In the third century BCE, theCổ Loa Capital Citadel ofÂu Lạc was constructed in what later is Hanoi. In 1010, under theLý dynasty, Vietnamese kingLý Thái Tổ established the capital of the imperial Vietnamese nationĐại Việt in what later is central Hanoi, naming the cityThăng Long[tʰɐŋloŋ], 'ascending dragon'). In 1428, KingLê Lợi renamed the city toĐông Kinh[ɗoŋkīŋ̟], 'eastern capital'), and it remained so until 1789. TheNguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital toHuế and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. It served as the capital ofFrench Indochina from 1902 to 1945 and French protectorate ofTonkin from 1883 to 1949. After theAugust Revolution and the fall of the Nguyễn dynasty, theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. From 1949 to 1954, it was part of theState of Vietnam. It was again part of the DRV ruling North Vietnam from 1954 to 1976. In 1976, it became the capital of the unifiedSocialist Republic of Vietnam. In 2008,Hà Tây Province and two other rural districts were annexed into Hanoi, almost tripling Hanoi's area.
Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi asLuqin (لوكين), a term derived fromLongbian (Middle Chinese:Ljowng-pen), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.[21][22][23]
Vestiges of human habitation from the latePalaeolithic and earlyMesolithic ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics ofSơn Vi Culture, dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.[24][25] In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (nowNational Museum of Vietnamese History) carried out the archaeological studies in the north ofĐồng Mô Lake [vi] (Sơn Tây, Hanoi), finding relics and objects belonging to theSơn Vi Culture dating back to thePaleolithic Age around 20,000 years ago.[26] During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data show the coastline was inundated and was located near Hanoi.[27] Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater.[24] It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.[28][29]
In around third century BC,An Dương Vương established the capital ofÂu Lạc north of what later is Hanoi, where a fortified citadel is constructed, known to history asCổ Loa,[30] the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,[31] with an outer embankment covering 600hectares. In 179 BC, the Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed byNanyue. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into hisNanyue domain, and left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.[32][33][34] For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.[35]
In 111 BC, the Han dynastyconquered Nanyue and ruled it.[36][37]Han dynasty organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.[38][39]
In March[40] of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of an aristocratic family ofLac ethnicity[41] inMê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.[40][42][43] It began at theRed River Delta, and spread south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,[43][41] gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.[42] Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.[44][45] In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned generalMa Yuan to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.[42][44] The rebellion was defeated in the next year asMa Yuan captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court inLuoyang.[46]
By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of what later is Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by theChineseLiu Songdynasty as theseat of a new district calledTống Bình (Songping) withinGiao Chỉcommandery.[47] The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464.[48] The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (later isTừ Liêm andHoài Đức districts) with a metropolis in what later is inner Hanoi.[49]
In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from theTang dynasty, built Luocheng (Chinese:羅城; Vietnamese:La Thành) to suppress uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what later isBa Đình district. Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng (Vietnamese:Kim Thành). In 863, the kingdom ofNanzhao, and local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.[51][52] In 866, ChinesejiedushiGao Pian recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.[52] He renamed the city to Daluocheng (Chinese:大羅城; Vietnamese:Đại La Thành). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height.[53] Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, andNestorian Christians.[54] It became a trading center of theTang dynasty due to the ransacking ofGuangzhou by theHuang Chao Rebellion.[51] By tenth century AD, what later is Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders asLuqin.[55]
In 1010,Lý Thái Tổ, the first ruler of theLý dynasty, moved the capital ofĐại Việt to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍). Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved toThanh Hóa, then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".
A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript fromRoyal Society's archive.
In 1408, the ChineseMing dynasty attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan (Chinese:東關; Vietnamese:Đông Quan; lit. 'eastern gate'). In 1428, theLam Sơn uprising, under the leadership ofLê Lợi, overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded theLê dynasty and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) orTonkin. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000.[56]
A crowd gathers in Hanoi for the presentation of a newVietnamese cabinet, July 1952Municipal election in Hanoi, Vietnam, 25 January 1953.
