HMNB Portsmouth | |
|---|---|
| Portsmouth,Hampshire, England | |
 An aerial view of HMNB Portsmouth taken in 2005 | |
| Site information | |
| Type | Naval base |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence (Defence Equipment and Support) |
| Operator | Royal Navy |
| Controlled by | Naval Base Commander, Portsmouth |
| Condition | Operational |
| Website | www |
| Location | |
  HMNB Portsmouth Location in Hampshire | |
| Coordinates | 50°48′15″N1°6′9″W / 50.80417°N 1.10250°W /50.80417; -1.10250 |
| Area | 122 hectares (300 acres) |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1194 (1194) |
| In use | 1194–present |
| Events | International Festivals of the Sea (1998, 2001 & 2005) |
| Garrison information | |
| Current commander | Commodore John Voyce OBE[1] |
| Garrison | Portsmouth Flotilla |
His Majesty's Naval Base, Portsmouth (HMNB Portsmouth) is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for theRoyal Navy (the others beingHMNB Clyde andHMNB Devonport). Portsmouth Naval Base is part of the city ofPortsmouth; it is located on the eastern shore ofPortsmouth Harbour, north of theSolent and theIsle of Wight. For centuries it was officially known asHM Dockyard, Portsmouth: as aRoyal Navy Dockyard, Portsmouth functioned primarily as astate-owned facility for building, repairing and maintainingwarships; for a time it was the largest industrial site in the world.[2]
From the 1970s, the term 'Naval Base' began to be used for Portsmouth (and other Royal Dockyards), acknowledging a greater focus on personnel and support elements alongside the traditional industrial emphases.[3] In 1984 Portsmouth's Royal Dockyard function was significantly downsized and downgraded, and was formally renamed the 'Fleet Maintenance and Repair Organisation' (FMRO).[4] The FMRO was privatised in 1998;[5] in 2002, shipbuilding (which had not taken place on site since the late 1960s) resumed in the form ofblock construction, but this again ceased in 2014.[6]
Today, Portsmouth is the home base for two-thirds of theRoyal Navy surface fleet, including the two aircraft carriers,HMS Queen Elizabeth andHMS Prince of Wales. Naval logistics, accommodation and messing are provided on site, with personnel support functions (e.g. medical and dental; education; pastoral and welfare) provided byDefence Equipment and Support. Other functions and departments, e.g.Navy Command Headquarters support staff, are also accommodated within the Naval Base.[7] The base is additionally home to a number of commercial shore activities, including the ship repair and maintenance facility operated byBAE Systems Maritime Services.
The base is the oldest in the Royal Navy, and it has been an important part of theSenior Service's history and the defence of the British Isles for centuries. It is home to one of the oldest survivingdrydocks in the world. The formerBlock Mills are of international significance, having been the first factory in the world to employ steam-powered machine tools for mass production.[8] TheRoyal Naval Museum has been on the site since 1911. In 1985 a partnership between theMinistry of Defence andPortsmouth City Council created the Portsmouth Naval Base Property Trust to manage part of the historic south-west corner of the Naval Base, under a 99-year lease, as an heritage area, thePortsmouth Historic Dockyard.[6] It allows members of the public to visit important maritime attractions such asMary Rose,HMS Victory,HMS Warrior and theNational Museum of the Royal Navy.
