Andersen was born inOdense, Denmark, on 2 April 1805. He had a half sister named Karen.[5] Andersen's father, also named Hans, considered himself related to nobility (his paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had belonged to a higher social class,[6] but investigations have disproved these stories).[6][7] Although it has been challenged,[6] speculation suggests that Andersen was an illegitimate son of KingChristian VIII. Danish historian Jens Jørgensen supported this idea in his bookH.C. Andersen, en sand myte [a true myth].[8]
Andersen wasbaptised on 15 April 1805 inSaint Hans Church in Odense. According to hisbirth certificate, which was not drafted until November 1823, six godparents were present at the baptism ceremony: Madam Sille Marie Breineberg, Maiden Friederiche Pommer, shoemaker Peder Waltersdorff, journeyman carpenter Anders Jørgensen, hospital porter Nicolas Gomard, and royal hatter Jens Henrichsen Dorch.[citation needed]
Andersen's father, who had received an elementary school education, introduced his son to literature, reading himArabian Nights.[9] Andersen's mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter, was an illiterate washerwoman. Following her husband's death in 1816, she remarried in 1818.[9] Andersen was sent to a local school for poor children where he received a basic education and had to support himself, working as anapprentice to a weaver and, later, to a tailor. At 14, Andersen moved toCopenhagen to seek employment as an actor. Having a goodsoprano voice, he was accepted into theRoyal Danish Theatre, but his voice soon changed. A colleague at the theatre told Andersen that he considered Andersen a poet, and taking the suggestion seriously, Andersen began to focus on writing.
Jonas Collin, director of the Royal Danish Theatre, held great affection for Andersen and sent him to a grammar school inSlagelse, persuadingKing Frederick VI to pay part of Andersen's education.[10] Andersen had by then published his first story, "The Ghost at Palnatoke's Grave" (1822). Though not a stellar pupil, Andersen also attended school atElsinore until 1827.[11]
Andersen later said that his years at this school were the darkest and most bitter years of his life. At one school, Andersen lived at his schoolmaster's home. There, Andersen was abused and was told that it was done in order "to improve his character." Andersen later said that the faculty had discouraged him from writing, which resulted in a depression.[12]
Career
Early work
It doesn't matter about being born in a duckyard, as long as you are hatched from a swan's egg.
A very early fairy tale by Andersen, "The Tallow Candle" (Danish:Tællelyset), was discovered in a Danish archive in October 2012. The story, written in the 1820s, is about a candle that does not feel appreciated. It was written while Andersen was still in school and dedicated to one of his benefactors. The story remained in that family's possession until it was found among other family papers in a local archive.[13]
In 1829, Andersen enjoyed considerable success with the short story "A Journey on Foot fromHolmen's Canal to the East Point ofAmager." Its protagonist meets characters ranging fromSaint Peter to a talking cat. Andersen followed this success with a theatrical piece,Love on St. Nicholas Church Tower, and a short volume of poems. He made little progress in writing and publishing immediately following these poems, but did receive a small travel grant from the king in 1833. This enabled Andersen to set out on the first of many journeys throughout Europe. AtJura, nearLe Locle, Switzerland, Andersen wrote the story "Agnete and the Merman." The same year, he spent an evening in the Italian seaside village ofSestri Levante, which inspired the title of "The Bay of Fables."[14] Andersen arrived inRome in October 1834. His travels in Italy were reflected in his first novel, a fictionalized autobiography titledThe Improvisatore (Improvisatoren), published in 1835 to instant acclaim.[15][16]
Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection (Danish:Eventyr, fortalt for Børn. Første Samling.) is a collection of ninefairy tales by Andersen. The tales were published in a series of three installments by C. A. Reitzel inCopenhagen between May 1835 and April 1837. They were Andersen's first venture into the fairy tale genre.
