| HTTP |
|---|
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| Request methods |
| Header fields |
| Response status codes |
| Security access control methods |
| Security vulnerabilities |
HTTP header fields are a list ofstrings sent and received by both the client program and server on every HTTP request and response. Theseheaders are usually invisible to theend-user and are only processed orlogged by the server and client applications. They define how information sent/received through the connection are encoded (as inContent-Encoding), the session verification and identification of the client (as inbrowser cookies, IP address,user-agent) or their anonymity thereof (VPN or proxy masking, user-agent spoofing), how the server should handle data (as inDo-Not-Track orGlobal Privacy Control), the age (the time it has resided in a sharedcache) of the document being downloaded, amongst others.
In HTTP version 1.x, header fields are transmitted after the request line (in case of a request HTTP message) or the response line (in case of a response HTTP message), which is the first line of a message. Header fields are colon-separated key-value pairs in clear-textstring format, terminated by acarriage return (CR) andline feed (LF) character sequence. The end of the header section is indicated by an empty field line, resulting in the transmission of two consecutive CR-LF pairs. In the past, long lines could be folded into multiple lines; continuation lines are indicated by the presence of a space (SP) or horizontal tab (HT) as the first character on the next line. This folding was deprecated in RFC 7230.[1]
HTTP/2[2] andHTTP/3 instead use abinary protocol, where headers are encoded in a singleHEADERS and zero or moreCONTINUATION frames using HPACK[3] (HTTP/2) or QPACK (HTTP/3), which both provide efficient header compression. The request or response line from HTTP/1 has also been replaced by several pseudo-header fields, each beginning with a colon (:).
A core set of fields is standardized by theInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF) inRFC 9110 and9111. TheField Names,Header Fields andRepository of Provisional Registrations are maintained by theIANA. Additional field names and permissible values may be defined by each application.
Header field names are case-insensitive.[4] This is in contrast to HTTP method names (GET, POST, etc.), which are case-sensitive.[5]
HTTP/2 makes some restrictions on specific header fields (see below).
Non-standard header fields were conventionally marked by prefixing the field name withX- but this convention was deprecated in June 2012 because of the inconveniences it caused when non-standard fields became standard.[6] An earlier restriction on use ofDowngraded- was lifted in March 2013.[7]
A few fields can contain comments (i.e. in User-Agent, Server, Via fields), which can be ignored by software.[8]
Many field values may contain a quality (q) key-value pair separated byequals sign, specifying a weight to use incontent negotiation.[9] For example, a browser may indicate that it accepts information in German or English, with German as preferred by setting theq value forde higher than that ofen, as follows:
Accept-Language: de; q=1.0, en; q=0.5
The standard imposes no limits to the size of each header field name or value, or to the number of fields. However, most servers, clients, and proxy software impose some limits for practical and security reasons. For example, the Apache 2.3 server by default limits the size of each field to 8,190 bytes, and there can be at most 100 header fields in a single request.[10]
| Name | Description | Example | Status | Standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-IM | Acceptable instance-manipulations for the request.[11] | A-IM: feed | Permanent | RFC 3229 |
| Accept | Media type(s) that is/are acceptable for the response. SeeContent negotiation. | Accept: text/html | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Accept-Charset | Character sets that are acceptable. | Accept-Charset: utf-8 | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Accept-Datetime | Acceptable version in time. | Accept-Datetime: Thu, 31 May 2007 20:35:00 GMT | Provisional | RFC 7089 |
| Accept-Encoding | List of acceptable encodings. SeeHTTP compression. | Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Accept-Language | List of acceptable human languages for response. SeeContent negotiation. | Accept-Language: en-US | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Access-Control-Request-Method, Access-Control-Request-Headers[12] | Initiates a request forcross-origin resource sharing withOrigin (below). | Access-Control-Request-Method: GET | Permanent: standard | |
| Authorization | Authentication credentials forHTTP authentication. | Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ== | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Cache-Control | Used to specify directives thatmust be obeyed by all caching mechanisms along the request-response chain. | Cache-Control: no-cache | Permanent | RFC 9111 |
