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Haplogroup B-M60

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Human Y chromosome DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, seeHaplogroup B (mtDNA).
Haplogroup B
Possible time of origin100,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of originAfrica,[2] region unknown
AncestorBT
DescendantsPrimary:B1 (M236),B2 (M182),B3 (L1387);
Subclades of the above include:B1a (M146);B2b (M112);B2a1a1a1 (M109)
Defining mutationsM60, M181/Page32, P85, P90, V62, V75, V78, V83, V84, V85, V90, V93, V94, V185, V197, V217, V227, V234, V237, and V44
Highest frequenciesBaka 63% (Gabon & Cameroon)[3] - 72% (CAR),[4]Hadzabe (Tanzania) 52%[5]-60%,[6]Nuer (South Sudan) 50%,[7]Mbuti (DRC) 33%[8]-60%,[4]Biaka (CAR) 35%[8]-55%,[4]Central Africa 32%,[9] Tsumkwe San (Namibia) 31%,[4]Khoisan 28%,[9]Shilluk (South Sudan) 27%,[7]Burunge (Tanzania) 25%,[6]Dinka (South Sudan) 23%,[7]Ngumba (Cameroon) 23%[4]-33%,[3]Eviya (Gabon) 21%,[3]Fali (Cameroon) 18%,[8]Sotho–Tswana (South Africa) 18%,[4]Zulu (South Africa) 17%,[4]Eshira (Gabon) 17%,[3]Shake (Gabon) 16%,[3]Hausa (Sudan) 16%,[7]Sukuma (Tanzania) 16%,[5]Bakola (Cameroon) 15%[4]-36%,[3]Copts (Sudan) 15%,[7]Sudan 15%,[9]Kunama (Eritrea) 15%,[10]Tutsi (Rwanda) 15%,[11]Sandawe (Tanzania) 15%,[6]Uldeme (Cameroon) 5%[8]-31%,[4]Nuba (Sudan) 14%,[7]Makina (Gabon) 14%,[3]Southern Africa 13%,[9]Mali 11%,[9]Ewondo (Cameroon) 10%,[8]Ethiopia 10%,[9]Shona (Zimbabwe) 10%[4]Qeshmi (Iran) 8.2%,[12]Bandari (Iran) 2.3%,[12]Hazara (Afghanistan) 5.1%,[13]

Haplogroup B (M60) is ahuman Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup common to paternal lineages inAfrica. It is a primary branch of thehaplogroup BT.

B (M60) is common in parts of Africa, especially the tropical forests of West-Central Africa. It was the ancestral haplogroup of not only modernPygmies like theBaka andMbuti, but alsoHadzabe from Tanzania, who often have been considered, in large part because of some typological features of their language, to be a remnant ofKhoisan people in East Africa.

Distribution

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According to one study of the Y-DNA of populations inSudan, haplogroup B-M60 is found in approximately 30% (16/53) ofSouthern Sudanese, 16% (5/32) of localHausa people, 14% (4/28) of theNuba of central Sudan, 3.7% (8/216) ofNorthern Sudanese (but only amongCopts andNubians), and 2.2% (2/90) ofWestern Sudanese.[7] According to another study, haplogroup B is found in approximately 15% of Sudanese males, including 12.5% (5/40) B2a1a1a1 (M109/M152) and 2.5% (1/40) B-M60(xM146, M150, M112).[9]

InMadagascar, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in approximately 9% ofMalagasy males, including 6% (2/35) B-M60(xB2b-50f2(P)) and 3% (1/35) B2b-50f2(P).[14]

Family Tree DNA shows a significant number of persons of Haplogroup B-M60 (B-M181) claiming origins from theArabian Peninsula (dominantly Saudi Arabia, but also in Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen, Qatar, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, and Oman).[15] Sampling bias does not allow for meaningful percentages, but the presence of the haplogroup is solidly attested.

InHormozgan Province inIran, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in 8.2% of a sample of 49Qeshmi people, and in 2.3% of a sample of 131Bandari people.[16]

InAfghanistan, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in 5.1% (3/59) of a sample ofHazara males.[17]

InUnited Kingdom, haplogroup B-M60(xM218) has been found byFTDNA in 1 individual.