TheNaval Base Commander (NBC) since September 2024 isCommodore Marcel Rosenberg.[9] The harbour is under the control of theKing's Harbour Master (KHM), who is the regulatory authority of theDockyard Port of Portsmouth, an area of approximately 50 square miles (130 km2) that encompasses Portsmouth Harbour and the Eastern Solent. KHM Harbour Control is based in theSemaphore Tower building. Shipping movements are handled by a team of admiralty pilots headed by the Chief Admiralty Pilot.[10]
In 1836 theCommander-in-Chief, Portsmouth was given accommodation within the Dockyard (in Admiralty House) and in 1889 he was givenHMS Victory to be his ceremonialflagship. These privileges were inherited by theCommander-in-Chief Naval Home Command (whose post was combined with that ofSecond Sea Lord in 1994), who continued to fly his flag from HMSVictory until 2012. That year the post ofCommander-in-Chief reverted to theFirst Sea Lord, and with it the use ofVictory as flagship. The Second Sea Lord is now based at theHenry Leach Building onWhale Island, which is also the headquarters of theFleet Commander.[11]
Some of the following ships (e.g. the patrol vessels) are not based in Portsmouth, but form part of thePortsmouth Flotilla.[12]
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In changes to base porting arrangements announced in November 2017, HM ShipsWestminster,Richmond,Kent andSt Albans were to move to theHMNB Devonport by 2023; HM ShipHMS Argyll moved in the opposite direction.HMS Monmouth andHMS Montrose were also to move to Portsmouth. However,Monmouth retired in 2021,Montrose decommissioned in 2023 andArgyll andWestminster followed in 2024.Richmond became a Devonport ship on completion of her refit.St Albans moved to Devonport in July 2019 in preparation for her major refit.[16] In 2025, it was confirmed that HMSIron Duke would relocate from Portsmouth to the Devonport naval base. Once HMSLancaster completed herPersian Gulf deployment in 2025, it was expected that she would decommission thus ending the basing of Type 23 frigates at Portsmouth.[17]
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Mine countermeasures mothership for autonomous systems
Portsmouth Historic Dockyard is the name given to the portion of the base which is open to the public; it plays host to:[28]
The Portsmouth Naval Base Property Trust was established in 1985 (by the Ministry of Defence, English Heritage and Portsmouth City Council); it was granted a 99-year lease on the 12-acre site now known as Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, and this area was then fenced off from the working part of the dockyard.[34] In 2009 it acquired in addition the leasehold ofPriddy's Hard (a formerRN Armament Depot on the other side of the harbour). In 2024 the charity was renamed Portsmouth Historic Quarter Trust;[35] its main offices are in the former Police Superintendent's house, next to the Porters' Lodge.[36]
The Trust functions as the custodian of 'historic buildings, boats and spaces in and around Portsmouth Harbour', aiming to preserve and develop the 'rich maritime heritage and vibrant culture' of its sites, through 'building regeneration, boat restoration, volunteer activity and community collaboration'.[37] It manages the areas of the Historic Dockyard that can be accessed free of charge, including Boathouse 4, Boathouse 7 and various outdoor spaces.[38]
The trust has long sought to extend the area of the Historic Dockyard to cover Dry Docks 4 and 5 and the historicBlock Mills building (among others). In 2015 an architectural design competition for the project was won byLatz and Partner;[39] however, the Ministry of Defence subsequently indicated that property to the north of the Mary Rose will not now be ceded for several years at least, due to the site's proximity to the berth of the newQueen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers.[34]
Along withWoolwich,Deptford,Chatham andPlymouth, Portsmouth has been one of the mainRoyal Navy Dockyards or Bases throughout its history.
