As of 2016[update], the city is a majorseaport located on Israel'sMediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63.7 km2 (24.6 sq mi). It lies about 90 km (56 mi) north of Tel Aviv and is the major regional center of northern Israel. Two respected academic institutions, theUniversity of Haifa and theTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology the oldest and top ranked university in both Israel and the Middle East, are located in Haifa, in addition to the largestK–12 school in Israel, theHebrew Reali School. The city plays an important role inIsrael's economy. It is home toMatam, one of the oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country; and prior to the opening ofTel Aviv Light Rail, Haifa is the only city withunderground rapid transit system in Israel known as theCarmelit.[6][7] Haifa Bay is a center ofheavy industry, petroleum refining and chemical processing. Haifa formerly functioned as the western terminus of anoil pipeline from Iraq viaJordan.[8] It is one of Israel'smixed cities, with an Arab-Israeli population of c.10%.
Etymology
Western Haifa from the air
The ultimate origin of the name Haifa remains unclear. One theory holds it derives from the name of the high priestCaiaphas.[citation needed] Some Christians believe it was named forSaint Peter, whoseAramaic name was Keipha.[citation needed] Another theory holds it could be derived from theHebrew verb root חפה (hafa), from H-f-h root (ח-פ-ה), meaning to cover or shield, i.e. Mount Carmel covers Haifa;[9] others point to a possible origin in the Hebrew word חוֹף (hof), meaning "shore", or חוֹף יָפֶה (hof yafe), meaning "beautiful shore".[9][10]
Other spellings in English includedCaipha,Kaipha,Caiffa,Kaiffa andKhaifa.[11]
Locations and names
Sycaminum and Efa
The earliest named settlement within the area of modern-day Haifa was the city Sycaminum.[12] The remains of the ancient town can be found in a coastaltell, or archaeological mound, known in Hebrew asTel Shikmona,[13] meaning 'mound of theFicus sycomorus', and in Arabic asTell el-Semak orTell es-Samak, meaning 'mound of thesumak trees', names that preserved and transformed the ancient name, by which the town is mentioned once in theMishnah (composed c. 200 CE) for the wild fruits that grow around it.[13][14]
The nameEfa first appears duringRoman rule, some time after the end of the 1st century, when a Roman fortress and small Jewish settlement were established not far from Tel Shikmona.[12][13] Haifa is also mentioned more than 100 times in theTalmud, a work central to Judaism.[13]
Hefa orHepha inEusebius of Caesarea's 4th-century work,Onomasticon,[15] is said to be another name for Sycaminus.[16] This synonymizing of the names is explained byMoshe Sharon, who writes that the twin ancient settlements, which he calls Haifa-Sycaminon, gradually expanded into one another, becoming a twin city known by the Greek names Sycaminon or Sycaminos Polis.[13] References to this city end with the Byzantine period.[5]
Porphyreon
Around the 6th century,Porphyreon orPorphyrea is mentioned in the writings ofWilliam of Tyre,[dubious –discuss] and while it lies within the area covered by modern Haifa, it was a settlement situated south of Haifa-Sycaminon.[5][13]
Early Muslim Haifa
Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century,Haifa was used to refer to a site established on Tel Shikmona upon what were already the ruins of Sycaminon (Shiqmona).[13] Haifa (or Haifah) is mentioned by the mid-11th-century Persian chroniclerNasir Khusraw, and the 12th- and 13th-century Arab chroniclers,Muhammad al-Idrisi andYaqut al-Hamawi.[17]Nasir-i-Khusrau visited in 1047; he noted that "Haifa lies on the seashore, and there are here palm-gardens and trees in numbers. There are in this town shipbuilders, who build very large craft."[18]
Crusader Caiphas
The Crusaders, whocaptured Haifa briefly in the 12th century, called itCaiphas,[12] and believe its name related to Cephas, the Aramaic name ofSimon Peter.[14] Eusebius is also said to have referred to Hefa asCaiaphas civitas,[19] andBenjamin of Tudela, the 12th-century Jewish traveller and chronicler, is said to have attributed the city's founding toCaiaphas, the Jewish high priest at the time of Jesus.[14]
Late Ottoman "Old Haifa"
Haifa al-'Atiqa (Arabic: "Ancient Haifa") is another name used by some locals to refer to Tell es-Samak, when it was the site of a hamlet of 250 residents, before the settlement was moved in 1764–1765 to the site from which the modern city emerged.[20]
Haifa al-Jadida (New Haifa) and modern Haifa
In 1764–1765Zahir al-Umar moved the village to a new site 2.5 kilometres (1+1⁄2 miles) to the east, which he also fortified.[20] The new village, the nucleus of modern Haifa, was first calledal-imara al-jadida (Arabic: "the new construction") by some, but others residing there called itHaifa al-Jadida ("New Haifa") at first, and then simplyHaifa.[2]
In the early 20th century, Haifa al 'Atiqa was repopulated with manyArab Christians in an overall neighborhood in which manyMiddle Eastern Jews were established inhabitants, as Haifa expanded outward from its new location.[21]
A grotto on the top of Mount Carmel is known as the "Cave of Elijah",[24] traditionally linked to the ProphetElijah and his apprentice, Elisha.[22] In Arabic, the highest peak of the Carmel range is called theMuhraka, or "place of burning", harking back to the burnt offerings and sacrifices there in Canaanite and early Israelite times.[25]
Persian and Hellenistic period: near Shikmona
In the sixth century BCE, during the Persian period, Greek geographerScylax wrote of a city "between the bay and the Promontory of Zeus" (i.e., the Carmel), which may be a reference toShikmona, a locality in the Haifa area.[5]
