=1
Thai0.07540[citation needed]D(xD4, D5)=2, D4(xD4a, D4b)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540[3]D(xD4c)=3
Tu Yao (Hezhou,Guangxi)0.07341[19]D(xD5)=3
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.07128[citation needed]D(xD4b, D5)=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.07156[citation needed]D(xD5)=4
Ambon0.07043[21]D(xD5)=2, D5=1
Tujia (Yanhe County,Guizhou)0.06929[citation needed]D5=1, D(xD4b, D5)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.06844[15]D4(xD2, D3)=2, D5=1
Turkmen (Afghanistan)0.06775[citation needed]D4(xD4j)=4
D4j=1
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316[3]D(xD4c)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan,Guangdong)0.05735[19]D(xD5)=2
Jino (Xishuangbanna,Yunnan)0.05618[citation needed]D5(xD5a)=1
Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous District)0.05474[citation needed]D=4
Taono O'odham0.05437[18]D=2
Taiwan aborigines0.053640[66]D5'6=26, D4=8
Apache0.05338[18]D=2
Tibetan (Shannan,Tibet)0.05319[64]D=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng,Guangxi)0.05319[19]D(xD5)=1
Li (Hainan)0.052346[66]D5'6=13, D4=5
Hazara (Afghanistan)0.05178[citation needed]D4j=2
D4(xD4j)=2
Borneo (89Banjarmasin & 68Kota Kinabalu)0.051157[21]D5=7, D(xD5)=1
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020[3]D(xD4c)=1
Karelian (Tver)0.04961[citation needed]D5=2, D(xD5)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)0.048126[citation needed]D=6
Thailand0.048105[22]D=5
Uzbek (Afghanistan)0.047127[citation needed]D4j=2
D4(xD4j)=2
D5'6=2
Naxi (Lijiang,Yunnan)0.04445[citation needed]D(xD5)=2
Hindu (Chitwan,Nepal)0.04224[citation needed]D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=1
Tajik (Afghanistan)0.041146[citation needed]D4(xD4j)=4
D4j=1
D5'6=1
Changpa0.04050[citation needed]D4=1
D5=1
Chuvash (Morgaushsky)0.03655[citation needed]D=2
Cun (Hainan)0.03330[66]D4=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan,Guangxi)0.03231[19]D(xD5)=1
Filipino0.03164[67]D5b=1, D6=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin,Guangxi)0.03132[19]D(xD5)=1
Filipino (Mindanao)0.02970[67]D6=2
Karelian (Aunus)0.028218[citation needed]D5=6
Ket0.02638[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=1
Tatar (Almetyevsky &Yelabuzhsky)0.026228[citation needed]D=6
Persian (easternIran)0.02482[15]D4(xD2, D3)=1, D5=1
Lombok (Mataram)0.02344[21]D5=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.023177[67]D6=2, D5b=1, D(xD5b, D6)=1
Alor0.02245[21]D(xD5)=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.018168[citation needed]D4=3
Turkish people0.017773[84]D4=1, D4c2b=1, D4e4=2, D4g1b=1, D4g2=2, D4j(xD4j6, D4j7, D4j12)=5, D4m2a=1
Mari (Zvenigovsky)0.015136[citation needed]D=2
Koryak0.013155[citation needed]D3=2
Bali0.01282[21]D5=1
Pashtun (Afghanistan)0.01190[citation needed]D4j=1
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky)0.010102[citation needed]D=1
Filipino (Visayas)0.009112[67]D6=1
Kiliwa0.0007[18]-
Seri0.0008[18]-
Dingban Yao (Mengla,Yunnan)0.00010[19]-
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng,Guangxi)0.00011[19]-
Cochimí0.00013[18]-
Filipino (Palawan)0.00020[citation needed]-
River Yuman0.00022[18]-
Delta Yuman0.00023[18]-
Tibetan (Diqing,Yunnan)0.00024[citation needed]-
Zuni0.00026[18]-
Pai Yuman0.00027[18]-
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029[20]-
Batak (Palawan)0.00031[citation needed]-
Lingao (Hainan)0.00031[66]-
Nahua0.00031[18]-
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032[20]-
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033[20]-
Jemez0.00036[18]-
Akimal O'odham0.00043[18]-
Java (incl. 36 fromTengger)0.00046[21]-
Tofalar0.00046[citation needed]-
Udegey0.00046[citation needed]-
Itelmen0.00047[citation needed]-
Sumba (Waingapu)0.00050[21]-
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051[20]-
Senoi (51Temiar & 1Semai, Malaysia)0.00052[20]-
Filipino0.00061[21]-
Semelai (Malaysia)0.00061[20]-
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky)0.00062[citation needed]-
Navajo0.00064[18]-
Sumatra0.000180[21]-

Famous members

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toHaplogroup D (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree ofhuman mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

 Mitochondrial Eve (L)  
L0L1–6 
L1L2 L3  L4L5L6
MN 
CZDEGQ OASR IWXY
CZBFR0 pre-JT P U
HVJTK
HVJT

References

[edit]
  1. ^van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (February 2009)."Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation".Human Mutation.30 (2):E386 –E394.doi:10.1002/humu.20921.PMID 18853457.S2CID 27566749.
  2. ^estimated at48.3+13.1
    −12.7     kya     (95% CI) in:Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Macaulay, Vincent; Richards, Martin B. (June 2009)."Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock".The American Journal of Human Genetics.84 (6):740–759.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001.PMC 2694979.PMID 19500773.
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  1. ^Askapuli, Ayken; Vilar, Miguel; Garcia-Ortiz, Humberto; Zhabagin, Maxat; Sabitov, Zhaxylyk; Akilzhanova, Ainur; Ramanculov, Erlan; Schamiloglu, Uli; Martinez-Hernandez, Angelica; Contreras-Cubas, Cecilia; Barajas-Olmos, Francisco; Schurr, Theodore G.; Zhumadilov, Zhaxybay; Flores-Huacuja, Marlen; Orozco, Lorena (2022-11-29)."Kazak mitochondrial genomes provide insights into the human population history of Central Eurasia".PLOS ONE.17 (11) e0277771.Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1777771A.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277771.ISSN 1932-6203.PMC 9707748.PMID 36445929.
  2. ^Cite error: The named reference:2 was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
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