Richard I ordered construction of the first dock on the site in 1194, while his successorJohn added walls around the area in 1212.[40] The docks were used by various kings when embarking on invasions of France through the 13th and 14th centuries, including theSaintonge War in 1242.Edward II ordered all ports on the south coast to assemble their largest vessels at Portsmouth to carry soldiers and horses to theDuchy of Aquitaine in 1324 to strengthen defences.[41]
The first recorded dry dock in the world was built in Portsmouth byHenry VII in 1495. The first warship built here was theSweepstake of 1497; of more significance were the carracksMary Rose of 1509 andPeter Pomegranate of 1510—both were rebuilt here in 1536. The wreck of theMary Rose (which capsized in 1545, but was raised in 1982) is on display in a purpose-built museum. A fourth Tudor warship was thegalleassJennett, built in 1539 and enlarged as a galleon in 1559.[42]
The appointment of one Thomas Jermyn as Keeper of the Dock at Portsmouth is recorded in 1526, with a Clerk of the Stores being appointed from 1542.[43] Contemporary records suggest that the dry dock was enlarged and rebuilt in 1523 in order to accommodate theHenry Grace à Dieu (the largest ship of the fleet at that time); but a hundred years later it is described as being filled with rubble.[44]
Following the establishment ofChatham Dockyard in the mid-1500s, no new naval vessels were built here until 1648, but ships from Portsmouth were a key part of the fleet that drove off theSpanish Armada in 1588.[45]
Naval shipbuilding at Portsmouth recommenced under theEnglish Commonwealth, the first ship being the eponymousfourth-rate frigatePortsmouth launched in 1650. (Portsmouth had been aparliamentarian town during thecivil war.) A residentCommissioner was first appointed in 1649; fifteen years later the Commissioner was provided with a house, and extensive gardens, at the centre of the yard.[47] A new double dry dock (i.e. double the standard length so as to accommodate two ships at once) was built by the Commonwealth government in 1656, on what was then the tip of land at the north-west corner of the yard. It was joined by a single dry dock, just to the south; the yard's one shipbuilding slip (completed in 1651) stood between the two docks. These would all have been built of timber, rather than stone.[47]
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By 1660 the dockyard had, in addition to these large-scale facilities for shipbuilding and repairs, a newrope house (1,095 ft (334 m) in length) and a variety of small storehouses, workshops and dwellings arranged around the site, which was now enclosed by a woodenpalisade. Afterthe Restoration, there was continued investment in the site with the excavation of a new mast pond, begun in 1664, alongside which a mast house was built in 1669.[48] Between 1665 and 1668Bernard de Gommefortified the dockyard with an earthenrampart (complete with onebastion and twodemi-bastions), as part of his widerfortification of Portsmouth and Gosport.[49]
As France began to pose more of a military threat to England, the strategic importance of Portsmouth grew. In 1689, Parliament ordered a new dry dock to be built there, large enough to accommodate the latestfirst-rate andsecond-rateships of the line (which were too big for the existing docks). Work began in 1691; as with all subsequent extensions to the dockyard, the new works were built onreclaimed land (on what had been mud flats, to north of the old double dock) and the civil engineering involved was on an unprecedented scale.[50]
The work was entrusted toEdmund Dummer, naval engineer andsurveyor to the Navy Board. His new dry dock (the "Great Stone Dock" as it was called) was built to a pioneering new design, using brick and stone rather than wood and with an increased number of 'altars' or steps (the stepped sides allowed shorter timbers to be used for shoring and made it much easier for shipwrights to reach the underside of vessels needing repair). Extensively rebuilt in 1769, the Great Stone Dock is now known as No.5 dock.[50]
Along with the new dock, Dummer proposed that twowet docks (non-tidal basins) be built: the first ("Lower") Wet Dock was entered directly from the harbour and provided access to the Great Stone Dock; since much expanded, it remains in place (now known as "No. 1 Basin"). The second ("Upper") Wet Dock was entered by way of a channel. To empty the dry dock, Dummer designed a unique system which used water from the Upper Wet Dock to drive a water-wheel on theebb tide, which in turn powered a set of pumps. (At high tide, an auxiliary set of pumps was used, powered by ahorse gin.)[3]