ByHellenistic times, the city had moved to a new site south of what is now theBat Galim neighborhood of modern Haifa because the old port's harbour had become blocked with sand.[5] AGreek-speaking population living along the coast at this time was engaged in commerce.[26]
Shikmona
Haifa was located near the town of Shikmona, a center for making the traditionalTekhelet dye used in the garments of the high priests in the Temple. Thearchaeological site of Shikmona is southwest of Bat Galim.[27]
Early Haifa is believed to have occupied the area which extends from the present-dayRambam Hospital to the Jewish Cemetery on Yafo Street. The inhabitants engaged in fishing and agriculture.[28]
Roman period
In about the 3rd century CE, Haifa was first mentioned in Talmudic literature, as a Jewish fishing village and the home of RabbiAvdimi and other Jewish scholars. According to the Talmud, fishermen caughtMurex, sea snails which yielded purple dye used to maketallit (Jewish prayer shawls) from Haifa to theLadder of the Tyrians. Tombs dating from the Roman era, includingJewish burial caves, have been found in the area.[5][29][30]
Byzantine period
Under Byzantine rule, Haifa continued to grow but did not assume major importance.[31] Akinah speaks of the destruction of the Jewish community of Haifa along with other communities when the Byzantines reconquered the country from theSasanian Empire in 628 during theByzantine-Sasanian War.[30]
Early Muslim period
Following the Arab conquest of Palestine in the 630s–40s, Haifa was largely overlooked in favor of the port city of'Akka.[2] Under theRashidun Caliphate, Haifa began to develop.[32]
In the 9th century under theUmayyad andAbbasid Caliphates, Haifa established trading relations with Egyptian ports and the city featured several shipyards. The inhabitants,Arabs and Jews, engaged in trade and maritime commerce. Glass production and dye-making from marine snails were the city's most lucrative industries.[32]
Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk rule
Mount Carmel before 1899
Prosperity ended in 1100 or 1101, when Haifa was besieged and blockaded by European Christians shortly after the end of theFirst Crusade, and then conquered after a fierce battle with its Jewish inhabitants and Fatimid garrison. Jews comprised the majority of the city's population at the time.[30][33][34] Under the Crusaders, Haifa was reduced to a small fortified coastal stronghold.[33] It was a part of thePrincipality of Galilee within theKingdom of Jerusalem. Following their victory at theBattle of Hattin,Saladin'sAyyubid army captured Haifa in mid-July 1187 and the city's Crusader fortress was destroyed.[5][35]The Crusaders underRichard the Lionheart retook Haifa in 1191.[36]
In the 12th century religious hermits started inhabiting the caves on Mount Carmel, and in the 13th century they formed a new Catholic monastic order, theCarmelites.[37] Under Muslim rule, the church which they had built on Mount Carmel was turned into a mosque, later becoming a hospital. In the 19th century, it was restored as a Carmelite monastery, theStella Maris Monastery. The altar of the church as we see it today, stands over a cave associated with Prophet Elijah.[38]
In 1265, the army ofMamluk sultanBaibarscaptured Haifa, destroying its fortifications, which had been rebuilt by KingLouis IX of France, as well as the majority of the city's homes to prevent the European Crusaders from returning.[39] From the time of its conquest by the Mamluks to the 15th century, Haifa was an unfortified small village or uninhabited. At various times there were a few Jews living there and both Jews and Christians made pilgrimages to theCave of Elijah on Mount Carmel.[30] During Mamluk rule in the 14th century, al-Idrisi wrote that Haifa served as the port forTiberias and featured a "fine harbor for the anchorage of galleys and other vessels.[17]
Ottoman period
Haifa in 1898
Haifa was apparently uninhabited at the time the Ottoman Empire conquered Palestine in 1516. The first indication of its resettlement was given in a description by German travellerLeonhard Rauwolf, who visited Palestine in 1575.[30] In 1596, Haifa appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in theNahiya of Sahil Atlit of theLiwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 32 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, and goats or beehives.[40] Haifa was subsequently mentioned in the accounts of travelers as a half-ruined impoverished village with few inhabitants. The expansion of commercial trade between Europe and Palestine in the 17th century saw Haifa's revival as a flourishing port as more ships began docking there rather thanAcre.[29]
In 1742, Haifa was a small village and had a Jewish community composed mainly of immigrants fromMorocco andAlgeria which had a synagogue.[29] It had 250 inhabitants in 1764–5. It was located at Tell el-Semak, the site of ancient Sycaminum.[20][41]
In 1765,Zahir al-Umar, the Arab ruler of Acre and theGalilee, moved the population to a new fortified site 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east and laid waste to the old site.[20][42] According to historian Moshe Sharon, the new Haifa was established by Zahir in 1769.[43] This event marked the beginning of modern Haifa.[20] After al-Umar's death in 1775, the town remained under Ottoman rule until 1918, with the exception of two brief periods.
In 1799,Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Haifa during his unsuccessful campaign to conquer Palestine andSyria, but he soon had to withdraw; in the campaign'sfinal proclamation, Napoleon took credit for having razed the fortifications of "Kaïffa" (as the name was spelled at the time) along with those ofGaza,Jaffa and Acre.
