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| Hainanese | |
|---|---|
| Qiongwen, Hainan Min | |
| 海南話,Hhai3 nam2 ue1,Hái-nâm-oe | |
| Pronunciation | [hai˨˩˧nam˨˩ue˨˧] (Haikou dialect) |
| Native to | China,Malaysia,Singapore,Thailand |
| Region | Hainan |
| Ethnicity | Hainanese |
Native speakers | Around 5 million in China (2002)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Chinese characters[citation needed] Hainan Romanized | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | hnm |
| Glottolog | hain1238 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-k |
 Hainanese | |
 Varieties of the Hainanese spoken in Hainan. | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Hainanese orHainamese (Hainan Romanised:Hái-nâm-oe,Hainanese Pinyin:Hhai3 nam2 ue1,simplified Chinese:海南话;traditional Chinese:海南話;pinyin:Hǎinánhuà), also known asKengbun/Kengvun (simplified Chinese:琼文话;traditional Chinese:瓊文話),Keng language (琼语;瓊語) orHainam Min (海南闽语;海南閩語)[5] is a language ofMin Chinese spoken in theisland ofHainan and regionaloverseas Chinese communities inThailand especially.
In the classification byYuan Jiahua, it was added to theSouthern Min group by Him despite beingmutually unintelligible with Southern Min varieties such asHokkien andTeochew.[6] In the classification ofLi Rong, used by theLanguage Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.[7] Hou Jingyi combined it withLeizhou Min, spoken on theLeizhou Peninsula, in a Qiong–Lei group.[8] "Hainanese" is also used for the language of theLi people living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.
The phonologies of the different varieties of Hainanese are highly divergent,[9] with theWenchang dialect being theprestige dialect, and often used as a reference.[10]
Below is a table for the consonants of Hainanese across the dialects ofWenchang,Haikou and the dialect ofBanqiao Town, in Dongfang.[9] For more information on a specific variety, please consult the relevant article.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolo- palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | /p/[i] 爸 pa | /t/ 洗 toi | /k/ 公 kong | /ʔ/ 啊 a | ||
| aspirated | /pʰ/[i][ii] 婆 pho | /tʰ/[i] | /kʰ/[i][ii] 去 khu | ||||
| voiced | /b/[iii] | /d/[iii] | /g/[iv] 我 gua | ||||
| implosive | /ɓ/[iii][ii] 北 ɓak | /ɗ/[iii][ii] 茶 ɗei | (/ɠ/)[v] | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | /ts/[i][ii] | /tɕ/[iv] 食 tsia | ||||
| aspirated | /tsʰ/[i] | ||||||
| voiced | /dz/[i] | /dʑ/[iv] 日 jit | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | /ɸ/[iv] 皮 fi | /θ/[i] | /s/ 事 sei | /ɕ/[iv][ii] | /x/ | /h/ 海 hai |
| voiced | /v/[i][ii] 文 vun | /z/[ii] 欲 zok | /ɦ/[iv] | ||||
| Nasal | /m/ 目 mak | /n/ 念 niam | /ŋ/ 乐 ngak | ||||
| Approximant | /w/[iv] 发 wat | /l/ 老 lao | /j/[iv] 肉 yok | ||||
Many of the most widely spoken varieties of Hainanese notably have a series ofimplosive consonants,/ɓ/ and/ɗ/, which were acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probablyHlai. However, more conservative varieties of Hainanese such as Banqiao remain closer to Leizhou Peninsula Min and other varieties, lack them.[9]
The consonant system of Hainanese corresponds well with that ofLeizhou Peninsula Min, but it has had some restructuring. In particular:[9]
Additionally,[ʑ] is an allophone of/j/.