Subclades

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B-M236

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Haplogroup B-M236 has been found in 4% (2/48) of a sample ofBamileke males from southernCameroon.[8]

B-M146

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Haplogroup B-M146 has been found in 2% (1/49) of a sample ofMossi males fromBurkina Faso[8] and in 2% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation fromMali.[9]

B-M182

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Haplogroup B-M182 has been found in 6% (3/47) of a sample ofMbuti males from theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, 6% (2/33) of a sample ofBakola males from southern Cameroon,[4] 6% (1/18) of a sample ofDama males fromNamibia,[4] and 3% (1/31) of a sample ofBiaka males fromCentral African Republic.[4] The vast majority ofFamily Tree DNA participants in Haplogroup B-M60 test positive for B-M182, with three-fourths of those participants claiming countries of theArabian Peninsula as their ancestral land of origin,[15] attesting to its presence in that area also.

B-M150

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Haplogroup B-M150 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample ofMbuti males from theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.[8]

Haplogroup B-M150(xM152) has been observed in 11% (5/47) of a sample of Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11% (1/9) of a sample ofTupuri from northern Cameroon, 11% (1/9) of a sample ofLuo from Kenya, 7% (4/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic, and 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya.[4]

Haplogroup B-M150(xM109/M152, M108.1) has been found in 3% (1/37) of a sample from Central Africa, 2% (1/44) of a sample from Mali, and 1% (1/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.[9]

Without testing for any downstream mutation, haplogroup B-M150 has been found in 33.3% (8/24) of a sample ofNgumba from Cameroon,[3] 20.8% (5/24) of a sample ofEviya from Gabon,[3] 18.2% (4/22) of a sample ofBakola from Cameroon,[3] 14.3% (6/42) of a sample ofEshira from Gabon,[3] 14.0% (6/43) of a sample ofMakina from Gabon,[3] 14.0% (6/43) of a sample ofShake from Gabon,[3] 8.6% (5/58) of a sample ofPunu from Gabon,[3] 8.3% (5/60) of a sample ofTsogo from Gabon,[3] 7.0% (4/57) of a sample ofNzebi from Gabon,[3] 6.7% (1/15) of a sample ofMbugwe from Tanzania,[6] 4.3% (2/46) of a sample ofDuma from Gabon,[3] 4.3% (2/47) of a sample ofObamba from Gabon,[3] 4.2% (2/48) of a sample ofBenga fromGabon,[3] 3.8% (2/53) of a sample ofKota from Gabon,[3] 2.8% (1/36) of a sample ofNdumu from Gabon,[3] 2.1% (1/47) of a sample ofGaloa from Gabon,[3] 2.0% (1/50) of a sample of Akele from Gabon,[3] 1.7% (1/60) of a sample ofFang from Gabon,[3] 1.5% (1/68) of a sample ofSandawe from Tanzania,[6] 1.4% (1/72) of a sample fromQatar,[18] and 0.64% (1/157) of a sample fromSaudi Arabia.[19]

B-M218
[edit]

Haplogroup B-M218 has been found in 17% (20/118) of a mixed sample ofNilotic ethnic groups ofKaramojong,Jie andDodos from Karamoja region inUganda.[20] This haplogroup has also been found byFTDNA in 1 individual fromQatar, 3 individuals fromSaudi Arabia,[21] 1 individual fromSyria, 1 individual fromTunisia, 1 individual fromUnited Kingdom.

B-M109
[edit]

Haplogroup B2a1a1a1 (M109, M152, P32), previously B2a1a is the most commonly observed subclade of haplogroup B.

InCentral Africa, B-M109 Y-DNA has been found in 23% (7/31) ofNgumba males from southern Cameroon,[4] 18% (7/39) ofFali males from northern Cameroon,[8] 5% (1/21)[8] to 31% (4/13)[4] ofUldeme males from northern Cameroon, 10% (3/29) ofEwondo males from southern Cameroon,[8] 7% (1/15) of a mixed sample of speakers of variousChadic languages from northern Cameroon,[8] 6% (1/18) of a mixed sample of speakers of variousAdamawa languages from northern Cameroon,[8] 6% (2/33) ofBakola males from southern Cameroon,[4] 4% (1/28) ofMandara males from northern Cameroon,[4] and 3% (1/31)[4] to 5% (1/20)[8] ofBiaka males fromCentral African Republic.