Between 1831 and 1840, the Egyptian viceroyMuhammad Ali governed Haifa, after his sonIbrahim Pasha had wrested control over it from the Ottomans.[44][45] When the Egyptian occupation ended and Acre declined, the importance of Haifa rose. In 1858, the walled city of Haifa was overcrowded and the first houses began to be built outside the city walls on the mountain slope.[29] The British Survey of Western Palestine estimated Haifa's population to be about 3,000 in 1859.[46]
Haifa remained majority Muslim throughout this time but a small Jewish community continued to exist there. In 1798, RabbiNachman of Breslov spentRosh Hashanah with the Jewish community of Haifa. In 1839 the Jewish population numbered 124.[47] Due to the growing influence of the Carmelite monks, Haifa's Christian population also grew. By 1840 approximately 40% of the inhabitants were Christian Arabs.[30]
The arrival of German messianics, many of whom wereTemplers, in 1868, who settled in what is now known as theGerman Colony, was a turning point in Haifa's development.[45] The Templers built and operated a steam-basedpower station, opened factories and inaugurated carriage services to Acre,Nazareth and Tiberias, playing a key role in modernizing the city.[48]
Haifa 1942 1:20,000
The first major wave of Jewish immigration to Haifa took place in the mid-19th century from Morocco, with a smaller wave of immigration fromTurkey a few years later.[49] In the 1870s, large numbers of Jewish and Arab migrants came to Haifa due to the town's growing prosperity. Jews constituted one-eighth of Haifa's population, almost all of whom were recent immigrants from Morocco and Turkey who lived in the Jewish Quarter, which was located in the eastern part of the town. Continued Jewish immigration gradually raised the Jewish population of Haifa, and included a small number ofAshkenazi families, most of whom opened hotels for Jewish migrants coming into the city. In 1875, the Jewish community of Haifa held its own census which counted the Jewish population at about 200.[50] TheFirst Aliyah of the late 19th century and theSecond Aliyah of the early 20th century saw Jewish immigrants, mainly from Eastern Europe, arrive in Haifa in significant numbers. In particular, a significant number of Jewish immigrants fromRomania settled in Haifa in the 1880s during the First Aliyah period. The Central Jewish Colonisation Society in Romania purchased over 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) near Haifa. As the Jewish settlers had been city dwellers, they hired the formerfellahin tenants to instruct them in agriculture.[51] The Jewish population rose from 1,500 in 1900 to 3,000 on the eve ofWorld War I.[52]
View of Haifa from Mount Carmel in 1930
In the early 20th century, Haifa began to emerge as an industrial port city and growing population center. A branch of theHejaz Railway, known as theJezreel Valley railway, was built between 1903 and 1905. The railway increased the city's volume of trade, and attracted workers and foreign merchants.[53] In 1912, construction began on the Technion Institute of Technology, a Jewish technical school that was to later become one of Israel's top universities, although studies did not begin until 1924.[54] The Jews of Haifa also founded numerous factories and cultural institutions.
Baháʼí faith's shrine
In 1909, Haifa became important to theBaháʼí Faith when the remains of theBáb, founder of the Bábí Faith and forerunner ofBaháʼu'lláh in the Baháʼí Faith, were moved from Acre to Haifa andinterred in the shrine built on Mount Carmel. Baháʼís consider the shrine to be their second holiest place on Earth after theShrine of Baháʼu'lláh in Acre. Its precise location on Mount Carmel was shown by Baháʼu'lláh himself to his eldest son,ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, in 1891. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá planned the structure, which was designed and completed several years later by his grandson,Shoghi Effendi. In a separate room, theremains of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá were buried in November 1921.[55]
Indian troops marching in Haifa in 1918Kingsway (now HaAtzmaut Road) in the 1930sHaifa 1945
Haifa was captured from the Ottomans in September 1918 by Indian horsemen of the British Army armed with spears and swords who overran Ottoman positions.[56] On 22 September, British troops were heading to Nazareth when a reconnaissance report was received indicating that the Turks were leaving Haifa. The British made preparations to enter the city and came under fire in theBalad al-Sheikh district (todayNesher). After the British regrouped, an elite unit of Indian horsemen were sent to attack the Turkish positions on the flanks and overrun their artillery guns on Mount Carmel.[56]
Under theBritish Mandate, Haifa saw large-scale development and became an industrial port city.[45][57] TheBaháʼí Faith in 1918 and today has its administrative and spiritual centre in the environs of Haifa.[58][59] Many Jewish immigrants of theFourth Aliyah andFifth Aliyah settled in Haifa. The port was a major source of income, and the nearby Jewish towns of theKrayot were established in the 1930s. At the same time, the Arab population also swelled by an influx of migrants, coming mainly from surrounding villages as well as the SyrianHauran.[60] The Arab immigration mainly came as a result of prices and salary drop.[60] The1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British authorities, recorded Haifa's population as 24,634 (9,377 Muslims, 8,863 Christians, 6,230 Jews, 152Baha'i, and 12Druze).[61] By the time of the1931 census of Palestine, this had increased to 50,403 (20,324 Muslims, 15,923 Jews, 13,824 Christians, 196 Baha'i, 126 Druze, and 10 with no religion).[62][63][64] Between the censuses of 1922 and 1931, the Muslim, Jewish, and Christian populations rose by 217%, 256%, and 156%, respectively.[65] In 1938, 99,000 people (including 48,000 Jews) lived in Haifa.[66][67]
Haifa's development owed much to British plans to make it a central port and hub for Middle-East crude oil. The British Government of Palestine developed the port and builtrefineries, thereby facilitating the rapid development of the city as a center for the country's heavy industries. Haifa was also among the first towns to be fully electrified. The Palestine Electric Company inaugurated the Haifa Electrical Power Station already in 1925, opening the door to considerable industrialization.[68] The State-runPalestine Railways also built its main workshops in Haifa.
By 1945 the population was 138,300 (75,500 Jews, 35,940 Muslims, 26,570 Christians, and 290 "other").[69][70][71] In 1947, about 70,910 Arabs (41,000 Muslims and 29,910 Christians) and 74,230 Jews were living there.[72] The Christian community were mostlyGreek-Melkite Catholics.