In 1699 Dummer adapted the channel leading to the Upper Wet Dock, enabling it to be closed off at each end by a set of gates, thus forming a second dry dock (called the "North Stone Dock" after it was rebuilt with stone altars in 1737, and known today as No 6 dock). Severed from the harbour, the Upper Wet Dock became a reservoir into which water from various nearby dry docks could be drained; it was vaulted and covered over at the end of the eighteenth century, but still exists today underground.[3] By 1700 a shipbuilding slip had been constructed off the (Lower) Wet Dock, parallel with the dry dock (roughly where No 4 dry dock is today).[51]
Between 1704 and 1712 a brick wall was built around the Dockyard, following the line ofthe town's 17th-century fortifications; together with a contemporary (though altered) gate and lodge, much of the wall still stands, serving its original purpose.[52] A terrace of houses for the senior officers of the yard was built at around this time (Long Row, 1715–19);[53] later in the century it was joined by a further terrace (Short Row, 1787).[54] In 1733 aRoyal Naval Academy for officer cadets was established within the Dockyard, the Navy's first shore-based training facility and a forerunner ofBritannia Royal Naval College inDartmouth.[55]
The second half of the eighteenth century was a key period in the development of Portsmouth (and indeed of the other Royal Dockyards). A substantial planned programme of expansion and modernisation was undertaken from 1761 onwards, driven (as would be future periods of expansion) by increases both in the size of individual ships and in the overall size of the fleet. In the 1760s the Lower Wet Dock (by then known as the Great Basin) was deepened, the Great Stone Dock was rebuilt and a new dry dock (known today as No 4 dock) was built alongside it over a five-year period from 1767. During 1771–76 the former Upper Wet Dock was reconfigured to serve as a reservoir into which water from the dry docks could be drained by way of culverts (enabling ships to be dry docked much more speedily). From 1789 work was begun on replacing the old wooden South Dock with a modern stone dry dock (known today as No 1 dock, it currently accommodates the museum ship HMSM33).[56]
North of the reservoir a channel was dug leading to a new boat basin, beyond which severalshipbuilding slips were constructed onreclaimed land at what became known as the North Corner of the dockyard.[6] The rest of the reclaimed land was given over to storage space for timber withsaw pits andseasoning sheds alongside, as shown in the dockyard model of 1774.[57]
Several of Portsmouth Dockyard's most notable historic buildings date from this period, with several older wooden structures being replaced in brick on a larger scale. The three great storehouses (Nos 9, 10 & 11)[58][59][60] were built between 1764 and 1785 on a wharf, alongside a deep canal (orcamber) which allowed transport and merchant vessels to moor and load or unload goods; the camber was rebuilt inPortland stone between 1773 and 1785.[47] On the other side of the camber, on newly reclaimed land, two more sizeable brick storehouses were built to serve as a sail loft and a rigging store; the reclaimed land was later named Watering Island after a fresh water supply was provided for ships mooring alongside.[3]
The Great Ropehouse, a double ropery over 1,000 ft (300 m) in length, dates from the same period. It is, however, the sixth ropehouse (since 1665) to have stood on the site. Both its immediate predecessors were destroyed by fire (in 1760 and 1770) and the current building was itself gutted by fire in 1776 as the result of anarson attack.[61] It was called a 'double' ropery because the spinning and laying stages took place in the same building (on different floors) rather than on two separate sites. Other buildings associated with ropemaking (includinghemp houses, ahatchelling house,tarring house and storehouses) were laid out alongside and parallel to the ropehouse; they largely date from the same period.[6]
Later, in 1784, a large new house was built for the Dockyard Commissioner.[62] Unusually for the time it was designed by a civilian architect (Samuel Wyatt, withThomas Telford as clerk-of-works); most other dockyard buildings were designed in-house. The dockyardchapel, built eighty years earlier, was demolished to make way for the new Commissioner's house and a new chapel (St Ann's Church) was built nearby.[63] At the same time a set of offices for the senior officers of the yard was built (in place of an earlier office block), overlooking the docks and basin; it continues to provide office space to this day.[64]
After the old Commissioner's House had been demolished, four identical quadrangular buildings were built, flanking the timber ground east of the Basin; as well as providing storage space, they accommodated workshops for a variety of trades, including joiners, wheelwrights, wood-carvers, capstan-makers and various other craftsmen.[65] A newsmithery was also built nearby, immediately to the north (the latest in a succession of smiths' shops to have been built on the site); dating from 1791, it was mainly occupied with anchor making. Ten years later this process was vividly described: "The immense masses of the anchors, the ponderous hammers, the vast size of the bellows, the roaring of the flaming furnaces, the reverberations of the falling cumbrous hammers, and the fiery pieces of metal flying in all directions, are truly awful, grand and picturesque".[66]