InEast Africa, haplogroup B2a1a1a1 Y-DNA has been found in 11% (1/9) of a small sample ofIraqw males fromTanzania,[4] 11% (1/9) of a small sample ofLuo males fromKenya,[4] 8% (2/26) ofMaasai males from Kenya,[4] and 4.5% (4/88) of a sample ofEthiopians.[9]

InSouthern Africa, B-M109 Y-DNA has been found in 18% (5/28) ofSotho–Tswana males fromSouth Africa,[4] 14% (4/29) ofZulu males from South Africa,[4] 13% (7/53) of an ethnically mixed sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans,[9] 10% (5/49) ofShona males fromZimbabwe,[4] and 5% (4/80) ofXhosa males from South Africa.[4]

InNorth Africa, haplogroup B2a1a1a1 Y-DNA has been found in 12.5% (5/40) ofSudanese[9] and 2% (2/92) ofEgyptians.[4]

InEurasia, B2a1a1a1 (B-M109) has been found in 3% (3/117) of a sample ofIranians from southern Iran[22] and 2% (2/88) of a sample from Pakistan and India.[9]

B-G1
[edit]

Haplogroup B-G1 (G1) has been found inUganda in Nilotic speaking populations.[23]

B-M108.1
[edit]

Haplogroup B-M108.1 (M108.1) has been found in 3% (3/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.[9]

B-M43
[edit]

Haplogroup B-M43 (M43, P111) has been found in 7% (3/44) of a sample from Mali.[9]

B-M112

[edit]

Haplogroup B-M112 (M112, M192, 50f2(P)) has been found mainly amongpygmy populations in Central Africa,Juu (Northern Khoisan) populations in Southern Africa, and theHadzabe in East Africa. It also has been found occasionally in samples of groups who neighbor the aforementioned populations.

Specifically, haplogroup B2b has been observed in 67% (12/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic,[4] 52% (12/23) or 51% (29/57) of a sample of Hadzabe fromTanzania,[5][6] 48% (15/31) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic,[4] 43% (20/47) of a sample ofMbuti from theDemocratic Republic of the Congo,[4] 31% (9/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San fromNamibia,[4] 28% (11/39) of a sample of theNorthern Khoisan-speaking Ju|’hoansi and Sekele peoples,[5][9] 25% (6/24) of a sample ofBurunge from Tanzania,[6] 14% (13/94) of a sample ofTutsi fromRwanda,[11] 13% (9/68) of a sample ofSandawe from Tanzania,[6] 9% (3/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele from Namibia,[4] 5% (1/20) of a sample ofTuru from Tanzania,[6] 5% (2/43) of a sample ofWairak from Tanzania,[11] 3% (1/29) of a sample of Zulu fromSouth Africa,[4] 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon,[4] 3% (1/35) of a sample ofDatog from Tanzania,[6] 3% (1/35) of a sample ofMalagasy,[14] 1.4% (1/69) of a sample ofHutu from Rwanda,[11] 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar,[18] and 1.3% (2/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.[19]

B-P6
[edit]

Haplogroup B-P6 has been found in Khoisan populations of Namibia, including 24% (7/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 3% (1/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele.[4]

B-M115
[edit]

Haplogroup B-M115 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample ofMbuti from theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.[8]

B-M30
[edit]

Haplogroup B-M30 has been found in 22% (2/9) of a mixed sample of speakers ofCentral Sudanic andSaharan languages from northern Cameroon and in 5% (1/20) of a sample ofBiaka from Central African Republic.[8]

B-M108.2
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Haplogroup B-M108.2 has been found in 25% (1/4) of a very small sample ofLissongo from Central African Republic.[8]

B-P7
[edit]