1947–1948 Civil War in Palestine
Haifa July 1947. British soldiers remove injured passenger fromSS Exodus
The1947 UN Partition Plan in late November 1947 designated Haifa as part of the proposedJewish state. Arab protests over that decision evolved into violence between Jews and Arabs that left several dozen people dead during December.[73] The Arab city was in a state of chaos. The local Arab national committee tried to stabilize the situation by organizing garrison, calming the frightened residents and to stop the flight. In a public statement, the national committee called upon the Arab residents to obey orders, be alert, keep calm, and added: "Keep away the cowards who wish to flee. Expell them from your lines. Despise them, because they harm more than the enemy". Despite the efforts, Arab residents abandoned the streets which bordered Jewish neighborhoods and during the days of the general strike instigated by theArab Higher Committee, some 250 Arab families abandoned the Khalisa neighborhood.[74]
On 30 December 1947, members of theIrgun, a Jewish underground militia, threw bombs into a crowd of Arabs outside the gates of theConsolidated Refineries in Haifa, killing six and injuring 42. In response, Arab employees of the company killed 39 Jewish employees in what became known as theHaifa Oil Refinery massacre.[75] The JewishHaganah militia retaliated with a raid on the Arab village ofBalad al-Shaykh, where many of the Arab refinery workers lived, in what became known as theBalad al-Shaykh massacre.[76]
British forces in Haifa redeployed on 21 April 1948, withdrawing from most of the city while still maintaining control over the port facilities. According to Ilan Pappé, although the Jewish mayor of the city,Shabtai Levy, urged the Arab residents to stay, in other parts of town loudspeakers could be heard ordering Arabs to leave "before it's too late."[77]
On 21 April, the downtown, controlled by a combination of local and foreign (ALA) Arab irregulars, was assaulted byJewish forces inOperation Bi'ur Hametz by theCarmeli Brigade of the Haganah, commanded byMoshe Carmel. Arab neighborhoods were attacked with mortars and gunfire,[78] which, according toIlan Pappé, culminated in an attack on a Palestinian crowd in the old marketplace using three-inch (76 mm) mortars on 22 April 1948.[79][80][81]
Rashid al-Haj Ibrahim, a Palestinian Arab municipal leader, described attacks "provoking terror among the women and children, who were very influenced bythe horrors of Dayr Yasin", and provided an eyewitness account of the flight of Haifa's Arab residents:[78]
Thousands of women, children and men hurried to the port district in a state of chaos and terror without precedent in the history of the Arab nation. They fled their houses to the coast, barefoot and naked, to wait for their turn to travel to Lebanon. They left their homeland, their houses, their possessions, their money, their welfare, and their trades, to surrender their dignity and their souls.
The operation led to a massive displacement of Haifa's Arab population, and was part of the larger1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight. According toThe Economist at the time, only 5,000–6,000 of the city's 62,000 Arabs remained there by 2 October 1948.[82] Morris quotes British sources as stating that during the battles between 22 and 23 April 100 Arabs were killed and 100 wounded, but he adds that the total may have been higher.[83]
HistorianWalid Khalidi described "the mass exodus of Haifa’s Arab population" as "the spontaneous reaction to the ruthless combination of terror and psychological warfare tactics adopted by the Haganah during the attack."[1]
Tel Aviv gained in status, while Haifa suffered a decline in the role as regional capital. The opening ofAshdod as a port exacerbated this. Tourism shrank when the Israeli Ministry of Tourism placed emphasis on developing Tiberias as a tourist centre.[87] Nevertheless, Haifa's population had reached 200,000 by the early 1970s, and mass immigration from theformer Soviet Union boosted the population by a further 35,000.[45] The Matam high-tech park, the first dedicated high-tech park in Israel, opened in Haifa in the 1970s. Many of Wadi Salib's historic Ottoman buildings have now been demolished, and in the 1990s a major section of the Old City was razed to make way for a new municipal center.[45][86]
From 1999 to 2003, severalPalestinian suicide attacks took place in Haifa (inMaxim andMatza restaurants,bus 37, and others), killing 68 civilians. In 2006, Haifa was hit by 93Hezbollah rockets during theSecond Lebanon War, killing 11 civilians and leading to half of the city's population fleeing at the end of the first week of the war.[88] Among the places hit by rockets were a train depot and the oil refinery complex.[89][90]
Downtown Haifa and port with theSail Tower in the foreground
Haifa is Israel's third-largest city, consisting of 103,000 households,[93] or a population of 298,312. Immigrants from the formerSoviet Union constitute 25% of Haifa's population,[94] thus making Russian one of the three main spoken languages of the city.
According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics,Israeli Arabs constitute 10% of Haifa's population, the majority living in theWadi Nisnas, Abbas and Khalisa neighborhoods.[94] TheWadi Nisnas and Abbas neighborhoods are largelyChristian,[95][96] Khalisa andKababir are largelyMuslim,[96] whileEin HaYam is a mixedArab Christian and Muslim neighborhood.[96] Haifa is commonly portrayed as a model of co-existence between Arabs and Jews, although tensions and hostility do still exist.[97]
Between 1994 and 2009, the city had a declining andaging population compared to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, as young people moved to the center of the country for education and jobs, while young families migrated tobedroom communities in the suburbs. However, as a result of new projects and improving infrastructure, the city managed to reverse its population decline, reducing emigration while attracting more internal migration into the city. In 2009, positive net immigration into the city was shown for the first time in 15 years.[98][99]
A development plan approved in 2016 seeks to raise Haifa's population to 330,000 residents by 2025.[100]