French Indochina including Hanoi was occupied by theImperial Japanese Armed Forces in September 1940, after theJapanese invasion of French Indochina. Japanoverthrew the French rule in Hanoi and formed theEmpire of Vietnam in March 1945. After thefall of the Empire of Vietnam, it became the capital of theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) whenHo Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. The French returned and reoccupied the city in February 1947. After France recognized Vietnam's nominal and partial independence with theÉlysée Accords on 14 June 1949, Hanoi became under the control of theState of Vietnam from 1949 to 1954, a unifiedassociated state within theFrench Union.[59] This state gained full independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954.[60] In January 1953, Hanoi held the free municipal elections of the State of Vietnam. After eight years of fighting between the French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital ofNorth Vietnam when this territory became asovereign country and Vietnam becamedivided at 17th parallel on 21 July 1954. The army of the French Union withdrew to the South that year and thePeople's Army of Vietnam of the DRV andInternational Control Commission occupied the city on 10 October the same year under the terms of the1954 Geneva Conference.[61][62]
During theVietnam War between North and South (1955–1975), North Vietnam (including Hanoi) was attacked by the United States andSouth Vietnamese Air Forces. Following the end of the war with thefall of Saigon in 1975, Hanoi became the capital of theSocialist Republic of Vietnam when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.[63]
After theĐổi Mới economic policies were approved in 1986, theCommunist Party and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments forurban development projects in Hanoi.[64] High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam.[64] Urban development and rising costs displaced some residential areas in central Hanoi.[64] Following a period of economic stagnation after the1997 Asian financial crisis, Hanoi resumed its economic growth.[64]
Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surroundingHoàn Kiếm Lake.[64] TheBa Đình District is also protected from commercial redevelopment.[64]
Hanoi sometimes ranks among the "most polluted cities", with several days each year when it is the most air-polluted city in the world.[67][68][69] According to the 2018 Global Air Quality Report, Hanoi's fine dust concentration was four times higher than theWHO's recommended limit (40.8 μg/m3 compared to the recommended 10 μg/m3).[70] A report by Vietnam's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment stated that Hanoi is the most air-polluted city in the country.[71] The rivers flowing through Hanoi (Nhuệ River,Tô Lịch River, Kim Ngưu River, Lừ River, and Sét River) and some lakes are polluted, as 78% of Hanoi's wastewater is discharged directly into rivers and lakes without treatment. Each of these rivers receives tens of thousands of cubic meters of wastewater daily.[72]
Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[73]
Imperial conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
0.9
67
58
1
69
60
1.9
74
65
3.6
82
71
7.3
89
77
10
92
80
11
92
80
12
91
79
9
89
77
5.5
85
73
2.6
78
67
0.8
72
60
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
When using theKöppen climate classification, Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influencedhumid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa)[74] with precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam.[75] The city experiences the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons.[76] Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot and humid weather with more rainfall, and fewer dry days.[77]: 40 [76] Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rarer.[77]: 40 From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild.[76] Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi a dry winter. Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is characterized with some amounts of drizzle and less sunshine due to the activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland.[76][77]: 40
The region has a positivewater balance (i.e. the precipitation exceeds thepotential evapotranspiration).[78][79] Hanoi averages 1,612 millimetres (63.5 in) of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain.[76] The average annual temperature is 23.6 °C (74 °F), with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) and the hottest month has a mean temperature of 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C (109 °F) in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C (37 °F) on 12 January 1955.[76] During aJanuary 2016 cold wave, snow was seen to appear on the nearbyBa Vì mountain range, where the temperature fell to 0 °C (32 °F) on 24 January 2016.[80]
During the French colonial period, as the capital ofFrench Indochina, Hanoi attracted a number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s the population of the city was 132,145.[89]
In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km2. By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km2, and the population was 91,000 people. In 1978,National Assembly (Vietnam) decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km2, with a population of 2.5 million people.[90] By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to 924 km2 (357 sq mi), and the population was still over 2 million people. Hanoi's population reached 2,672,122 people in 1999.[91] After the expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world.[92] According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people.[93] As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females.[11]
In theOld Quarter, where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, some of the street-front stores are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighborhood altogether. The pace of change has escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system.[94]
There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which theViet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed byMường at 0.77% andTày at 0.24%.[11]
