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Hagen (German form) orHögni (Old NorseHǫgni, often anglicized asHogni,Old EnglishHagena,LatinHagano) is aBurgundian warrior inGermanic heroic legend about the Burgundian kingdom atWorms. Hagen is often identified as a brother or half-brother of KingGunther (Old NorseGunnarr). In theNibelungenlied he is nicknamed "from Tronje".
Of the mainmanuscripts of theNibelungenlied, the chief representatives of versions B and C use the spelling "Tronege": "from Tronege Hagene", "Hagen of Tronege", "geborn of Tronege", "helt of Tronege". The A version usually writes "Trony" (also "Troni" and "Tronie"). "Tronje" is the appropriate modern German form. In the B and C versions, the name is in the dative case, with the nominative being "Troneg"; "Tronje", although common, is therefore a mistake.[clarification needed The two sentences on Tronje seem to contradict; the same happens in the German article.]
All attempts to interpret Hagen's name or home are highly speculative. Although theNibelungenlied has a historic center, it was written down only centuries later, in 1200, and therefore incorporated the author's Medieval knowledge and intentions. There are suggestions that the epithet refers to more or less similar-sounding place names. However, names that have only a phonetic similarity but no meaningful link with the legend are rejected by scholars, since it is very likely that such connections are random and add nothing to the interpretation of the character. It is believed that the poet of theNibelungenlied accepted Tronje as a real place name in theBurgundian kingdom; but it is questionable that he himself knew its exact location, since the story's many geographical mistakes suggest that his knowledge of the area aroundWorms was not particularly good.
Nevertheless, a link to Hagen has been discussed regarding the following places:
In theNibelungenlied, he is called Hagen of Tronje.[1]
Some versions indicate that Hagen is the "Oheim" of the three kings, i.e. their mother Ute's brother (or brother-in-law, following a now outdatedGerman dual model of indicating and differing between matrilineal and patrilineal kinship). Some count him asGunter's,Gernot's andGiselher's "uncle" (originally a father's brother or brother-in-law, as opposed to "Oheim"), so this may more likely hint to an old custom – nearly, but not yet completely outdated – where people close to a family take over the role of a fatherly / motherly friend and acquire the "honorary title" of an uncle or aunt (see the German expression 'Nennonkel/-tante' – 'termed uncle / -aunt'). In theGerman traditions, Hagen is especially grim, implacable, and violent, and in two accounts, one-eyed.
According to theThidreks saga, Hagen was Gunnar's (senior?) half-brother. Not fully human, though, as being fathered by an elf, on the king's wife while the king was away. TheThidreks saga tells that it was Walter of Waskensten (Walter of Aquitaine) who put out Hagen's eye in a fight.[2]
In these forementioned accounts, it is Hagen who kills the heroSiegfried during a hunt, wounding him on the only part of his body which was not invulnerable. This version of the character is the most widely known and appears inWagner'sDer Ring des Nibelungen. In Norse tradition, Hagen's counterpart Högni is less extreme and the actual slayer of Sigurd (the Norse counterpart to Siegfried) is Gutthorm, a younger brother of Gunnar and Högni, who does so when egged on by his elder brothers.
In German accounts, Gunther and Hagen, along withKriemhild herself, are the final casualties of the fall of theNibelungs. Hagen refuses to reveal the hiding place of the Nibelung treasure to Kriemhild as long as his king Gunther lives. When Gunther is slain, the mortally wounded Hagen continues his refusal with sure knowledge that Gunther cannot now weaken and betray the secret, being decapitated by Kriemhild withBalmung, Siegfried's sword which Hagen had stolen after his death.
In Norse accounts, however, it is Gunnar who refuses to tell the secret toAttila the Hun as long as Högni lives, and so brings about Högni's death. Högni laughs as Attila has his heart cut out.
InAtlamál, Hniflung, a son of Hagen/Högni, avenges his father's death and the deaths of his kin, together with his auntGuðrún. This work also states that Hogni had a wife namedKostbera and two other sons: Solar and Snævar. The Drap Niflunga mentions a fourth son named Gjuki (named after Hogni's father).
In the operaGötterdämmerung, part ofThe Ring Cycle, Hagen is portrayed as the half-brother ofGunther andGutrune, illegitimately fathered by the dwarfAlberich. He is similarly depicted as evil and cunning, acting under the influence of his father and for his own interests.
The great German bassKurt Moll pointed out that Hagen's music is unique in the bass repertoire: it requires a shouting, blaring vocal technique which risks damaging the singer's voice; only very large-voiced, powerful singers can sing it.[3]
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