The population is heterogeneous.Israeli Jews comprise some 82% of the population, almost 14% areChristians (the majority of whom areArab Christians)[99] and, some 4% areMuslims. Haifa also includesDruze andBaháʼí Faith communities. In 2006, 27% of the Arab population was aged 14 and under, compared to 17% of the Jewish and other population groups. The trend continues in the age 15–29 group, in which 27% of the Arab population is found, and the age 30–44 group (23%). The population of Jews and others in these age groups are 22% and 18% respectively. Nineteen percent of the city's Jewish and other population is between 45 and 59, compared to 14% of the Arab population. This continues with 14% of Jews and others aged 60–74 and 10% over age 75, in comparison to 7% and just 2% respectively in the Arab population.[91] Arabs in Haifa tend to be wealthier and better educated compare to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel.[101]
In 2006, 2.9% of the Jews in the city wereHaredi, compared to 7.5% on a national scale.[91] However, the Haredi community in Haifa is growing fast due to a high fertility rate.[107] 66.6% were secular, compared to a national average of 43.7%.[91] There is also a Scandinavian Seamen Protestant church, established by NorwegianRighteous Among the Nations pastorPer Faye-Hansen.[108]
Haifa is the center of liberalArabic-speaking culture, as it was under British colonial rule. The Arabic-speaking neighborhoods, which are mixed Muslim and Christian, are in the lowlands near the sea, while Jewish neighborhoods are at a higher elevation. An active Arab cultural life has developed in the 21st century.[101] The city is the center of many Arab-owned businesses such as theaters, bars, cafes, restaurants andnightclubs which also host different cultural discussions and art exhibitions.[101]
Geography
Haifa is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain, thehistoric land bridge between Europe, Africa, and Asia, and the mouth of the Kishon River.[109] Located on the northern slopes ofMount Carmel and around Haifa Bay, the city is split over three tiers.[110] The lowest is the center of commerce and industry including the Port of Haifa.[110] The middle level is on the slopes of Mount Carmel and consists of older residential neighborhoods, while the upper level consists of modern neighborhoods looking over the lower tiers.[110] From here views can be had across theWestern Galilee region of Israel towardsRosh HaNikra and theLebanese border.[110] Haifa is about 90 km (55.9 mi) north of the city of Tel Aviv, and has a large number of beaches on theMediterranean.[111]
Panorama of Haifa from Mount Carmel
Flora and fauna
The Carmel Mountain has three mainwadis: Lotem, Amik and Si'ach. For the most part these valleys are undeveloped natural corridors that run up through the city from the coast to the top of the mountain. Marked hiking paths traverse these areas and they provide habitat for wildlife such as wild boar,golden jackal,hyrax,Egyptian mongoose, owls and chameleons.[citation needed]
Haifa is inundated withboars. The boars began to descend from the valleys around the city from before 2019, and began to roam in the city's streets. In 2019, mayor Einat Kalisch-Rotem decided to stop shooting the boars.[112] Boar sighting figures have struggled to go down since theIsrael Nature and Parks Authority began fencing off forested areas, because residents often feed the boars.[113]
Climate
Haifa has ahot-summer Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters (Köppen climate classificationCsa).[114] Spring arrives in March when temperatures begin to increase. By late May, the temperature has warmed up considerably to herald warm summer days. The average temperature in summer is 26 °C (79 °F) and in winter, 12 °C (54 °F). Frost is rare in Haifa, but temperatures around 3 °C (37 °F) can sometimes occur, usually in the early morning. Snow is very rare, whichlast fell in 1950. Humidity tends to be high all year round, and rain usually occurs between September and May. Annual precipitation is approximately 629 mm (25 in).
Climate data forHaifa Airport (5 m / 16 ft) (Temperature: 1995–2010, Extremes 1898–2011, Precipitation: 1980–2010)
Bat Galim neighborhood andHaifa BayPanorama Towers
Haifa has developed in tiers, from the lower to the upper city on the Carmel. The oldest neighborhood in modern Haifa is Wadi Salib, the Old City center near the port, which has been bisected by a major road and razed in part to make way forGovernment Buildings. Wadi Salib stretches across toWadi Nisnas, the center of Arab life in Haifa today. In the 19th century, under Ottoman rule, the German Colony was built, providing the first model ofurban planning in Haifa. Some of the buildings have been restored and the colony has turned into a center of Haifa nightlife.[110]
The first buildings in Hadar were constructed at the start of the 20th century. Hadar was Haifa's cultural center and marketplace throughout the 1920s and into the 1980s, nestled above and around Haifa's Arab neighborhoods. Today Hadar stretches from the port area near the bay, approximately halfway up Mount Carmel, around theGerman Colony,Wadi Nisnas andWadi Salib.[118] Hadar houses two commercial centers (one in the port area, and one midway up the mountain) surrounded by some of the city's older neighborhoods.
Neve Sha'anan, a neighborhood located on the second tier of Mount Carmel, was founded in the 1920s. West of the port are the neighborhoods of Bat Galim, Shikmona Beach, and Kiryat Eliezer. To the west and east of Hadar are the Arab neighborhoods of Abbas and Khalisa, built in the 1960s and 70s.[119] To the south of Mount Carmel's headland, along the road to Tel Aviv, are the neighborhoods ofEin HaYam, Shaar HaAliya, Kiryat Sprinzak and Neve David.
Above Hadar are affluent neighborhoods such as the Carmel Tzarfati (French Carmel),Merkaz HaCarmel (Carmel Center),Romema (Ramot Ben Gurion), Ahuzat HaCarmel (Ahuza), Carmeliya,Vardiya,Ramat Golda,Ramat Alon andHod Ha'Carmel (Denya). While there are general divisions between Arab and Jewish neighborhoods, there is an increasing trend for wealthy Arabs to move into affluent Jewish neighborhoods.[99] Another Carmel neighborhood isKababir, home to the National Headquarters of Israel'sAhmadiyya Community;[119] located near Merkaz HaCarmel and overlooking the coast.