According to a ranking byPricewaterhouseCoopers, Hanoi andHo Chi Minh City will be amongst the fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.[95] In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP reached 451,213 billion VND (US$21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$3,000).[96] Industrial production in the city has an average annual growth of 19.1% from 1991 to 1995, 15.9% from 1996 to 2000, and 18.7% during 2001–2005.[97] In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector has more than 48,000 businesses operating under the Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007).[98]
Agriculture has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying more modern farming techniques.[99]
Infrastructure is being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system.[100] Hanoi has allowed fast-food chains into the city, such asMcDonald's,Lotteria,Pizza Hut,KFC,Popeyes,Domino's Pizza,Jolibee and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase "fast-food" as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures.[101] City officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025.[102]
Over three-quarters of the jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. 9% of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations and 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector.[103] The structure of employment has been changing as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow.[103] Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills to Hanoi's economy.[103] A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate the greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces.[101] The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of "microbusiness" and local grassroots economic development by business reports.[101] In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing" the city's image to attract foreigners.[101] Some foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city.[101] The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of Hanoi.[104]
On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam's provinces, Hanoi received a score of 67.15. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.74. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Proactivity'.[108]
A development master plan for Hanoi was designed byErnest Hebrard in 1924, and was partially implemented.[103] The previous relationship between theSoviet Union and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance ofSoviet planners between 1981 and 1984.[109] It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.[103]
Two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development.[103] The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in theMinistry of Construction.[103] The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in theGia Lâm District, and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi toHà Đông and theThanh Trì District.[103] The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010.[103] In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020.[103] It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi.[103] A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.[103]
In the 1980s, theUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure.[103] The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in thecommunes and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products.[103] The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by theUNDP, the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget.[103] Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.[103]
Part of the goals of theĐổi Mới economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced poverty alleviation as a result of the market reforms and civil society movements.[110] Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a rate slower than inHo Chi Minh City.[111] Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research, professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems.[111] This marked difference fromHo Chi Minh's civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of North and South Vietnam.[111] Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as opposed to 90.9% inHo Chi Minh City.[111] A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental organizations. Some of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results fromstatism, a bias against non-state organizations on the part of government entities.[111]
While some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has other cultural and historic monuments. The French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an aesthetic to the city's heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam,[112] and has more than 1,000 years of history; that of several hundred years had been preserved.[113]
The Old Quarter, nearHoàn Kiếm Lake, maintains most of the original street layout and some of the architecture of older Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century Hanoi consisted of the "36 streets", the citadel, and some of the newer French buildings south of Hoàn Kiếm lake, most of which later are part of Hoàn Kiếm district.[114] Each street had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such as silk, jewelry or bamboo. The street names reflect these specializations, while some of them remain exclusively in their original commerce.[115]
The city's more than six decades of French colonization, and centuries of sociocultural influence from China, have influenced the designs of the old houses in Hanoi. The Franco-Chinese or hybrid architectural styles can be reflected in the front of a house in the co-existence of French-styled columns, Confucian scrolls, the Taoist yin-yang sign, and the Buddhist lotus sculpture.[116]
Imperial sites are mostly inBa Đình District and a bit ofĐống Đa District. They are juxtaposed with French colonial architecture (villas, administrative buildings and tree-lined boulevards). Some prominent edifices from feudal time include theTemple of Literature (Văn Miếu), site of the oldest university inVietnam which was started in 1010, theOne Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột) which was built based on the dream of kingLý Thái Tông (1028–1054) in 1049, and theFlag Tower of Hanoi (Cột cờ Hà Nội). In 2004, a part of the 900-year-oldHanoi Citadel was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site ofBa Đình Square.[117]
Approximation of Hanoi's Old Quarter and French Quarters.