The first installment was a volume of sixty-one unbound pages published 8 May 1835 containing "The Tinderbox", "Little Claus and Big Claus", "The Princess and the Pea" and "Little Ida's Flowers". The first three tales were based on folktales Andersen had heard in his childhood. The fourth was Andersen's creation for Ida Thiele, the daughter of folkloristJust Mathias Thiele, Andersen's early benefactor. Reitzel paid Andersen thirtyrigsdalers for the manuscript, and the booklet was priced at 24 shillings.[17][18]
The second booklet was published on 16 December 1835 and contained "The Naughty Boy", and "The Traveling Companion", and "Thumbelina." The lattermost was inspired by "Tom Thumb" and other stories of miniature people. "The Naughty Boy" was based on a poem aboutEros from theAnacreontea, and "The Traveling Companion" was a ghost story Andersen had experimented with in the year 1830.[17]
Andersen in 1836
The third booklet contained "The Little Mermaid" and "The Emperor's New Clothes", and it was published on 7 April 1837. The former was influenced byFriedrich de la Motte Fouqué'sUndine (1811) and legends aboutmermaids. This tale established Andersen's international reputation.[19] The only other tale in the third booklet was "The Emperor's New Clothes", which was based on amedieval Spanish story withArab andJewish origins. On the eve of the third installment's publication, Andersen revised the conclusion (in which the Emperor simply walks in procession) to its now-famous finale of a child calling out, "The Emperor is not wearing any clothes!"[20]
Danish reviews of the first two booklets first appeared in 1836 and were not enthusiastic. The critics disliked the chatty, informal style and apparent immorality, since children's literature was meant to educate rather than to amuse. The critics discouraged Andersen from pursuing this type of style. Andersen believed that he was working against the critics' preconceived notions about fairy tales, and he temporarily returned to novel-writing, waiting a full year before publishing his third installment.[21]
The nine tales from the three booklets were published in one volume and sold for seventy-two shillings. A title page, a table of contents, and apreface by Andersen were published in this volume.[22]
In 1868,Horace Scudder, the editor ofRiverside Magazine For Young People, offered Andersen $500 for 12 new stories. Sixteen of Andersen's stories were published in the magazine, and 10 of them appeared there before they were printed in Denmark.[23]
In 1851, Andersen publishedIn Sweden, a volume of travel sketches. The publication received wide acclaim. A keen traveler, he published several other longtravelogues:Shadow Pictures of a Journey to the Harz, Swiss Saxony, etc. etc. in the Summer of 1831,A Poet's Bazaar,In Spain, andA Visit to Portugal in 1866. (The last one describes his visit with his Portuguese friends Jorge and José O'Neill, whom Andersen knew in the mid-1820s while he was living in Copenhagen.) In his travelogues, Andersen used contemporary conventions related to travel writing but developed the style to make it his own. Each of Andersen's travelogues combines documentary and descriptive accounts of his experiences, adding additional philosophical passages on topics such as authorship, immortality, and fiction in literary travel reports. Some of the travelogues, such asIn Sweden, contain fairy tales.
In the 1840s, Andersen's attention returned to the theatre stage, but with little success. He had better luck with the publication of thePicture-Book without Pictures (1840). Andersen started a second series of fairy tales in 1838 and a third series in 1845. At this point, he was celebrated throughout Europe, although Andersen's native Denmark still showed some resistance to his pretensions.