Haplogroup B-P7 has been observed most frequently in samples of some populations ofpygmies from Central Africa: 67% (12/18) Baka fromCentral African Republic,[4] 45% (14/31) Biaka from Central African Republic,[4] 21% (10/47) Mbuti fromDemocratic Republic of the Congo.[4] This haplogroup also has been found in anIraqw (South Cushitic) individual from Tanzania (1/9 = 11%) and in some samples of Khoisan from Namibia (2/32 = 6% !Kung/Sekele, 2/29 = 7% Tsumkwe San).[4]

B-MSY2.1
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Haplogroup B-MSY2.1 has been found in 20% (4/20) of a sample ofBiaka from Central African Republic.[8]

Phylogenetics

[edit]

Phylogenetic history

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Main article:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)(α)(β)(γ)(δ)(ε)(ζ)(η)YCC 2002 (Longhand)YCC 2005 (Longhand)YCC 2008 (Longhand)YCC 2010r (Longhand)ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
B-M602II1B5-H1BB*BBBBBBBBBB
B-M1462II1B5-H1BB1B1B1aB1aB1aB1aB1aB1aB1aB1aB1a
B-M182********B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2
B-M1502II1B5-H1BB2a*B2aB2aB2aB2aB2aB2aB2aB2aB2aB2a
B-M1092II1B5-H1BB2a1B2a1B2a1aB2a1aB2a1aB2a1aB2a1aB2a1aB2a1aB2a1aB2a1a
B-M108.12II1B5-H1BB2a2*B2a2B2a2B2a2B2a2B2a2B2a2B2a2B2a2removedremoved
B-M432II1B5-H1BB2a2aB2a2aB2a2aB2a2aB2a2aB2a2aB2a2aB2a2aB2a2aB2a2aB2a2a
B-M1126II1B6-H1BB2b*B2bB2bB2bB2bB2bB2bB2bB2bB2bB2b
B-P66II1B7-H1BB2b1B2b1B2b1B2b1B2b1B2b1B2b1B2b1B2b1B2b1B2b1
B-M1156II1B6-H1BB2b2B2b2B2b2B2b2B2b2B2b2B2b2B2b2B2b2B2b2B2b2
B-M306II1B6-H1BB2b3*B2b3B2b3B2b3B2b3B2b3B2b3B2b3B2b3B2b3B2b3
B-M108.26II1B6-H1BB2b3aB2b3aB2b3aB2b3aB2b3aB2b3aB2b3aB2b3aB2b3aremovedremoved
B-P76II1B8-H1BB2b4*B2b4B2b4B2b4B2b4B2b4B2b4B2b4B2b4removedremoved
B-P86II1B10-H1BB2b4aB2b4aB2b4aB2b4aB2b4aB2b4aB2b4aB2b4aB2b4aremovedremoved
B-M2116II1B9-H1BB2b4bB2b4bB2b4bB2b4bB2b4bB2b4bB2b4bB2b4bB2b4bB2b4bB2b4b

Original research publications

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The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic trees

[edit]

The phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[24] and subsequent published research.

  • B
    • B-M60 (M60, M181, P85, P90)
      • B-M236 (M236, M288)
        • B-M236 (M236)
      • B-M182 (M182)
        • B-M150 (M150)
          • B-M218 (M218)
            • B-M109 (M109, M152, P32)
            • B-G1 (G1)
          • B-M108.1 (M108.1)
            • B-P111 (P111, M43)
        • B-M112 (M112, M192, 50f2(P))
          • B-P6 (P6)
          • B-M115 (M115, M169)
          • B-M30 (M30, M129)
            • B-M108.2 (M108.2)
          • B-P7 (P7)
            • B-P8 (P8, P70)
            • B-MSY2.1 (MSY2.1, M211)
        • B-P112 (P112)

See also

[edit]

Genetics

[edit]

Y-DNA B subclades

[edit]

