Item production made completely by hand or with simple tools
Batik craftswomen inJava, IndonesiaSavisiipi handicrafts store inPori, FinlandA handicraft Selling-Factory shop,Isfahan, IranArtesanato Mineiro
Ahandicraft is a traditional main sector ofcraft making and applies to a wide range of creative anddesign activities that are related to making things with one's hands and skill, including work withtextiles, moldable and rigid materials, paper, plant fibers, clay, etc. One of the oldest handicraft isDhokra; this is a sort of metal casting that has been used in India for over 5,000 years and is still used. InIranian Baluchistan, women still make red ware hand-made pottery with dotted ornaments, much similar to the 4,000-year-old pottery tradition of Kalpurgan, an archaeological site near the village. Usually, the term is applied to traditional techniques of creating items (whether for personal use or as products) that are both practical and aesthetic. Handicraft industries are those that produce things with hands to meet the needs of the people in their locality without using machines.[1][2][3][4]
Collective terms for handicrafts includeartisanry,crafting, andhandcrafting. The termarts and crafts is also applied, especially in the United States and mostly to hobbyists' and children's output rather than items crafted for daily use, but this distinction is not formal, and the term is easily confused with theArts and Crafts design movement, which is in fact as practical as it is aesthetic.
Handicraft has its roots in therural crafts—the material-goods necessities—of ancient civilizations, and many specific crafts have been practiced for centuries, while others are modern inventions or popularizations of crafts which were originally practiced in a limited geographic area.
Many handcrafters use natural, even entirely indigenous, materials while others may prefer modern, non-traditional materials, and evenupcycle industrial materials. The individualartisanship of a handcrafted item is the paramount criterion; those made bymass production or machines are not handicraft goods.
Seen as developing the skills and creative interests of students, generally and sometimes towards a particular craft or trade, handicrafts are often integrated into educational systems, both informally and formally. Most crafts require the development of skill and the application of patience but can be learned by virtually anyone.
Likefolk art, handicraft output often has cultural and/or religious significance, and increasingly may have a political message as well, as incraftivism. Many crafts become very popular for brief periods of time (a few months, or a few years), spreading rapidly among the crafting population as everyone emulates the first examples, then their popularity wanes until a later resurgence.
The Arts and Crafts movement originated as a late-19th-century design reform and social movement principally in Europe, North America and Australia, and continues today. Its proponents are motivated by the ideals of movement founders, such asWilliam Morris andJohn Ruskin, who proposed that in pre-industrial societies, such as the EuropeanMiddle Ages, people had achievedfulfillment through the creative process of handicrafts. This was held up in contrast to what was perceived to be the alienating effects of industrial labor.
Works Progress Administration, Crafts Class, US, 1935
These activities were calledcrafts because originally many of them were professions under theguild system. Adolescents were apprenticed to a master craftsman and refined their skills over a period of years in exchange for low wages. By the time their training was complete, they were well equipped to set up in trade for themselves, earning their living with the skill that could be traded directly within the community, often for goods and services. TheIndustrial Revolution and the increasing mechanization of production processes gradually reduced or eliminated many of the roles professional craftspeople played, and today many handicrafts are increasingly seen, especially when no longer the mainstay of aformal vocational trade, as a form ofhobby,folk art and sometimesfine art.
The termhandicrafts can also refer to the products themselves of such artisanal efforts, that require specialized knowledge, maybe highly technical in their execution, require specialized equipment and/or facilities to produce, involvemanual labor or ablue-collar work ethic, are accessible to the general public, and are constructed from materials with histories that exceed the boundaries of Western "fine art" tradition, such asceramics,glass,textiles,metal andwood. These products are produced within a specificcommunity of practice, and while they mostly differ from the products produced within the communities of art and design, the boundaries often overlap, resulting in hybrid objects. Additionally, as the interpretation and validation of art is frequently a matter of context, an audience may perceive handcrafted objects as art objects when these objects are viewed within an art context, such as in a museum or in a position of prominence in one's home.
Simple "arts and crafts" projects are a common elementary and middle school activity in both mainstream and alternative education systems around the world.
In some of theScandinavian or Nordic countries, more advanced handicrafts form part of the formal, compulsory school curriculum, and are collectively referred to asslöjd in Swedish, andkäsityö in Finnish. Students learn how to work mainly with metal, textile and wood, not for professional training purposes as in Americanvocational–technical schools, but with the aim to develop children's and teens' practical skills, such as everyday problem-solving ability, tool use, and understanding of the materials that surround us for economical, cultural and environmental purposes.
Secondary schools and college and university art departments increasingly provide elective options for more handicraft-based arts, in addition to formal "fine arts", a distinction that continues to fade throughout the years, especially with the rise ofstudio craft, i.e. the use of traditional handicrafts techniques by professional fine artists.