Between 1845 and 1864, Andersen lived atNyhavn 67, Copenhagen, where a memorial plaque is now placed.[24]
In June 1847, Andersen visited England for the first time, enjoying triumphant social success. TheCountess of Blessington invited him to her parties where many intellectuals would meet, and at one such party he metCharles Dickens for the first time. They shook hands and walked to the veranda, which Andersen noted in his diary: "We were on the veranda, and I was so happy to see and speak to England's now-living writer whom I do love the most."[26] The two authors respected each other's work and each other as writers, and had in common their depictions of theunderclass, who often led difficult lives affected both by theIndustrial Revolution and by abject poverty.[citation needed]
In 1857, Andersen visited England again, primarily to meet Dickens. Andersen extended the planned brief visit to Dickens' home atGads Hill Place into a five-week stay, much to the distress of Dickens' family. After Andersen was told to leave, Dickens gradually stopped all correspondence between them, to Andersen's great disappointment and confusion; he had enjoyed the visit and never understood why his letters went unanswered.[26] It has been argued that Dickens modelled the physical appearance and mannerisms ofUriah Heep fromDavid Copperfield after Andersen.[27]
Andersen experiencedhomosexual attraction;[30] he wrote to Edvard Collin:[31] "I languish for you as for a prettyCalabrian wench ... my sentiments for you are those of a woman. The femininity of my nature and our friendship must remain a mystery."[32] Collin wrote in his own memoir, "I found myself unable to respond to this love, and this caused the author much suffering." Andersen's infatuation withKarl Alexander, the young hereditary duke ofSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach,[33] did result in a relationship:
The Hereditary Grand Duke walked arm in arm with me across the courtyard of the castle to my room, kissed me lovingly, asked me always to love him though he was just an ordinary person, asked me to stay with him this winter ... Fell asleep with the melancholy, happy feeling that I was the guest of this strange prince at his castle and loved by him ... It is like a fairy tale.[30]
There is a sharp division in opinion over Andersen's physical fulfillment in the sexual sphere.Jackie Wullschlager [de]'s biography maintains he was possibly lovers with Danish dancerHarald Scharff [da][34] and Andersen's "The Snowman" was inspired by their relationship.[35] Scharff first met Andersen when the latter was in his 50s. Andersen was infatuated and Wullschlager sees his journals as implying that their relationship was sexual.[36] Scharff had various dinners alone with Andersen and gifted a silver toothbrush to Andersen on his 57th birthday.[37] Wullschlager asserts that in the winter of 1861–62, the two men entered an affair that brought Andersen "joy, some kind of sexual fulfillment, and a temporary end to loneliness."[38] He was not discreet in his conduct with Scharff, and displayed his feelings openly. Onlookers regarded the relationship as improper and ridiculous. In his diary in March 1862, Andersen referred to this time in his life as his "erotic period."[39] On 13 November 1863, Andersen wrote, "Scharff has not visited me in eight days; with him it is over."[40] He took this calmly and the two thereafter met in overlapping social circles without bitterness, though Andersen attempted to rekindle their relationship many times without success.[41][note 1][note 2][42] According to Wullschlager, "Andersen's diaries leave no doubt that he was attracted to both sexes; that at times he longed for a physical relationship with a woman and that at other times he was involved in physical liaisons with men."[3] For example, Wullschlager quotes from Andersen's diaries:
"Scharff bounded up to me; threw himself round my neck and kissed me! .... Nervous in the evening" Five days later he received "a visit from Scharff, who was very intimate and nice". In the following weeks, there was "dinner at Scharff's, who was ardent and loving"[3]
The claim that Andersen entertained "physical liaisons" with men has been contested by Klara Bom and Anya Aarenstrup from the H. C. Andersen Centre ofUniversity of Southern Denmark. They state:
it is correct to point to the very ambivalent (and also very traumatic) elements in Andersen's emotional life concerning the sexual sphere, but it is decidedly just as wrong to describe him as homosexual and maintain that he had physical relationships with men. He did not. Indeed, that would have been entirely contrary to his moral and religious ideas, aspects that are quite outside the field of vision of Wullschlager and her like.[43]
Wullschlager, in fact, argued that,because of moral and religious ideas of his time, Andersen could not be open about his homosexual relationships.[citation needed]