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In 1796Samuel Bentham was appointed Inspector General of Naval Works bythe Admiralty with the brief of modernising the Royal Dockyards. As such, he took on responsibility for overseeing the continued rebuilding at Portsmouth and initiated further key engineering works. A prolific inventor and precision engineer, Bentham's initiatives at Portsmouth ranged from instituting new management principles in the manufacturing departments to developing the first successful steam-poweredbucket dredger, which began work in the harbour in 1802.[47]
The 1761 rebuilding plan had envisaged the old wooden double dock being refurbished, but Bentham instead proposed expanding the Basin (building over the double dock in the process) and adding a further pair of single docks built entirely of stone (unlike previous 'stone docks' which had had timber floors). The proposal was accepted; the new docks (now known as Nos 2 and 3 docks) were completed in 1802-3 and are still in place today (accommodating HMSVictory and theMary Rose respectively).[67] While constructing a new entrance to the Basin, Bentham introduced the innovation of an inverted masonry arch to tie together the walls on either side. He went on to use the same principle in constructing the new dry docks attached to the basin; it soon became standard for dock construction around the world. In constructing the docks and basin he made pioneering use ofSmeaton's waterproofcement. He also designed a "ship caisson" to close off the entrance to the basin (another innovation which soon became a standard design).[68]
To deal with the increasing number of docks, Bentham in 1797 proposed replacing one of the horse pumps above the reservoir with a steam engine. His plan was that the engine should be used not only to drain the reservoir (by night) but also to drive a sawmill and woodworking machinery (during the day); he also envisaged linking it to a freshwater well, to enable water to be pumped through a network of pipes to various parts of the dockyard. Atable engine, designed by Bentham's staff chemistJames Sadler, was installed in 1799; it represented the first use of steam power in a Royal Naval Yard. By 1800 a second steam engine (aBoulton & Watt beam engine) was being installed alongside the first. Meanwhile, Bentham designed and built a series of subterranean vaulted chambers over the reservoir, upon which he erected a pair of parallel three-storey workshops to contain reciprocating and circular saws, planning machines and morticing machines, built to his own designs, to be driven by the two engines (which were accommodated together with their boilers in the south workshop). Tanks installed on the upper floor provided ahead of water for Bentham's aforementioned dockyard-wide pipe network, providing both salt water for firefighting and fresh water for various uses (including, for the first time, provision of drinking water to ships on the wharves) sourced from a newly sunk 274 ft well.[48]
Between the two Wood Mills buildings a single-storey workshop was built in 1802 to accommodate what soon came to be recognised as the world's first steam-powered factory for mass production:Portsmouth Block Mills.[8]Marc Brunel, father ofIsambard Kingdom Brunel, famously designed the machines, which manufactured ships'pulley blocks through a total of fifteen separate stages of production. Having been presented with Brunel's designs, which would be built byHenry Maudslay, Bentham incorporated them into his woodworking complex and linked them to the engines by way ofline shafts.[69]
At the same time as building his Wood Mills, Bentham, with his deputySimon Goodrich, was constructing a Metal Mills complex a little to the north-east. Alongside a smithery were acopper-smelting furnace andrefinery, and a steam engine which drove arolling mill andtilt hammers. Begun in 1801, these facilities were for recycling thecopper sheathing of ships' hulls. In 1804 the works were extended to accommodate machinery for the rolling of iron to make bars and bolts. Amillwrights' shop was also established nearby. The Wood Mills, Block Mills, Metal Mills and Millwrights' department were all placed under Goodrich's supervision as Mechanist to the Royal Navy.[70]
In 1800, the Royal Navy had 684 ships and the Dockyard was the largest industrial complex in the world. In 1805 HoratioNelson toured the newly opened block mills before embarking from Portsmouth on HMSVictory, leaving Britain for the last time before his death at the Battle of Trafalgar.[69]
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From 1814 wooden covers were built over some of the slips and docks, to designs byRobert Seppings.