Y-DNA backbone tree

[edit]
This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(February 2021)
Footnotes
  1. ^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".Human Mutation.35 (2):187–91.doi:10.1002/humu.22468.PMID 24166809.S2CID 23291764.
  2. ^International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ^Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
  4. ^Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ^ F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
  6. ^Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  7. ^Between 2002 and 2008,Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned toK-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
  8. ^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  9. ^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ^ Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
  11. ^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznikop. cit.;YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and;PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
  12. ^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
  13. ^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

References

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  1. ^Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015)."A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture".Genome Research.25 (4):459–466.doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114.PMC 4381518.PMID 25770088.
  2. ^Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011)."A Revised Root for the Human y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa".The American Journal of Human Genetics.88 (6):814–818.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002.PMC 3113241.PMID 21601174.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxGemma Berniell-Lee, Francesc Calafell, Elena Boschet al., "Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages,"Molecular Biology and Evolution Advance Access published April 15, 2009
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamElizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehretet al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes,"European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)
  5. ^abcdKnight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; et al. (March 2003)."African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages".Current Biology.13 (6):464–473.doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00130-1.PMID 12646128.S2CID 52862939.
  6. ^abcdefghijTishkoff, Sarah A.; Katherine Gonder, Mary; Henn, Brenna M.; et al. (2007)."History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation".Molecular Biology and Evolution.24 (10):2180–2195.doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155.PMID 17656633.
  7. ^abcdefgHassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008)."Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.137 (3):316–323.doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876.PMID 18618658. Retrieved11 October 2017.
  8. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrCruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; et al. (2002)."A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes".American Journal of Human Genetics.70 (5):1197–1214.doi:10.1086/340257.PMC 447595.PMID 11910562.
  9. ^abcdefghijklmnopUnderhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations".Nat. Genet.26 (3):358–61.doi:10.1038/81685.PMID 11062480.S2CID 12893406.
  10. ^Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Daniele Sellittoet al., "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages,"European Journal of Human Genetics (2010), 1–8
  11. ^abcdLuis, J. R.; Rowold, D. J.; Regueiro, M.; et al. (2004)."The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations".American Journal of Human Genetics.74 (3):532–544.doi:10.1086/382286.PMC 1182266.PMID 14973781.
  12. ^abViola Grugni, Vincenza Battaglia, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani, Silvia Parolo, Nadia Al-Zahery, et al. "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East : New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians" (2012)
  13. ^Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events" (2012)
  14. ^abHurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005)."The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages".American Journal of Human Genetics.76 (5):894–901.doi:10.1086/430051.PMC 1199379.PMID 15793703.
  15. ^abFamily Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup B-M181
  16. ^Viola Grugni, Vincenza Battaglia, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani, Silvia Parolo, Nadia Al-Zahery, et al. "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East : New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians", 2012
  17. ^Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events", 2012
  18. ^abCadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; et al. (2008)."Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman".European Journal of Human Genetics.16 (3):374–386.doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934.PMID 17928816.
  19. ^abAbu-Amero, Khaled K.; Hellani, Ali; Gonzalez, Ana M.; et al. (2009)."Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions".BMC Genetics.10: 59.doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59.PMC 2759955.PMID 19772609.
  20. ^Gomes, V; Sánchez-Diz, P; Amorim, A; Carracedo, A; Gusmão, L (March 2010). "Digging deeper into East African human Y chromosome lineages".Hum. Genet.127 (5):603–13.doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0808-5.PMID 20213473.S2CID 23503728.
  21. ^Middle East DNA Project
  22. ^Regueiro M.; Cadenas A.M.; Gayden T.; Underhill P.A.; Herrera R.J. (2006). "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration".Human Heredity.61 (3):132–143.doi:10.1159/000093774.PMID 16770078.S2CID 7017701.
  23. ^Gomes, Verónica; Paula Sánchez-Diz; António Amorim; Ángel Carracedo; Leonor Gusmão (6 Mar 2010). "Digging deeper into East African human Y chromosome lineages".Human Genetics.127 (5):603–613.doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0808-5.PMID 20213473.S2CID 23503728.
  24. ^Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008)."New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree".Genome Research.18 (5):830–8.doi:10.1101/gr.7172008.PMC 2336805.PMID 18385274.

Sources for conversion tables

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External links

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