| Connection | Control options for the current connection and list of hop-by-hop request fields.[13] Must not be used with HTTP/2.[14] | Connection: keep-alive | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Content-Encoding | The type of encoding used on the data. SeeHTTP compression. | Content-Encoding: gzip | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Content-Length | The length of the request body inoctets (8-bit bytes). | Content-Length: 348 | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Content-MD5 | ABase64-encoded binaryMD5 sum of the content of the request body. | Content-MD5: Q2hlY2sgSW50ZWdyaXR5IQ== | Obsolete[15] | RFC 1544,1864,4021 |
| Content-Type | TheMedia type of the body of the request (used with POST and PUT requests). | Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Cookie | AnHTTP cookie previously sent by the server withSet-Cookie (below). | Cookie: $Version=1; Skin=new; | Permanent: standard | RFC 2965,6265 |
| Date | The date and time at which the message was originated (in "HTTP-date" format as defined byRFC 9110: HTTP Semantics, section 5.6.7 "Date/Time Formats"). | Date: Tue, 15 Nov 1994 08:12:31 GMT | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Expect | Indicates that particular server behaviors are required by the client. | Expect: 100-continue | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Forwarded | Disclose original information of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy.[16] | Forwarded: for=192.0.2.60;proto=http;by=203.0.113.43Forwarded: for=192.0.2.43, for=198.51.100.17 | Permanent | RFC 7239 |
| From | The email address of the user making the request. | From: user@example.com | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Host | The domain name of the server (forvirtual hosting), and theTCP port number on which the server is listening. Theport number may be omitted if the port is the standard port for the service requested. Mandatory since HTTP/1.1.[17]If the request is generated directly in HTTP/2, it should not be used.[18] | Host: en.wikipedia.org:8080
| Permanent | RFC 9110,9113 |
| HTTP2-Settings | A request that upgrades from HTTP/1.1 to HTTP/2 MUST include exactly oneHTTP2-Settings header field. TheHTTP2-Settings header field is a connection-specific header field that includes parameters that govern the HTTP/2 connection, provided in anticipation of the server accepting the request to upgrade.[19][20] | HTTP2-Settings: token64 | Obsolete | RFC 7540,9113 |
| If-Match | Only perform the action if the client supplied entity matches the same entity on the server. This is mainly for methods like PUT to only update a resource if it has not been modified since the user last updated it. | If-Match: "737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d" | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| If-Modified-Since | Allows a304 Not Modified to be returned if content is unchanged. | If-Modified-Since: Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| If-None-Match | Allows a304 Not Modified to be returned if content is unchanged, seeHTTP ETag. | If-None-Match: "737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d" | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| If-Range | If the entity is unchanged, send me the part(s) that I am missing; otherwise, send me the entire new entity. | If-Range: "737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d" | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| If-Unmodified-Since | Only send the response if the entity has not been modified since a specific time. | If-Unmodified-Since: Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Max-Forwards | Limit the number of times the message can be forwarded through proxies or gateways. | Max-Forwards: 10 | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Origin[12] | Initiates a request forcross-origin resource sharing (asks server forAccess-Control-* response fields). | Origin: http://www.example-social-network.com | Permanent: standard | RFC 6454 |
| Pragma | Implementation-specific fields that may have various effects anywhere along the request-response chain. | Pragma: no-cache | Outdated | RFC 9111 |
| Prefer | Allows client to request that certain behaviors be employed by a server while processing a request. | Prefer: return=representation | Permanent | RFC 7240 |
| Proxy-Authorization | Authorization credentials for connecting to a proxy. | Proxy-Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ== | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Range | Request only part of an entity. Bytes are numbered from 0. SeeByte serving. | Range: bytes=500-999 | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Referer [sic] | This is the address of the previous web page from which a link to the currently requested page was followed. (The word "referrer" has been misspelled in the RFC as well as in most implementations to the point that it has become standard usage and is considered correct terminology.) | Referer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| TE | The transfer encodings the user agent is willing to accept: the same values as for the response header field Transfer-Encoding can be used, plus the "trailers" value (related to the "chunked" transfer method) to notify the server it expects to receive additional fields in the trailer after the last, zero-sized, chunk. Only | TE: trailers,deflate | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Trailer | The Trailer general field value indicates that the given set of header fields is present in the trailer of a message encoded withchunked transfer coding. | Trailer: Max-Forwards | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Transfer-Encoding | The form of encoding used to safely transfer the entity to the user.Currently defined methods are:chunked, compress, deflate, gzip, identity. Must not be used with HTTP/2.