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Halligen

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Coordinates:54°34′N8°39′E / 54.567°N 8.650°E /54.567; 8.650

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Islands off the Danish/German coast

Halligen
Native name: Halligen (German) Halliger (Danish)
North Frisian andDanish Wadden Sea Islands with Halligen (darker green)

Geography
Coordinates	54°34′N8°39′E / 54.567°N 8.650°E /54.567; 8.650
Total islands	13
Administration
Germany, Denmark
Demographics
Population	about 291

TheHalligen (German, singularHallig,German:[ˈhalɪç]^ⓘ) or thehalliger (Danish, singularhallig) are small islands without protectivedikes.^[1] They are variously pluralized in English as the Halligen, Halligs, Hallig islands, or Halligen islands. There are tenGermanhalligen in theNorth Frisian Islands onSchleswig-Holstein'sWadden Sea–North Sea coast in the district ofNordfriesland^[2] and one remaining hallig at the west coast ofDenmark (Langli).

Naming

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The name is cognate to Old-Englishhalh, meaning "slightly raised ground isolated by marsh".^[3] The very existence of thehalligen is a result of frequent floods and poor coastal protection. The floods were much more common in the Middle Ages and coastal protection was much poorer.

Aspects

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Thehalligen have areas ranging from 7 to 956 ha, and are often former parts of themainland, separated therefrom bystorm tide erosion. Some are parts of once much bigger islands sundered by the same forces.^[4] Some, owing to sediment deposition, have actually grown together to form larger ones.Langeneß (or Langeness) includes a former island by that same name, and two others that were called Nordmarsch and Butwehl.

Dwellings and commercial buildings are built upon metre-high, man-made mounds, calledWarften inGerman orVærft inDanish, to guard against storm tides. Somehalligen also have overflow dikes.^{[clarification needed]}

Not very many people live on thehalligen. Their livelihoods are mainly based ontourism, coastal protection, andagriculture. This last activity mainly involves raisingcattle in the fertile, often flooded,salt meadows.^[5]^[6]

Thehalligen are to be found in theSchleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer National Park. The commercially developedhalligen ofNordstrandischmoor,Gröde,Oland,Langeneß, andHooge are surrounded by the protected area, but not an integral part of it. The smallerhalligen,Habel,Südfall,Süderoog, andNorderoog as well as theHamburger Hallig are parts of the national park. Walks on thetidal flats and informational meetings are offered by tourist boards and the park administration.

In the west the Germanhalligen are protected from the open sea by theNorth Frisian Barrier Island.

Gallery

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The Halligen area around 1650 on a map by Johannes Mejer
The North Frisian Halligen area around 1850, showing changes
A hallig: thesalt meadow in bloom
Alexander Eckener:Warft of a Hallig during a storm tide, 1906
Dagebüll hallig railway, flooded, in 1984

List of Halligen

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Currently, there are 10halligen in Germany. The following list does not include formerly existing Halligen that have either vanished or merged with currenthalligen or the mainland:

Langeneß – 956 ha, 16Warften, about 110 inhabitants.Narrow gauge railway connection to Oland (overcauseway).
Hooge – 574 ha, 10Warften, about 120 inhabitants.
Gröde – 277 ha, 2Warften, 11 inhabitants.
Nordstrandischmoor; 175 ha, 4Warften, 18 inhabitants.One-room schoolhouse. Narrow gauge railway connection to mainland.
Oland – 96 ha, 1Warft, about 30 inhabitants. Narrow gauge railway connection to mainland and Langeneß.
Süderoog – 60 ha, 1Warft, 2 inhabitants.
Südfall – 50 ha, 1Warft, bird sanctuary.
Hamburger Hallig – 50 ha, 2Warften, uninhabited, inn occupied in summer, joined to the mainland by a 4 km-long causeway and apolder.
Norderoog – 9 ha, noWarften, bird sanctuary tended year-round.
Habel – 3.6 ha, 1Warft, uninhabited, bird sanctuary occupied in summer.

On theDanish side, one still exists:

Langli

Also DanishMandø used to be a hallig, but it has dikes today. The German peninsula and former island ofGroßer Werder on theBaltic Sea coast is also nicknamed "Baltic Hallig" (Ostsee-Hallig) due to its remote situation and appearance.

References

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^Walker, Tamsin (2020-03-01)."The German islands that regularly vanish beneath the sea".Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com).Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved2021-03-20.
^Walker, Tamsin (2020-01-14)."Will Germany's vanishing Hallig islands survive rising seas?".Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com).Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved2021-03-20.
^Stiles, Patrick V. (1997)."OEhalh "slightly raised ground isolated by marsh""(pdf). In Rumble, Alexander; Mills, A. D. (eds.).Names, places and people : an onomastic miscellany in memory of John McNeal Dodgson. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 330–344.ISBN 1-871615-90-9.OCLC 38013841.An etymology fromCeltic wordhal, meaning "salt" is less likely.
^Walker, Tasmin (2019-12-23)."Could flooding be a cure for rising seas?".Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com).Archived from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved2021-03-20.
^Andresen, H.; Bakker, J. P.; Brongers, M.; Heydemann, B.; Irmler, U. (1990)."Long-Term Changes of Salt Marsh Communities by Cattle Grazing".Vegetatio.89 (2):137–148.doi:10.1007/BF00032166.ISSN 0042-3106.JSTOR 20038672.S2CID 20754802.
^Adam, Paul (1990).Saltmarsh Ecology. New York: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-24508-7.OCLC 20217629.

External links

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Johann C. Biernatzki (1856).The Hallig: or, The sheepfold in the waters. A tale of humble life on the coast of Schleswig. Translated, with a biographical sketch of the author, by Mrs.George P. Marsh. Boston: Gould and Lincoln.
Breitenbach, Dagmar (2012-04-02)."Hallig Hooge: Almost an island".Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com).Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved2021-03-20.
Election campaign on the North Sea coast (Television production). Deutsche Welle. 2017-09-13.Archived from the original on 2017-09-21.
Walker, Tamsin (2019-09-26)."Living Planet: Hallig Islands"(mp3).Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com) (Radio broadcast report).Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved2021-03-20.
"Island Life 03 - The Halligen"(video).youtube.com. Deutsche Welle / euromaxx. 2010-07-21.Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved2021-03-20.
Shebab, Ibrahim (2020-01-14)."The German island with a population of 16"(Video).youtube.com (Video report, German audio with English subtitles). BBC Reel.Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved2021-03-20.
"Wadden Sea and Hallig Islands of Schleswig-Holstein Biosphere Reserve, Germany".UNESCO. Oct 2018.Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved2021-03-27.

Frisian Islands

West Frisian Islands
(Netherlands)

Noorderhaaks Texel Vlieland Richel Terschelling Griend Ameland Rif Engelsmanplaat Schiermonnikoog Simonszand Rottumerplaat Rottumeroog Zuiderduintjes
Former islands	Eierland Wieringen Monnikenlangenoog Bosch

East Frisian Islands
(Germany)

Borkum Lütje Hörn Kachelotplate Memmert Juist Norderney Baltrum Langeoog Spiekeroog Wangerooge Minsener-Oldoog Mellum
Former islands	Buise

Heligoland Bight
(Germany)

North Frisian Islands
(Germany)

Barrier Island Pellworm Amrum Föhr Sylt Uthörn
Halligen	Gröde Habel Hamburger Hallig Hooge Langeneß Norderoog Nordstrandischmoor Oland Süderoog Südfall
Former islands	Hainshallig Nordstrand Strand