From 1815 the system of Dockyard apprenticeship was supplemented by the establishment of aSchool of Naval Architecture in Portsmouth (for training potential Master Shipwrights), initially housed in the building which faces Admiralty House on South Terrace.[71] Taking on students from the age of 14, this was the forerunner of Portsmouth Dockyard School (later Technical College) which continued to provide specialist training until 1970.[72]
The adoption ofsteam propulsion for warships led to large-scale changes in the Royal Dockyards, which had been built in theage of sail. The Navy's first 'steam factory' was built atWoolwich in 1839; but it soon became clear that the site was far too small to cope with this revolutionary change in ship building and maintenance.[73]
Therefore, in 1843, work began in Portsmouth on furtherreclamation of land to the north of the then Dockyard to create a new 7-acrebasin (known today as No 2 Basin) with a sizeable factory alongside for manufacturingmarine steam engines. The Steam Factory, on the western edge of the basin, housed a series of workshops: for construction and repair of boilers, forpunching andshearing and for heavyturning; there was also an erecting shop for assembling the finished engines.[74] The upper floor housedpattern shops, fitting shops and other light engineering workshops.Line shafts throughout were powered by an 80hp steam engine accommodated to the rear. A new Brass and Iron Foundry was also built soon afterwards, on the southern edge of the basin,[75] and in 1852 the Great Steam Smithery was opened alongside the Steam Factory (where Bentham's Metal Mills had formerly stood), containing a pair ofsteam hammers designed byJames Nasmyth.[76] The infrastructure and buildings were designed by a group ofRoyal Engineer officers, overseen by Captains SirWilliam Denison andHenry James.[48] (The new steam basin was built over what had been the boat pond and boat houses; so in 1845 a new facility (No 6 Boathouse) was built alongside the mast pond, to the south, which was converted into a boat pond.)[6]
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Three new dry docks were constructed over the next 20 years, opening off the new basin, and another was built on reclaimed land west of the basin, immediately north of the shipbuilding slips. The slips were now five in number, with Nos. 3–5 being covered by interlinking metal roofs (believed to have comprised the widest iron span in Britain when built in 1845).[6]
Developments in shipbuilding technology, however, led to several of the new amenities having to be rebuilt and expanded (almost as soon as they were finished).[3] A much larger Iron Foundry was opened in 1861, immediately to the east of its predecessor; it was further expanded in the following decade.[77] In 1867 a very large Armour Plate Workshop was opened, filling the space between the new North and South dry docks on the eastern side of the basin.[48]
In 1860 policing of the dockyard was also transferred to the newNo. 2 Division of the Metropolitan Police, a role it fulfilled until 1933.[78]
Technological change affected not only ships' means of propulsion, but the materials from which they were built. By 1860 wooden warships, vulnerable as they were to modern armaments, had been rendered largely obsolescent. The changeover to metal hulls not only required new building techniques, but also heralded a dramatic and ongoing increase in the potential size of new vessels. The Dockyards found themselves having to expand in kind. At Portsmouth, plans were drawn up in the late 1850s for further land reclamation north and east of the new Steam Basin, and from 1867 work was begun on a complex of three new interconnected basins, each of 14–22 acres. Each basin served a different purpose: ships would proceed from the repairing basin, to the rigging basin, to the fitting-out basin, and exit from there into a new tidal basin, ready to take on fuel alongside the sizeablecoaling wharf there.[79]
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Three dry docks were also constructed as part of the plan, as well as parallel pair of sizeablelocks for entry into the basin complex; the contemporarypumping station which stands nearby not only served to drain these docks and locks, but also delivered compressed air to power equipment around the edges of the basins:[80] five cranes, seven caissons and forty capstans were run on compressed air from the pump house.[48]
The "Great Extension" of Portsmouth Dockyard was largely completed by 1881.[3] Alongside the new Basins new buildings were erected, on a huge scale, to accommodate new manufacturing and construction processes. These included a gun-mounting workshop (built alongside the pumping station in 1881) which producedgun turrets, and atorpedo workshop (built to the east of No 12 dock in 1886).[48]