These changes also make Hainanese fairly close toSino-Vietnamese vocabulary.
| English meaning | Hainamese | Standard Chinese | Taiwanese Hokkien |
|---|---|---|---|
| eye | mak | jɛn | bak tsiu |
| sticky | niam | niɛn | liam |
| low | ɗɔi | ti | te |
Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels.[citation needed]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ | /u/ | |
| Close-mid | /e/ | /o/ | |
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ | /ɔ/ | |
| Open | /a/ |
| Tone number | Tone name | Tone contour | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | yin ping (阴平) | ˨˦ (24) | 诗 |
| 2 | yang ping (阳平) | ˨˩ (21) | 时 |
| 3 | yin shang (阴上) | ˨˩˩ (211) | 死 |
| 4 | yin qu (阴去) | ˧˥ (35) | 四 |
| 5 | yang qu (阳去) | ˧ (33) | 是 |
| 6 | yin ru (阴入) | ˥ (5) | 失 |
| 7 | yang ru (阳入) | ˧ (3) | 实 |
| 8 | chang ru (长入) | ˥ (55) | 视 |
Hainanese Pinyin (海南话拼音方案) is a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It marks tones with numbers.
| IPA | Hainanese Pinyin | Bǽh-oe-tu | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| /ɓ/ | b | b | 北 |
| /p/ | b | p | 波 |
| /pʰ/ | p | ph | 坡 |
| /ɸ/ | p | f | 皮 |
| /m/ | m | m | 摩 |
| /b/ | v | b | ? |
| /v/ | v | v | 无 |
| /t/ | d | t | 装 |
| /ɗ/ | dd | d | 刀 |
| /n/ | n | n | 挪 |
| /l/ | l | l | 罗 |
| /k/ | g | k | 哥 |
| /ŋ/ | ng | g | 俄 |
| /x/ | h | kh | 可 |
| /h/ | hh | h | 号 |
| /ɠ/ | gh | g | 我 |
| /ts/ | z | c | 支 |
| /s/ | s | s | 妻 |
| /z/ | y | j | 余 |
| IPA | Hainanese Pinyin | Bǽh-oe-tu | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | a | a | 亚 |
| /o/ | o | o | 荷 |
| /ɛ/ | e | e | 摩 |
| /i/ | i | i | 医 |
| /u/ | u | u | 呜 |
| ai | ai | ai | 哀 |
| ɔi | oi | oi | 鞋 |
| au | ao | au | 喉 |
| ia | ia | ia | 也 |
| iɔ | io | io | 腰 |
| ua | ua | oa | 换 |
| ue | ue | oe | 话 |
| ui | ui | oi | 威 |
| uai | uai | oai | 坏 |
| ɔu | ou | ou | 黑 |
| iu | iu | iu | 柚 |
| iau | iao | iau | 妖 |
| iam | iam | iam | 厌 |
| im | im | im | 音 |
| am | am | am | 暗 |
| an | an | an | 安 |
| in | in | in | 烟 |
| un | un | un | 温 |
| uan | uan | oan | 弯 |
| aŋ | ang | ag | 红 |
| eŋ | eng | eg | 英 |
| ɔŋ | ong | og | 翁 |
| iaŋ | iang | iag | 央 |
| uaŋ | uang | oag | 汪 |
| iɔŋ | iong | iog | 匈 |
| ip | ib | ib | 邑 |
| iap | iab | iab | 协 |
| at | ad | at | 遏 |
| it | id | it | 乙 |
| ut | ud | ut | 核 |
| uat | uad | oat | 挖 |
| ak | ag | ak | 鹤 |
| ek | eg | ek | 益 |
| ok | og | ok | 喔 |
| iok | iog | iok | 育 |
| uak | uag | oak | 廓 |
| -ʔ | -h | -h | 不 |
Hainanese is known for havingpost-verbal locative prepositional phrases,[12] as opposed to having such phrases in the pre-verbal position, as is common in most other varieties of Chinese. For example:
大聲
ɗua24tia24
loudly
啼
hi21
cry
佇
ɗu33
in
(Haikou)
伊大聲啼佇房裡
ʔi24ɗua24tia24hi21ɗu33ɓaŋ21-lɛ33
He was crying loudly in the room.
This has been attributed to contact with theKra–Dai languages of Hainan, such asHlai andBe.[12]
他组织演出琼语话剧《海南四条街》，搬上新琼舞台，引起两地海南人的共鸣。
*Xu and Yang regard [g] (theirgz) as an implosive, but it sounds like a regular [g] to me. I presume Li Fang-kuei also heard a regular [g], as he only reported two implosives in Haina[n]ese: [ɓ ɗ].
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
| ||||
| East andSoutheast Asia |
| ||||
| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
| ||||
| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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