Urban development
Ben-Gurion Avenue and the German Colony
Recently, residential construction has been concentrated around Kiryat Haim andKiryat Shmuel, with 75,000 m2 (807,293 sq ft) of new residential construction between 2002 and 2004, the Carmel, with 70,000 m2 (753,474 sq ft), and Ramot Neve Sha'anan with approximately 70,000 m2 (753,474 sq ft)[120] Non-residential construction was highest in theLower Town, (90,000 sq m), Haifa Bay (72,000 sq m) and Ramot Neve Sha'anan (54,000 sq m).[120] In 2004, 80% of construction in the city was private.[120]
Currently, the city has a modest number of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings.[121] Though buildings rising up to 20 stories were built on Mount Carmel in the past, the Haifa municipality banned the construction of any new buildings taller than nine stories on Mount Carmel in July 2012.[122]
The neighborhood of Wadi Salib, located in the heart of downtown Haifa, is being redeveloped. Most of its Jewish and Arab residents are considered squatters and have been gradually evicted over the years. The Haifa Economic Corporation Ltd is developing two 1,000 square meter lots for office and commercial use.[123] Some historic buildings have been renovated and redeveloped, especially into nightclubs and theaters, such as the Palace of the Pasha, aTurkish bathhouse, and aMiddle Eastern music anddance club, which has been converted into theaters and offices.[86]
In 2012, a new, massive development plan was announced for Haifa's waterfront. According to the plan, the western section of the city's port will be torn down, and all port activity will be moved to the east. The west side of the port will be transformed into a tourism and nightlife center and a point of embarkation and arrival for sea travel through the construction of public spaces, a beach promenade, and the renovation of commercial buildings. The train tracks that currently bisect the city and separate the city's beach from the rest of Haifa will also be buried.[124] A park will be developed on the border of the Kishon River, the refineries' cooling towers will be turned into a visitors' center, and bridges will lead from the port to the rest of the city. Massive renovations are also currently underway in Haifa's lower town, in the Turkish market and Paris Square, which will become the city's business center.[125] In addition, the ammonia depository tank in the Haifa bay industrial zone will be dismantled, and a new one built in an alternative location.[126]
Another plan seeks to turn the western section of Haifa Port into a major tourism and nightlife center, as well as a functioning point of embarkation and arrival for sea travel. All port activity will be moved to the western side, and the area will be redeveloped. Public spaces and a beach promenade will be developed, and commercial buildings will be renovated.[127] As part of the development plans, theIsraeli Navy, which has a large presence in Haifa, will withdraw from the shoreline between Bat Galim and Hof Hashaket. A 5 km (3.1 mi) longesplanade which will encircle the shoreline will be constructed. It will include a bicycle path, and possibly also a small bridge under which navy vessels will pass on their way to the sea.[128]
In addition, a 50,000 square-meter entertainment complex that will contain aDisney theme park, cinemas, shops, and a 25-screenMultiplex theater will be built at the Check Post exit from the Carmel Tunnels.[129] In 2014, a new major plan for the city was proposed, under which extensive development of residential, business, and leisure areas will take place with the target of increasing the city's population by 60,000 by 2025. Under the plan, five new neighborhoods will be built, along with new high-tech parks. In addition, existing employment centers will be renovated, and new leisure areas and a large park will be built.[130]
In 2016, a new plan for the city was approved. The plan included a new main downtown business district, the creation of a park in a current industrial area, new construction and renovation of public buildings and hubs of higher education, tourism, culture, commerce, leisure, and residence.[100]
The common Israeli saying, "Haifa works, Jerusalem prays, and Tel Aviv plays" attests to Haifa's reputation as a city of workers and industry.[131] The industrial region of Haifa is in the eastern part of the city, around the Kishon River. It is home to theHaifa oil refinery, one of the twooil refineries in Israel (theother refinery being located in Ashdod). The Haifa refinery processes 9 million tons (66 million barrels) ofcrude oil a year.[132] Its nowadays unused twin 80-meter highcooling towers, built in the 1930s, were the tallest buildings built in the British Mandate period.[133]Matam (short forMerkaz Ta'asiyot Mada – Scientific Industries Center), the largest and oldestbusiness park in Israel, is at the southern entrance to the city, hosting manufacturing andR&D facilities for a large number of Israeli and internationalhi-tech companies, such asApple,Amazon,Abbot,Cadence,Intel,IBM,Magic Leap,Microsoft,Motorola, Google,Yahoo!,Elbit,CSR,Philips,PwC andAmdocs.[134] The campus of the University of Haifa is also home to IBM Haifa Labs.[135]
The Port of Haifa is the leader in passenger traffic among Israeli ports, and is also a major cargoharbor, although deregulation has seen its dominance challenged by thePort of Ashdod.[136] Haifa malls and shopping centers include Hutsot Hamifratz, Horev Center Mall, Panorama Center, Castra Center, Colony Center (Lev HaMoshava), Hanevi'im Tower Mall, Kanyon Haifa,Lev Hamifratz Mall andGrand Kanyon.[137] In 2010,Monocle magazine identified Haifa as the city with the most promising business potential, with the greatest investment opportunities in the world. The magazine noted that "a massive head-to-toe regeneration is starting to have an impact; from scaffolding and cranes around town, to renovated façades and new smart places to eat". The Haifa municipality had spent more than $350 million on roads and infrastructure, and the number of building permits had risen 83% in the previous two years.[98]
In 2014, it was announced that a technology-focusedstock exchange would be established to compete with theTel Aviv Stock Exchange.[138] Currently, some 40 hotels, mostlyboutique hotels, are planned, have been approved, or are under construction. The Haifa Municipality is seeking to turn the city into Northern Israel's tourist center, from where travelers can embark on day trips into Acre, Nazareth, Tiberias, and the Galilee.[125] A newlife sciences industrial park containing five buildings with 85,000 square meters of space on a 31-duman (7.75 acre) site is being built adjacent to the Matam industrial park.[139]