[14] | Transfer-Encoding: chunked | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| User-Agent | Theuser agent string of the user agent. | User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:12.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/12.0 | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Upgrade | Ask the server to upgrade to another protocol. Must not be used in HTTP/2.[14] | Upgrade: h2c, HTTPS/1.3, IRC/6.9, RTA/x11, websocket | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Via | Informs the server of proxies through which the request was sent. | Via: 1.0 fred, 1.1 example.com (Apache/1.1) | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Warning | A general warning about possible problems with the entity body. | Warning: 199 Miscellaneous warning | Obsolete[21] | RFC 7234,9111 |
| Field name | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Upgrade-Insecure-Requests[22] | Tells a server which (presumably in the middle of a HTTP -> HTTPS migration) hosts mixed content that the client would prefer redirection to HTTPS and can handleContent-Security-Policy: upgrade-insecure-requests | Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1 |
| X-Requested-With | Mainly used to identifyAjax requests (mostJavaScript frameworks send this field with value ofXMLHttpRequest); also identifies Android apps using WebView[23] | X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest |
| DNT[24] | Requests a web application to disable their tracking of a user. This is Mozilla's version of the X-Do-Not-Track header field (sinceFirefox 4.0 Beta 11).Safari andIE9 also have support for this field.[25] On March 7, 2011, a draft proposal was submitted to IETF.[26] TheW3C Tracking Protection Working Group is producing a specification.[27] | DNT: 1 (Do Not Track Enabled)
|
| X-Forwarded-For[28] | Ade facto standard for identifying the originating IP address of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy or load balancer. Superseded byForwarded header. | X-Forwarded-For: client1, proxy1, proxy2
|
| X-Forwarded-Host[29] | Ade facto standard for identifying the original host requested by the client in theHost HTTP request header, since the host name and/or port of the reverse proxy (load balancer) may differ from the origin server handling the request. Superseded byForwarded header. | X-Forwarded-Host: en.wikipedia.org:8080
|
| X-Forwarded-Proto[30] | Ade facto standard for identifying the originating protocol of an HTTP request, since a reverse proxy (or a load balancer) may communicate with a web server using HTTP even if the request to the reverse proxy is HTTPS. An alternative form of the header (X-ProxyUser-Ip) is used by Google clients talking to Google servers. Superseded byForwarded header. | X-Forwarded-Proto: https |
| Front-End-Https[31] | Non-standard header field used by Microsoft applications and load-balancers | Front-End-Https: on |
| X-Http-Method-Override[32] | Requests a web application to override the method specified in the request (typically POST) with the method given in the header field (typically PUT or DELETE). This can be used when a user agent or firewall prevents PUT or DELETE methods from being sent directly (this is either a bug in the software component, which ought to be fixed, or an intentional configuration, in which case bypassing it may be the wrong thing to do). | X-HTTP-Method-Override: DELETE |
| X-ATT-DeviceId[33] | Allows easier parsing of the MakeModel/Firmware that is usually found in the User-Agent String of AT&T Devices | X-Att-Deviceid: GT-P7320/P7320XXLPG |
| X-Wap-Profile[34] | Links to an XML file on the Internet with a full description and details about the device currently connecting. In the example to the right is an XML file for an AT&T Samsung Galaxy S2. | x-wap-profile:http://wap.samsungmobile.com/uaprof/SGH-I777.xml |
| Proxy-Connection[35] | Implemented as a misunderstanding of the HTTP specifications. Common because of mistakes in implementations of early HTTP versions. Has exactly the same functionality as standard Connection field. Must not be used with HTTP/2.[14] | Proxy-Connection: keep-alive |
| X-UIDH[36][37][38] | Server-sidedeep packet inspection of a unique ID identifying customers ofVerizon Wireless; also known as "perma-cookie" or "supercookie" | X-UIDH: ... |