Before the end of the century, it was recognised that there would have to be still further expansion across all the Royal Dockyards in order to keep pace with the increasing likely size of future naval vessels. At Portsmouth two more dry docks, Nos 14 & 15, were built alongside the Repairing Basin in 1896; (within ten years these, together with the adjacent docks 12 & 13, had to be extended, and by the start of World War I Dock No 14 was over 720 ft in length).[81]
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In 1843 construction began on a railway system within the dockyard. In 1846 this was connected toPortsmouth Town railway station via what became known as the Admiralty Line. By 1952 there was over 27 miles of track within the dockyard.[82] Its use declined in the 1970s: the link to the mainline was closed in 1977 and locomotives ceased operating within the yard the following year.[6]
In 1876 a railway station was built on what became known as South Railway Jetty on Watering Island (west of the Semaphore Tower). It was served by a separate branch line which crossed the South Camber by way of aswing bridge and continued on a viaduct over theforeshore, joining the main line just east ofPortsmouth Harbour railway station.[83]
A small railway station and ornamental cast-iron shelter served in particular the needs ofQueen Victoria and her family, who would often transfer from yacht to train at this location; this line soon became the main arrival/departure route for personnel.[84] The swing bridge and viaduct were damaged in the wartime blitz and subsequently dismantled in 1946. The Royal Naval Railway Shelter has recently been moved to the other side of the island and restored.[6]
By the end of the 19th century, No 5 Slip had been uncovered and extended (to a length of 666 feet (203 m)) to become the yard's principal shipbuilding slip. At the same time the adjacent dry dock (No 9) was filled in to provide space for stacking steel plates, alongside which a further smithery (No 3 Engine Smithery) was erected in 1903.[6] Meanwhile, slips 1–4 were repurposed (being no longer large enough for warship construction). Before long Nos 4 and 3 had been filled in, and the space beneath their cast iron covers converted into a shipbuilding workshop (No 3 Ship Shop); the neighbouring No 2 Slip was used for hauling uptorpedo boat destroyers for a time, while No 1 was used as a boat slip.[85]
In 1900 the Third class cruiserHMSPandora was launched, followed by the armoured cruisersKent in 1901 andSuffolk in 1903. Two battleships of the pre-DreadnoughtKing Edward VII Class were launched in 1904—Britannia andNew Zealand.[86]
The first modern battleship,Dreadnought, was built in 1905–06, taking one day more than a year. Furtherdreadnoughts followed—Bellerophon in 1907,St. Vincent in 1908,Orion in 1910,King George V in 1911,Iron Duke in 1912 andQueen Elizabeth in 1913.[87]
Electrification came to the Yard with the opening of a 9,800 kW power station in 1906. At this time the 1846 Steam Factory still served as the dockyard's main heavy engineering complex, but the following year a very large New Steam Factory (to the east of No 12 dock) was opened. Equipped for the repair and maintenance ofsteam turbine propulsion units, it was soon put to the task offitting out dreadnoughts. Nearby a new boiler shop had recently been built (south of No 13 dock), together with a new sawmill. Dry-docking provision was further increased in 1912 through the addition of anAdmiralty Floating Dock, large enough to accommodate a dreadnought, which was moored just off Fountain Lake Jetty.[48]
The largest Naval ships were now too large for the interlocking basins, so to guarantee access to the new dry docks the intervening walls between the basins were removed to create a single large non-tidal body of water (No 3 Basin), with a pair of 850 ft entrance locks being built at the same time. These (C & D locks) were operational from 1914, and they, together with the enlarged basin and docks, have remained in use, largely unaltered, ever since.[3]On 8 April 1913, Portsmouth Dockyard opened the first of two new large 850 ft long drydock locks directly connecting Portsmouth Harbour to No.3 Basin, the first named 'C' Lock. A year later, 'D' Lock was opened in April 1914.[88]
In one of the more serioussuffragette attacks that happened before the First World War, a fire was purposely started at the dockyard on 20 December 1913, in which two men were killed after it spread through the industrial area.[89] In the midst of the firestorm, the battlecruiserQueen Mary, had to be towed to safety to avoid the flames.[90]
