| Handscroll | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||
| Chinese | 手捲 | ||||||
| |||||||
Thehandscroll is a long, narrow, horizontalscroll format in East Asia used for calligraphy or paintings. A handscroll usually measures up to several meters in length and around 25–40 cm in height.[2] Handscrolls are generally viewed starting from the right end.[3] This kind of scroll is intended to be read or viewed flat on a table, in sections.[3][4] The format thus allows for the depiction of a continuous narrative or journey.[5]
The traditional alternative format in East Asian paintings is the verticalhanging scroll, which is rarely as long.
According to theNational Palace Museum in Taipei, the handscroll format originated with ancient Chinese text documents.[6] From theSpring and Autumn period (770–481 BC) through theHan dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD),bamboo or wooden slips were bound together and used to write texts on.[6] During theEastern Han period (25–220), the use ofpaper andsilk in the handscroll format became more common.[6] The handscroll was one of the main formats for texts up until theTang dynasty (618–907).[6] From theThree Kingdoms period (220–280), the handscroll became a standard format for paintings.[6] New styles were developed over time.[6]
Handscrolls were introduced to Japan centuries later through the spread of Buddhism. The earliest extant Japanese handscroll was created in the eighth century and deals with the life of the Buddha. Japanese horizontal picture scrolls are calledemakimono (oremaki), and more often cover narrative subjects than their Chinese equivalents.[7]
A handscroll has a backing of protective and decorative silk (包首) usually bearing a small title label (題簽) on it.[6] In Chinese art, the handscroll usually consists of a frontispiece (引首) at the beginning (right side), the artwork (畫心) itself in the middle, and a colophon section (拖尾) at the end for various inscriptions.[5][6][8] The beginning of the scroll, where the frontispiece was located, is known as the "heaven" (天頭).[6] Vertical strips (隔水) are sometimes used to separate the different sections.[6] Most handscrolls contain only one painting, although several short paintings can also be mounted on the scroll.[6] At the beginning of the scroll is a wooden stave (天杆), which serves as a support.[6] A silk cord (帶子) and a fastener (別子) is attached to the stave and used to secure the rolled-up scroll.[6] A wooden roller (木杆) is attached at the very end, around which the scroll is rolled.[6]
The origins of the handscroll format lie in the ancient texts and documents of China.