| X-Csrf-Token[39] | Used to preventcross-site request forgery. Alternative header names are:X-CSRFToken[40] andX-XSRF-TOKEN[41] | X-Csrf-Token: i8XNjC4b8KVok4uw5RftR38Wgp2BFwql |
| X-Request-ID,[stackoverflow2 1][42] | Correlates HTTP requests between a client and server. Superseded by the traceparent header | X-Request-ID: f058ebd6-02f7-4d3f-942e-904344e8cde5 |
| Save-Data[46] | The Save-Data client hint request header available in Chrome, Opera, and Yandex browsers lets developers deliver lighter, faster applications to users who opt-in to data saving mode in their browser. | Save-Data: on |
| Sec-GPC[47] | The Sec-GPC (Global Privacy Control) request header indicates whether the user consents to a website or service selling or sharing their personal information with third parties. | Sec-GPC: 1 |
| Field name | Description | Example | Status | Standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accept-CH | RequestsHTTP Client Hints | Accept-CH: UA, Platform | Experimental | RFC 8942 |
| Access-Control-Allow-Origin, Access-Control-Allow-Credentials, Access-Control-Expose-Headers, Access-Control-Max-Age, Access-Control-Allow-Methods, Access-Control-Allow-Headers[12] | Specifying which web sites can participate incross-origin resource sharing | Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * | Permanent: standard | RFC 7480 |
| Accept-Patch[48] | Specifies which patch document formats this server supports | Accept-Patch: text/example;charset=utf-8 | Permanent | RFC 5789 |
| Accept-Ranges | What partial content range types this server supports viabyte serving | Accept-Ranges: bytes | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Age | The age the object has been in aproxy cache in seconds | Age: 12 | Permanent | RFC 9111 |
| Allow | Valid methods for a specified resource. To be used for a405 Method not allowed | Allow: GET, HEAD | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Alt-Svc[49] | A server uses "Alt-Svc" header (meaning Alternative Services) to indicate that its resources can also be accessed at a different network location (host or port) or using a different protocol When using HTTP/2, servers should instead send an ALTSVC frame.[50] | Alt-Svc: http/1.1="http2.example.com:8001"; ma=7200 | Permanent | |
| Cache-Control | Tells all caching mechanisms from server to client whether they may cache this object. It is measured in seconds | Cache-Control: max-age=3600 | Permanent | RFC 9111 |
| Connection | Control options for the current connection and list of hop-by-hop response fields.[13] Must not be used with HTTP/2.[14] | Connection: close | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Content-Disposition[51] | An opportunity to raise a "File Download" dialogue box for a known MIME type with binary format or suggest a filename for dynamic content. Quotes are necessary with special characters. | Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="fname.ext" | Permanent | RFC 2616,4021,6266 |
| Content-Encoding | The type of encoding used on the data. SeeHTTP compression. | Content-Encoding: gzip | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Content-Language | The natural language or languages of the intended audience for the enclosed content[52] | Content-Language: da | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Content-Length | The length of the response body inoctets (8-bit bytes) | Content-Length: 348 | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Content-Location | An alternate location for the returned data | Content-Location: /index.htm | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Content-MD5 | ABase64-encoded binaryMD5 sum of the content of the response | Content-MD5: Q2hlY2sgSW50ZWdyaXR5IQ== | Obsolete[15] | RFC 1544,1864,4021 |
| Content-Range | Where in a full body message this partial message belongs | Content-Range: bytes 21010-47021/47022 | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Content-Type | TheMIME type of this content | Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Date | The date and time that the message was sent (in "HTTP-date" format as defined by RFC 9110) | Date: Tue, 15 Nov 1994 08:12:31 GMT | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Delta-Base | Specifies the delta-encoding entity tag of the response.[11] | Delta-Base: "abc" | Permanent | RFC 3229 |
| ETag | An identifier for a specific version of a resource, often amessage digest | ETag: "737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d" | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Expires | Gives the date/time after which the response is considered stale (in "HTTP-date" format as defined by RFC 9110) | Expires: Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT | Permanent: standard | RFC 9111 |
| IM | Instance-manipulations applied to the response.[11] | IM: feed | Permanent | RFC 3229 |
| Last-Modified | The last modified date for the requested object (in "HTTP-date" format as defined by RFC 9110) | Last-Modified: Tue, 15 Nov 1994 12:45:26 GMT | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Link | Used to express a typed relationship with another resource, where the relation type is defined by RFC 8288 | Link: </feed>; rel="alternate"[53] | Permanent | RFC 8288 |
