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Haft-rang ("seven colours") is a Persian term for a decorative technique forunderglazed ceramic tiles.[1] This decorative technique is also sometimes described as "cloisonné", "cuerda seca" or "black line".[2] The process begins with the application of multiple colours on square tiles coated with a white glaze. The colours are delineated with black painting so that they do not bleed into each other. Finally, the whole tile is fired in one step.[3] This technique is decorative and relatively easy to deploy, especially compared toMo'araq, but it does not permit an optimum firing process for each of the colours. Hence the colours are weaker, less intense, less clearly delineated, and the glazes not as strong.[3]
TheHaft-rang technique for tiles only started to be used widely in the 17th century, althoughmany examples are already known from theTimurid era, as inGawhar Shad Madrasa (1418-1434) inHerat.[2] Analysis of haft-rang tiles in Herat suggest the following technique: a white monochrome glaze is first applied on the tiles, followed by a variety of high-fire monochrome glazes separated by a black line made from a manganese-based mixture rich in iron, the whole combination being then encassed in a glass matrix.[4]
TimuridHaft-rang "cloisonné" tiles can be seen in theAq Saray Palace (1379–1396), theBibi-Khanym Mosque (1398–1405), theUlugh Beg Madrasa (Samarkand) andUlugbek Madrasah (Bukhara) (1417–1420), theGhiyathiyya Madrasa, theZaynal-Din mausoleum (1444–1445), theSheikh Ahmad-e Jami Mausoleum (1440–1441) or theGawhar Shad Madrasa inHerat (1417-1438).[4]
Haft-rang differs fromMo'araq (مُعَرَق, mosaic tiling) which is another decorative technique, usingmosaic tilework, consisting in using small shards of glazed colored tile, chipped and assembled precisely together in order to form a given design. This techniques allows for long-lasting designs with vibrant colours, and is the oldest mosaic technique used in the Middle East. In case of the specific use of ceramics, the termkǎši-ye mo'araq can be used.[5]
Haft-rang also sometimes refers to pottery glazed painting techniques in general, but in this case the designation of "Mina'i" ("enamelled" ware) is more often used.
![Colored-glaze “cloisonné” tile (haft-rang with black lines). Gawhar Shad Madrasa, 1418-1434.[2]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aColored-glaze_%25E2%2580%259Ccloisonn%25C3%25A9%25E2%2580%259D_tile_found_in_the_area_of_M5_(south-eastern_minaret_of_the_Gawhar_Shad_madrasa)%2c_Musalla_complex._Herat_National_Museum.jpg)
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In addition to these banna'i bricks, the dome is decorated with colored-glaze "cloisonné" tiles (better known as "cuerda seca"),62 as well as with cut-tile mosaics (note 62: The technique is better known as "black line", "cuerda seca" or even "haft rang" type.
The base of the dome (Figure 16) is adorned in a frieze of colored-glaze "cloisonné" tiles: the wall coverings are first coated in a white monochrome glaze, then in different high-fire monochrome glazes, separated by a black line made from a manganese-based mixture rich in iron, in a glass matrix.
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