Andersen also fell in love with unattainable women, and many interpret references to them in his stories.[44] At one point, Andersen wrote in his diary: "Almighty God, thee only have I; thou steerest my fate, I must give myself up to thee! Give me a livelihood! Give me a bride! My blood wants love, as my heart does!"[45] A girl named Riborg Voigt was theunrequited love of Andersen's youth. A small pouch containing a long letter from Voigt was found on Andersen's chest when he died, several decades after Andersen first fell in love with her. Other disappointments in love included Sophie Ørsted,[citation needed] the daughter of the physicistHans Christian Ørsted; and Louise Collin,[citation needed] the youngest daughter of his benefactor Jonas Collin. One of Andersen's stories, "The Nightingale", was written as an expression of his passion forJenny Lind and was the inspiration for her nickname, the "Swedish Nightingale."[46] Andersen was shy around women and had extreme difficulty proposing to Lind. When Lind was boarding a train to go to an opera concert, Andersen gave Lind a letter of proposal. Her feelings towards him were not the same; she saw Andersen as a brother, writing to him in 1844: "farewell ... God bless and protect my brother is the sincere wish of his affectionate sister, Jenny."[47] It is suggested that Andersen expressed his disappointment by portraying Lind as the eponymousantihero of "The Snow Queen."[48]
Death
Andersen at Rolighed: Israel Melchior (c. 1867)
In early 1872, at the age of 67, Andersen fell out of his bed and was severely hurt; Andersen never fully recovered from the resultant injuries. Soon afterward, he started to show signs ofliver cancer.[49]
Andersen died on 4 August 1875 at the age of 70 in a country house calledRolighed (literally: calmness) near Copenhagen, the home of his close friends, the bankerMoritz G. Melchior and his wife.[49] Shortly before his death, Andersen consulted a composer about the music for his funeral, saying: "Most of the people who will walk after me will be children, so make the beat keep time with little steps."[49]
Andersen's body was interred in theAssistens Kirkegård in theNørrebro area ofCopenhagen, in the Collin family plot. In 1914, the headstone was moved to another cemetery (today known as"Frederiksbergs ældre kirkegaard"), where younger Collin family members were buried. For a period, his, Edvard Collin's, and Henriette Collin's graves were unmarked. A second stone has been erected, marking Andersen's grave, now without any mention of the Collin couple, but all three still share the same plot.[50]
At the time of his death, Andersen was internationally revered, and the Danish government paid him an annualstipend for being a "national treasure."[51]
Legacy
Archives, collections and museums
TheHans Christian Andersen Museum or H.C. Andersens Hus, is a set of museums/buildings dedicated to Hans Christian Andersen in Odense, Denmark, some of which, at various times in history, have functioned as the main Odense-based museum for the author.
TheHans Christian Andersen Museum in Solvang, California, a city founded by Danes, is devoted to presenting the author's life and works. Displays include models of Andersen's childhood home and of "The Princess and the Pea". The museum also contains hundreds of volumes of Andersen's works, including many illustrated first editions and correspondence with Danish composerAsger Hamerik.[52]
TheLibrary of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division was bequeathed an extensive collection of Andersen materials by the Danish-American actorJean Hersholt.[53][54]
Arts and entertainment
Postage stamp, Kazakhstan, 2005
Film and television
La petite marchande d'allumettes (1928; in English:The Little Match Girl), film byJean Renoir, based on "The Little Match Girl".
The Red Shoes (1948), British drama film written, directed, and produced by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, based on "The Red Shoes".
Hans Christian Andersen (1952), an American musical film starringDanny Kaye that, though inspired by Andersen's life and literary legacy, was not meant to be historically nor biographically accurate; it begins by saying, "This is not the story of his life, but a fairy tale about this great spinner of fairy tales."
"The Second Day of Christmas", 26 December 1955 episode ofRobert Montgomery Presents, Danish-born writer Sandra Michael's dramatization of Andersen's relationship with Jenny Lind, starringLois Smith andFrank Schofield[55]
TheRankin/Bass Productions-produced fantasy film,The Daydreamer (1966), depicts the young Hans Christian Andersen conceiving the stories he would later write.
Faerie Tale Theatre (1982–1987), an American television series, featured several Andersen stories; "The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Nightingale", "The Snow Queen" and "Thumbelina" were collected and released on DVD asFaerie Tale Theatre: Tales From Hans Christian Andersen (2009).
In 1986,Kievnauchfilm producedan animated adaptation ofThe Girl who Trod on the Loaf. It was released in both Russian and Ukrainian, both voiced by the same actors.