Manycommunity centers and schools run evening or day classes and workshops, for adults and children, offering to teach basic craft skills in a short period of time.
Handcrafted shoes from bamboo made by artists of West Bengal, India, at a fair in KolkataA handmade sofa set made from fibers extracted from bamboo at a fair in Kolkata, made by artists of West Bengal, IndiaMaking conical hats (nón lá) inHuế countryside, VietnamTypical Filipino handmade brooms in a restaurant of Banaue Municipal TownWooden dolls from Katawa, West Bengal, India.Tourist buying handicrafts inNamibia, an important source of income for some tourist destinationsSwedish horn craft, small boxes and a teaspoon made in the 1980s from cattle horns.
Handicraft production is asmall–scale production ofproducts using manual labor. It was especially common in theMiddle Ages, during the era of theIndustrial Revolution it was mainly supplanted bymass production, however, it still exists for the production of goods such asluxury goods.[5] The "handmade effect" is a phenomenon where consumers exhibit a preference for products that are crafted byhuman labor rather than produced through automated orrobotic processes. This preference is particularly pronounced for products with higher symbolic value, where expressing one'sbeliefs andpersonality holds greater significance.Consumers, especially in contexts emphasizing symbolic consumption, have a stronger motivation foruniqueness and associate human labor more closely with product uniqueness. In product categories wheremechanical production is common, consumers are more attracted to products labeled as handmade.[6] The positive handmade effect onproduct attractiveness is driven, in large part, by the perception that handmade products symbolically "containlove." The handmade effect is influenced by two key factors. Firstly, consumers express stronger intentions to purchase handmade products when buyinggifts for loved ones, compared to more distant recipients. Secondly, they arewilling to pay a higher price for handmade gifts when the purchase is motivated by the desire to convey love rather than simply acquiring the best-performing product.[7]
The handicraft method of production has been used by people since ancient times. Initially, people engaged in handicraft production aimed to satisfy the needs of their own economy, however, with the development ofcommodity–money relations, an increasing number ofgoods produced by them began to be supplied to themarket. Mostly these were household products: dishes, furniture, jewelry, souvenirs, clothes, shoes. However, over time, other goods, such asweapons, began to go on sale.[8]
Inpre–revolutionary Russia, handicraft production was quite widespread: about 30% of all manufactured products were produced by handicraft methods. Products were sold atfairs, andbarter exchange was widespread.[8] With the beginning ofindustrialisation andcollectivization of the Soviet Union, the handicraft mode of production was declared "the highest degree of oppression of the working people" and ceased to exist in almost all spheres of theSoviet economy except on an informal basis.[9]
Some state economies, such asthat of Vietnam, are largely based on handicraft production. For example, in the 1950s inNorth Vietnam, there were more than 100,000 handicraft enterprises. In the early 1970s, even before the end of thewar, handicraft production provided about half of all the products of the local industry and almost a third of the total industrial production of the republic. By 1977, after the reunification of Vietnam, there were 700,000 handicraftsmen inSouth Vietnam.[10]
Handicraft production inNepal withstands competition with industrial production and foreign goods, which is explained not only by economic and natural–geographical factors, but also by the support and encouragement of the handicraft industry from the state.[11]
There are almost as many variations on the theme of handicrafts as there are crafters with time on their hands, but they can be broken down into a number of categories:
Handicrafts are often made for home use and decor.[12] If sold, they are sold indirect sales,[13]gift shops,[14]public markets,[15] andonline shopping.[16] In developing countries, handicrafts are sold to locals and assouvenirs to tourists.[17] Sellers tend to speak at least a few words of common tourist languages.[18] There are also specialty markets such as:
According to the Vietnam Handicrafts Export Association (VIETCRAFT), Vietnam's handicrafts export turnover in 2023 reached US$2.2 billion, up 10.5% over 2022.[20][21][22] TheUnited States is Vietnam's largest export market, accounting for 35% of total export turnover.[23][24][25] Vietnam's handicrafts industry currently has about 600 villages, with over 10 million direct workers.[26][27][28]
Wickerwork[29] is a traditional handicraft industry, based on the use of two basic materials,bamboo andrattan.[30][31][32][33] Vietnam currently has 893 villages specializing in wickerwork,[34] accounting for 24% of the total number of villages,[35] including 647 bamboo and rattan villages and 246 straw and water hyacinth villages.
^Evgeny Glazunov (1981). "Chapter 3. The Policy of the Party in Relation to the National and Petty Bourgeoisie During the Transition to the Construction of Socialism. Socialist Transformations of Private Industry and Trade".Reforming Private Industry and Commerce in Vietnam. Moscow: Publishing House "Science", Main Editorial Office of Oriental Literature. pp. 134, 173.
^Gleriy Shirokov (1988). "Nepal".Industrialization of Central Asian Countries. Publishing House "Science", Main Editorial Office of Oriental Literature. p. 23.
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