| Location | Used inredirection, or when a new resource has been created. |
| Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| P3P | This field is supposed to setP3P policy, in the form ofP3P:CP="your_compact_policy". However, P3P did not take off,[54] most browsers have never fully implemented it, a lot of websites set this field with fake policy text, that was enough to fool browsers the existence of P3P policy and grant permissions forthird party cookies. | P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/P3P for more info." | Permanent | |
| Pragma | Implementation-specific fields that may have various effects anywhere along the request-response chain. | Pragma: no-cache | Permanent | RFC 9111 |
| Preference-Applied | Indicates which Prefer tokens were honored by the server and applied to the processing of the request. | Preference-Applied: return=representation | Permanent | RFC 7240 |
| Proxy-Authenticate | Request authentication to access the proxy. | Proxy-Authenticate: Basic | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Public-Key-Pins[55] | HTTP Public Key Pinning, announces hash of website's authenticTLS certificate | Public-Key-Pins: max-age=2592000; pin-sha256="E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g="; | Permanent | RFC 7469 |
| Retry-After | If an entity is temporarily unavailable, this instructs the client to try again later. Value could be a specified period of time (in seconds) or a HTTP-date.[56] |
| Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Server | A name for the server | Server: Apache/2.4.1 (Unix) | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Set-Cookie | AnHTTP cookie | Set-Cookie: CookieName=CookieValue; Max-Age=3600; Version=1 | Permanent: standard | RFC 6265 |
| Strict-Transport-Security | A HSTS Policy informing the HTTP client how long to cache the HTTPS only policy and whether this applies to subdomains. | Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=16070400; includeSubDomains | Permanent: standard | |
| Trailer | The Trailer general field value indicates that the given set of header fields is present in the trailer of a message encoded withchunked transfer coding. | Trailer: Max-Forwards | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Transfer-Encoding | The form of encoding used to safely transfer the entity to the user.Currently defined methods are:chunked, compress, deflate, gzip, identity. Must not be used with HTTP/2.[14] | Transfer-Encoding: chunked | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Tk | Tracking Status header, value suggested to be sent in response to a DNT(do-not-track), possible values:"!" — under construction"?" — dynamic"G" — gateway to multiple parties"N" — not tracking"T" — tracking"C" — tracking with consent"P" — tracking only if consented"D" — disregarding DNT"U" — updated | Tk: ? | Permanent | |
| Upgrade | Ask the client to upgrade to another protocol. Must not be used in HTTP/2[14] | Upgrade: h2c, HTTPS/1.3, IRC/6.9, RTA/x11, websocket | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Vary | Tells downstream proxies how to match future request headers to decide whether the cached response can be used rather than requesting a fresh one from the origin server. |
| Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Via | Informs the client of proxies through which the response was sent. | Via: 1.0 fred, 1.1 example.com (Apache/1.1) | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| Warning | A general warning about possible problems with the entity body. | Warning: 199 Miscellaneous warning | Obsolete[21] | RFC 7234,9111 |
| WWW-Authenticate | Indicates the authentication scheme that should be used to access the requested entity. | WWW-Authenticate: Basic | Permanent | RFC 9110 |
| X-Frame-Options[57] | Clickjacking protection:deny - no rendering within a frame,sameorigin - no rendering if origin mismatch,allow-from - allow from specified location,allowall - non-standard, allow from any location | X-Frame-Options: deny | Obsolete[58] |
| Field name | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Content-Security-Policy, X-Content-Security-Policy, X-WebKit-CSP[59] | Content Security Policy definition. | X-WebKit-CSP: default-src 'self' |
| Expect-CT[60] | Notify to prefer to enforceCertificate Transparency. | Expect-CT: max-age=604800, enforce, report-uri="https://example.example/report" |
| NEL[61] | Used to configure network request logging. | NEL:{"report_to":"name_of_reporting_group","max_age":12345,"include_subdomains":false,"success_fraction":0.0,"failure_fraction":1.0} |
| Permissions-Policy[62] | To allow or disable different features or APIs of the browser. | Permissions-Policy: fullscreen=(), camera=(), microphone=(), geolocation=(), interest-cohort=()[63] |
| Refresh | Tells the browser torefresh the page orredirect to a different URL, after a given number of seconds (0 meaning immediately);or when a new resource has been created[clarification needed]. Header introduced by Netscape in 1995 and became a de facto standard supported by most web browsers. Eventually standardized in the HTML Living Standard in 2017.[64] | Refresh: 5; url=http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/People.html |