In 2005, Haifa had 13 hotels with a total of 1,462 rooms.[140][needs update] The city has a 17 km (11 mi) shoreline, of which 5 km (3 mi) are beaches.[141] Haifa's main tourist attraction is theBaháʼí World Centre, with the golden-domed Shrine of the Báb and the surrounding gardens. Between 2005 and 2006, 86,037 visited the shrine.[140] In 2008, the Baháʼí gardens were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[4][142][143] The restored German Colony, founded by the Templers, Stella Maris and Elijah's Cave also draw many tourists.[144] Located in the Haifa district are theEin Hod artists' colony, where over 90 artists and craftsmen have studios and exhibitions,[145] and the Mount Carmelnational park, with caves whereNeanderthal and earlyHomo Sapiens remains were found.[146]
A 2007 report commissioned by the Haifa Municipality calls for the construction of more hotels, a ferry line between Haifa, Acre andCaesarea, development of the western anchorage of the port as a recreation and entertainment area, and an expansion of the local airport and port to accommodate international travel andcruise ships.[147]
Arts and culture
Promenade along Dado BeachFolk dancing on Dado Beach
Despite its image as a port and industrial city, Haifa is the cultural hub of northern Israel. During the 1950s, mayorAbba Hushi made a special effort to encourage authors and poets to move to the city, and founded theHaifa Theatre, arepertory theater, the first municipal theater founded in the country.[148] The principal Arabic theater servicing the northern Arab population is theal-Midan Theater. Other theaters in the city include the Krieger Centre for the Performing Arts and the Rappaport Art and Culture Center.[148] The Congress Center hosts exhibitions, concerts and special events.[149]
Haifa has over a dozen museums.[141][153] The most popular museum is the Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space, which recorded almost 150,000 visitors in 2004. The museum is located in the historic Technion building in the Hadar neighborhood. TheHaifa Museum of Art houses a collection of modern and classical art, as well as displays on the history of Haifa. TheTikotin Museum of Japanese Art is the only museum in the Middle East dedicated solely toJapanese art. Other museums in Haifa include the Museum of Prehistory, the National Maritime Museum andHaifa City Museum, the Hecht Museum,[154] the Dagon Archaeological Museum of Grain Handling,[155][156] theRailway Museum, theClandestine Immigration and Naval Museum, the IsraeliOil Industry Museum, and Chagall Artists' House.[141] As part of his campaign to bring culture to Haifa, Mayor Abba Hushi provided the artistMane-Katz with a building on Mount Carmel to house his collection of Judaica, which is now a museum.[157] The former home and studio of artistHermann Struck is now the Hermann Struck Museum.[158] The Haifa Educational Zoo at Gan HaEm park houses a small animal collection including Syrian brown bears, now extinct from Israel. Wןthin the zoo is the Pinhas House biology institute. In the close vicinity of Haifa, on the Carmel, the Northern "Hai-Bar" ("wild life") operated by Israel's Parks and Reserves Authority for the purpose of breeding and reintroduction of species now extinct from Israel, such as Persian Fallow Deer.[citation needed]
Government
As an industrial port city, Haifa has traditionally been a Labor party stronghold. The strong presence of dock workers and trade unions earned it the nickname 'Red Haifa.' In addition, many prominent Arabs in theIsraeli Communist Party, among themTawfik Toubi,Emile Habibi,Zahi Karkabi,Bulus Farah andEmile Toma, were from Haifa.
Haifa court building
There has been a drift toward the center.[159][160][161] This was best signified by, inthe 2006 legislative elections, theKadima party receiving about 28.9% of the votes in Haifa, and Labor lagging behind with 16.9%.[162] Before 1948, Haifa's Municipality was fairly unusual as it developed cooperation between the mixed Arab and Jewish community in the city, with representatives of both groups involved in the city's management. Under mayor al-Haj, between 1920 and 1927, thecity council had six Arab and two Jewish representatives, with the city run as a mixed municipality with overall Arab control. Greater cooperation was introduced underHasan Bey Shukri, who adopted a positive and conciliatory attitude toward the city's Jews and gave them senior posts in the municipality.[163] In 1940, the first Jewish mayor,Shabtai Levy, was elected. Levy's two deputies were Arab (one Muslim, the other Christian), with the remainder of the council made up of four Jews and six Arabs.[164]
Today, Haifa is governed by its 12th city council, headed by the mayor Einat Kalisch-Rotem. The results of municipal elections decide on the makeup of the council, similarly to theKnesset elections. The city council is the legislative council in the city, and has the authority to pass auxiliary laws.[165] The 12th council, which was elected in 2003, has 31 members, with the liberalShinui-Greens ticket holding the most seats (6), andLikud coming second with 5.[166] Many of the decisions passed by the city council are results of recommendation made by the various municipal committees, which are committees where non-municipal organs meet with representatives from the city council. Some committees are spontaneous, but some are mandatory, such as the security committee, tender committee and financial committee.[167]
Rambam Medical CenterThe Technion is the first higher education institution with teaching the Hebrew language. It was listed multiple tilmes in the top 100 of the ShanghaiAcademic Ranking of World Universities.Rabin Building, University of Haifa
Haifa medical facilities have a total of 4,000 hospital beds. The largest hospital is the government-operatedRambam Hospital[168] with 900 beds and 78,000 admissions in 2004.Bnai Zion Medical Center and Carmel Hospital each have 400 beds. Other hospitals in the city include the Italian Hospital,Elisha Hospital (100 beds), Horev Medical Center (36 beds) and Ramat Marpe (18 beds).[169] Haifa has 20 family health centers.[169] In 2004, there were a total of 177,478 hospital admissions.[169] Rambam Medical Center was in the direct line of fire during the Second Lebanon War in 2006 and was forced to take special precautions to protect its patients.[170] Whole wings of the hospital were moved to large underground shelters.[171]
Education
Nazareth Nuns' School, a prestigious Arabic school in Haifa.[172]
Haifa is home to two internationally acclaimed universities and several colleges. The University of Haifa, founded in 1963, is at the top of Mt. Carmel. The campus was designed by the architect ofBrasília andUnited Nations Headquarters in New York City,Oscar Niemeyer. The top floor of the 30-story Eshkol Tower provides a panoramic view of northern Israel. TheHecht Museum, with important archeology and art collections, is on the campus of Haifa University.
TheHebrew Reali School was founded in 1913. It is the largestk-12 school in Israel, with 4,000 students in 7 branches, all over the city.