The Song is a Fairytale (Sangen er et Eventyr), asong cycle based on fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, composed byFrederik Magle.
"Atonal Fairy Tale",[65] track with music composed by Gregory Reid Davis Jr. and Smart Dad Living reading the fairy tale "The Elfin Mound" by Hans Christian Andersen.
The year 2005, designated "Andersen Year" in Denmark,[73] was the bicentenary of Andersen's birth, and his life and work were celebrated around the world.
In Denmark, a well-attended show was staged in Copenhagen'sParken Stadium during "Andersen Year" to celebrate the writer and his stories.[73]
Seated bronze (1896) with a swan beside, a statue by the Danish sculptorJohannes Gelert (1852–1923), atLincoln Park, Stockton Drive near Webster Avenue, Chicago, United States.[74]
Seated bronze (1965) was erected in Copenhagen City Hall Square (Rådhuspladsen), facing H. C. Andersens Boulevard, Copenhagen, Denmark, made byHenry Luckow-Nielsen.[77]
Bronze bust (2004), a replica of the 1865 bust byHerman Wilhelm Bissen (1798–1868), at Observatory Hill,Millers Point, Sydney, Australia,[78] was officially unveiled by HRH Crown PrinceFrederik and HRH Crown PrincessMary of Denmark in March 2005, on Andersen's bicentenary.[79] It was to replace the 1955 bust erected in Phillip Park, Sydney; although found missing by 1984.[79]
Seated bronze (2005), in the Plaza de la Marina inMálaga, Spain, by José María Córdoba.
Portrait bust inSydney unveiled by the Crown Prince and Princess of Denmark in 2005
Places named after Andersen
H. C. Andersens Boulevard, a major road in Copenhagen formerly known as Vestre Boulevard (Western Boulevard), received its current name in 1955 to mark the 150-year anniversary of the writer's birth.[81]
CEIP Hans Christian Andersen, a primary Education School in Malaga, Spain.[82]
Theme parks
In Japan, the city ofFunabashi has a children's theme park named after Andersen.[83] Funabashi is asister city to Odense, the city of Andersen's birth.
In China, a US$32 million theme park based on Andersen's tales and life opened in Shanghai'sYangpu district in 2017.[84][85] Construction on the project began in 2005.[86]
^While on holiday, for example, Andersen and Scharff were forced to spend the night in Helsingør. Andersen reserved a double room for them both but Scharff insisted upon having his own.
^Andersen continued to follow Scharff's career with interest, but in 1871, an injury during rehearsal forced Scharff permanently from the ballet stage. Scharff tried acting without success, married a ballerina in 1874, and died in the St. Hans asylum in 1912.
^"Billedbog til Jonas Drewsen".American Memory: Remaining Collections. 15 April 2009.Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved18 November 2023.
^"Today's Tops in TV".The San Francisco Examiner. 26 December 1955. p. 23. Retrieved 5 June 2024. See also:
^Milligan, Mercedes (2 June 2012)."Russian Animation on Ice".Animation Magazine.Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved22 November 2020.
^"Prometheus Awards".Libertarian Futurist Society.Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved18 November 2023.
^"International Children's Book Day".International Board on Books for Young People.Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved17 December 2012.Since 1967, on or around Hans Christian Andersen's birthday, 2 April, International Children's Book Day (ICBD) is celebrated to inspire a love of reading and to call attention to children's books.
^Fan, Yanping (11 November 2016)."安徒生童话乐园明年开园设七大主题区" [Andersen fairy tales opening next year to set up seven theme areas].Sina Corp. Archived fromthe original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved12 April 2017.
Andersen, Hans Christian (2005a) [2004]. Wullschläger, Jackie (ed.).Fairy Tales. Tiina Nunnally. New York: Viking.ISBN0-670-03377-4.
Andersen, Jens (2005) [2003].Hans Christian Andersen: A New Life (Illustrated ed.). New York, Woodstock, and London:Duckworth Overlook.ISBN978-0-71563-361-8.
Binding, Paul (2014).Hans Christian Andersen : European witness. Yale University Press.