According toMastercard's 2019 report, Hanoi is Vietnam's most visited city (15th in Asia Pacific), with 4.8 million overnight international visitors in 2018.[120] Hanoi is sometimes dubbed the "Paris of the East" for its French influences.[121]
After the Communist Party of Vietnam took control of Hanoi in 1954, new universities were built, most prominently theHanoi University of Science and Technology. ULIS (University of Languages and International Studies) was rated as "one of the top universities in south-east Asia for languages and language studies at the undergraduate level".[125] Other universities that are not part ofVietnam National University or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health, Hanoi School of Agriculture,Electric Power University andUniversity of Transport and Communications. It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in Vietnam are living and working in Hanoi.[126] The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, while in years a number of private universities have begun operation. Thăng Long University was founded in 1988 by Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France.[127]
Education levels are higher within the city of Hanoi in comparison to the suburban areas outside the city. About 33.8% of the labor force in the city has completed secondary school in contrast to 19.4% in the suburbs.[103] 21% of the labor force in the city has completed tertiary education in contrast to 4.1% in the suburbs.[103]
Hanoi has 1,370 streets and roads with the total length of over 2,300 km (1,429 mi); 573 bridges, of which 483 small to middle bridges, 13 light overpasses for vehicles, 70 pedestrian overpasses and seven main bridges (Chương Dương, Vĩnh Tuy, Thanh Trì, Nhật Tân, Đông Trù, Thăng Long, and Phùng); 115 tunnels, including nine main tunnels, 39 pedestrian tunnels and 67 underpass. In total, the proportion of land for traffic in the city as of 2021 is 10.3%. The city has 63 km (39 mi) of inland waterways, which include Yến stream, Hai stream, Cà Lồ and Đáy river.[128]
Hanoi is the origin or departure point forVietnam Railways train routes in the country with 6 national railway lines passing through the city with a total length of 162 km (101 mi).[128] TheReunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi toHo Chi Minh City fromHanoi station (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains depart Hanoi for Hai Phong and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during the French colonial rule and was completed over a period from 1899 to 1936.[129] The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of 1,726 km (1,072 mi) and takes approximately 33 hours.[130]
In decades, motorbikes have overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. The increasing number of cars is the main cause of gridlocks, as roads and infrastructure in older parts of Hanoi were not designed to accommodate them.[131] On 4 July 2017, the Hanoi government voted to ban motorbikes entirely by 2030 to reduce pollution, congestion, and encourage the expansion and use of public transport.[132] The number of vehicles registered in Hanoi as of July 2022 is over 7.6 million, including more than 1 million cars, over 6.4 million motorcycles of and 179,000 electric motorbikes. This figure does not include vehicles of the armed forces, diplomatic missions and other localities' vehicles operating in Hanoi.[128]
People on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or by way of an irregular route may use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of Hanoi.[133]
On 6 November 2018, it was announced that in 2020, Hanoi would become the host of the first FIAFormula 1Vietnamese Grand Prix on a street circuit on the outskirts of the city. The race was initially postponed and later cancelled due to theCOVID-19 pandemic and the inaugural edition of the event postponed to2021.[138] The Grand Prix was removed from the 2021 calendar because of the arrest of Hanoi People's Committee ChairmanNguyễn Đức Chung on corruption charges unrelated to the Grand Prix. As a result, the race was permanently cancelled.[139]
On 16 July 1999, theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) presented the title "City for Peace" to Hanoi because the city met the following criteria: exemplary action against exclusion and in support of the dialogue between communities, exemplary urban action, exemplary environmental action, exemplary action to promote culture, exemplary action in the field of education and especially civic education.[140]
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