The first technological high school in Israel, Bosmat, was established in Haifa in 1933. It was affiliated with the Technion. Because of financial difficulties, it was closed in 2007, and later re-established as part of the Mofet network, which was started by science teachers from the1990s post-Soviet aliyah.[173]
As of 2006[update]–07, Haifa had 70 elementary schools, 23 middle schools, 28 academichigh schools and 8 vocational high schools. There were 5,133 pupils in municipal kindergartens, 20,081 in elementary schools, 7,911 in middle schools, 8,072 in academic high schools, 2,646 in vocational high schools, and 2,068 in comprehensive district high schools. 86% of the students attended Hebrew-speaking schools and 14% attended Arab schools. 5% were inspecial education.[175] In 2004, Haifa had 16 municipal libraries stocking 367,323 books.[141] Two prestigious Arab schools in Haifa are the Orthodox School, run by the Greek Orthodox church, and the Nazareth Nuns' School, a Catholic institution.[172] About 70% of Arab students in Haifa (Christians, Muslims, and Druze) attendChristian schools (6 schools) that found in the city.[179]
Transportation
Public transportation
The Carmelit is currently Israel's only subway system.
Haifa Hof HaCarmel Central Bus Station, adjacent to the Hof HaCarmel Railway Station
Lines to the North of the country use HaMifratz Central Bus Station and their coverage includes most towns in the North of Israel. Lines heading south useHaifa Hof HaCarmel Central Bus Station.
Destinations directly reachable from Hof HaCarmel CBS include Tel Aviv, Jerusalem,Eilat,Raanana,Netanya,Hadera,Zikhron Ya'akov,Atlit,Tirat Carmel, Ben Gurion International Airport and intermediate communities. There are also three Egged lines that have their terminus in theRamat Vizhnitz neighborhood and run toJerusalem,Bnei Brak and Ashdod. These used to be "mehadrin" (i.e. gender segregated) lines.
All urban lines are run by Egged. There are alsoshare taxis that run along some bus routes but do not have an official schedule. In 2006, Haifa implemented a trial network of neighborhood mini-buses – named "Shkhunatit" and run by Egged.[181] In December 2012,GetTaxi, an app and taxi service which allows users to hail a cab using their smartphone without contacting the taxi station (by identifying and summoning the closest taxi) began operating. In the current initial phase, 50 taxis from the service are operating in Haifa.[182]
Haifa and the Krayot suburbs also have a newPhileas conceptbus rapid transit system called the Metronit. These buses, operating withhybrid engines, follow optical strips embedded in designated lanes of roads, providing tram-like public transportation services. The Metronit consists of 100 18-meter buses, each with the capacity for 150 passengers, operating along 40 km (25 mi) of designated roadways.[183][184] The new system officially opened on 16 August 2013 serving three lines.
Haifa is one of the few cities in Israel where buses operate onShabbat.[185] Bus lines operate throughout the city on a reduced schedule from late Saturday morning onwards, and also connect Haifa with Nesher, Tirat Karmel,Yokneam, Nazareth,Nazareth Illit and intermediate communities. Since the summer of 2008, night buses are operated by Egged in Haifa (line 200) and theKrayot suburbs (line 210).[186] During the summer of 2008 these lines operated 7 nights a week. Since 2013, along with route 1 of the Metronit, they operate 7 nights a week, making Haifa as the only city in Israel with 24/7 public transportation. Haifa is also the only city in Israel to operate a Saturday bus service to the beaches during summer time. Egged lines run during Saturday mornings from many neighborhoods to theDado and Bat Galim beaches, and back in the afternoon.[187]
ACable Car descending from Mount Carmel to Bat Galim
The Haifa subway system is calledCarmelit. It is a subterraneanfunicular railway, running from downtown Paris Square to Gan HaEm (Mother's Park) on Mount Carmel.[188] With a single track, six stations and two trains, it is listed inGuinness World Records as the world's shortest metro line. The Carmelit accommodates bicycles.
Haifa also has two cable cars. TheBat Galim cable car consists of six cabins and connects Bat Galim on the coast to the Stella Marisobservation deck and monastery atop Mount Carmel. It serves mainly tourists.[189] Opened in April 2022,Rakavlit, the second cable car, is a 4.4-kilometre commuter cable car service, running from HaMifratz Central Bus Station at the foot of Mount Carmel to the Technion, and then to the University of Haifa.[190]
There are currently plans to expand services from Haifa.
airHaifa is planning to launch operations during September 2024,[192] when at the beginning it will issue flights on the Haifa-Eilat route and later it will also fly toCyprus,Greece andTurkey.[193]
Roads
Travel between Haifa and the center of the country is possible by road withHighway 2, the main highway along the coastal plain, beginning at Tel Aviv and ending at Haifa.[185] Furthermore,Highway 4 runs along the coast to the north of Haifa, as well as south, inland from Highway 2.[185] In the past, traffic along Highway 2 to the north of Haifa had to pass through the downtown area of the city. TheCarmel Tunnels, opened for traffic 1 December 2010, now route this traffic under Mount Carmel, reducing congestion in the downtown area.[194]
The main stadiums in Haifa are: Sammy Ofer Stadium, aUEFA-approved 30,950-seat stadium, completed in 2014, replacing the 14,002-seatKiryat Eliezer Stadium that was demolished 2016,Thomas D'Alesandro Stadium and Neve Sha'anan Athletic Stadium that seats 1,000.[195] The city's two mainfootball clubs areMaccabi Haifa andHapoel Haifa who both currently play in theIsraeli Premier League and share the Sammy Ofer Stadium as their home pitch. Maccabi has won twelve Israeli titles, while Hapoel has won one.
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^Levaton, Stav."Former Israel Air Force chief Herzl Bodinger dies at 82",The Times of Israel, November 10, 2025. Accessed November 12, 2025. "Born in Haifa and raised in Kiryat Motzkin, Bodinger began his military career as a cadet in the Air Force youth program before enlisting in 1961 and volunteering for flight school."
^"Nightline Playlist: Gene Simmons",ABC News, February 22, 2008. Accessed September 17, 2025. "Born Chaim Witz in Haifa, Israel, in 1949, Simmons was the only child of his mother, Florence Klein, a holocaust survivor. Simmons and his mother immigrated to the United States when he was 8 years old."
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