| Report-To[65] | Instructs the user agent to store reporting endpoints for an origin. | Report-To:{"group":"csp-endpoint","max_age":10886400,"endpoints":[{"url":"https-url-of-site-which-collects-reports"}]} |
| Status | CGI header field specifying thestatus of the HTTP response. Normal HTTP responses use a separate "Status-Line" instead, defined by RFC 9110.[66] | Status: 200 OK |
| Timing-Allow-Origin | TheTiming-Allow-Origin response header specifies origins that are allowed to see values of attributes retrieved via features of theResource Timing API, which would otherwise be reported as zero due to cross-origin restrictions.[67] | Timing-Allow-Origin: *
|
| X-Content-Duration[68] | Provide the duration of the audio or video in seconds. Not supported by current browsers – the header was only supported by Gecko browsers, from which support was removed in 2015.[69] | X-Content-Duration: 42.666 |
| X-Content-Type-Options[70] | The only defined value, "nosniff", preventsInternet Explorer from MIME-sniffing a response away from the declared content-type. This also applies toGoogle Chrome, when downloading extensions.[71] | X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff[72] |
| X-Powered-By[stackoverflow1 1] | Specifies the technology (e.g. ASP.NET, PHP, JBoss) supporting the web application (version details are often inX-Runtime,X-Version, orX-AspNet-Version) | X-Powered-By: PHP/5.4.0 |
| X-Redirect-By[73] | Specifies the component that is responsible for a particular redirect. | X-Redirect-By: WordPressX-Redirect-By: Polylang |
| X-Request-ID, X-Correlation-ID[stackoverflow2 1] | Correlates HTTP requests between a client and server. | X-Request-ID: f058ebd6-02f7-4d3f-942e-904344e8cde5 |
| X-UA-Compatible[74] | Recommends the preferred rendering engine (often a backward-compatibility mode) to use to display the content. Also used to activateChrome Frame in Internet Explorer. In HTML Standard, only theIE=edge value is defined.[75] | X-UA-Compatible: IE=edgeX-UA-Compatible: IE=EmulateIE7X-UA-Compatible: Chrome=1 |
| X-XSS-Protection[76] | Cross-site scripting (XSS) filter | X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block |
If a web server responds withCache-Control: no-cache then a web browser or othercaching system (intermediate proxies) must not use the response to satisfy subsequent requests without first checking with the originating server (this process is called validation). This header field is part of HTTP version 1.1, and is ignored by some caches and browsers. It may be simulated by setting theExpires HTTP version 1.0 header field value to a time earlier than the response time. Notice that no-cache is not instructing the browser or proxies about whether or not to cache the content. It just tells the browser and proxies to validate the cache content with the server before using it (this is done by using If-Modified-Since, If-Unmodified-Since, If-Match, If-None-Match attributes mentioned above). Sending a no-cache value thus instructs a browser or proxy to not use the cache contents merely based on "freshness criteria" of the cache content. Another common way to prevent old content from being shown to the user without validation isCache-Control: max-age=0. This instructs the user agent that the content is stale and should be validated before use.
The header fieldCache-Control: no-store is intended to instruct a browser application to make a best effort not to write it to disk (i.e not to cache it).
The request that a resource should not be cached is no guarantee that it will not be written to disk. In particular, the HTTP/1.1 definition draws a distinction between history stores and caches. If the user navigates back to a previous page a browser may still show you a page that has been stored on disk in the history store. This is correct behavior according to the specification. Many user agents show different behavior in loading pages from the history store or cache depending on whether the protocol is HTTP or HTTPS.
TheCache-Control: no-cache HTTP/1.1 header field is also intended for use in requests made by the client. It is a means for the browser to tell the server and any intermediate caches that it wants a fresh version of the resource. ThePragma: no-cache header field, defined in the HTTP/1.0 spec, has the same purpose. It, however, is only defined for the request header. Its meaning in a response header is not specified.[77] The behavior ofPragma: no-cache in a response is implementation specific. While some user agents do pay attention to this field in responses,[78] the HTTP/1.1 RFC specifically warns against relying on this behavior.
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As ofthis edit, this article uses content from"Why does ASP.NET framework add the 'X-Powered-By:ASP.NET' HTTP Header in responses?", authored byAdrian Grigore at Stack Exchange, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under theGFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.