The largest vessel launched at Portsmouth during World War I was the 27,500-ton battleshipRoyal Sovereign in 1915. The only other launchings during the war were the submarinesJ1 andJ2 in 1915, andK1,K2 andK5 in 1916. Some 1,200 vessels, however, underwent a refit at Portsmouth during the course of the War, and over the same period 1,658 ships were either hauled up the slipways or placed in dry-dock for repairs.[91]
For the duration of the war significant numbers of women were employed in the yard, including in the erstwhile male domains of the Engineering Department, the Electrical Department and the Constructive Department. By the end of the war a total of 2,122 women were employed; 280 worked as clerks, the rest were manual workers.[48]
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The period after the war was inevitably a time of contraction at the Dockyard, and there were many redundancies. In accordance with the Government'sTen Year Rule the Dockyard worked over the next decade and a half with a presumption of enduring peace rather than future conflict.[93]
The majority of warships launched at Portsmouth following the end of the War were cruisers—Effingham in 1921,Suffolk in 1926,London in 1927,Dorsetshire in 1929,Neptune in 1933, andAmphion andAurora in 1934. There were also four destroyers—Comet and her sisterCrusader in 1931, and theflotilla leadersDuncan in 1932 andExmouth in 1934. The only other vessels launched between the wars were the mining tendersNightingale in 1931 andSkylark in 1932.[94]
In 1922 HMSVictory was brought into No 2 Dry Dock (where she remains to this day). She was opened to the public on 17 July 1928, and ten years later a museum building (theVictory Gallery) was opened nearby to house works of art and other items related to the ship (includingW L Wyllie'sPanorama of the Battle of Trafalgar).[95]
New Dockyard facilities in this period included a Steel Foundry, built in 1926, and the CentralMetallurgical Laboratory, established ten years later. The "Semaphore Tower" was opened in 1930, a facsimile of its namesake (dating from 1810–24) which had been destroyed in a fire in 1913. The arch beneath incorporates the Lion Gate, once part of the 18th-centuryfortifications.[96] The original Semaphore Tower had been erected between a sizeable pair of buildings: the Rigging Store and Sail Loft (both of 1784), which perished in the same fire; in the end only one of the pair was rebuilt, as a five-storey office block.[6] In 1937 work began on a new boathouse (No 4 Boathouse), which replaced the last working masthouse of the yard (in place there since c.1700). Construction was halted by the start of the Second World War, and the southern half of the new building was never completed;[48] during the war it was fully occupied with buildinglanding craft, small boats andmidget submarines.[6]
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The destroyer flotillas (the capital ships having been evacuated toScapa Flow), were essential to the defence of theEnglish Channel, particularly duringOperation Dynamo (the Dunkirk evacuation) and against any potentialGerman Invasion. The base itself served a major refit and repair role. The Germans realised this importance and the city and base in particular was heavily bombed.[97]
Portsmouth and the Naval Base itself were the headquarters and main departure point for the military and naval units destined forSword Beach on theNormandy coast as a part ofOperation Overlord and theD-Day landings on 6 June 1944. Troops destined for each of the landing beaches left from Portsmouth aboard vessels such as the armed merchant cruisers HMCSPrince Henry and HMCSPrince David, escorted by the Canadian destroyers HMCSAlgonquin andSioux. The majority of the naval support for the operation left from Portsmouth, including theMulberry Harbours. Boathouse 4 (built around the start of hostilities) contributed to the construction oflanding craft and support vessels as well as more specialised craft such asmidget submarines.[6]
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There was much rebuilding, demolition and consolidation of bomb-damaged buildings in the aftermath of the Second World War. At the same time, a number of returning ships were refitted in the yard (while others were de-equipped, ready for scrapping).[48] The Dockyard was kept busy with refitting and modernisation works through the 1950s and 60s. Private yards were used to a greater extent for shipbuilding, but five new frigates were launched at Portsmouth in this time. Numbers employed in the dockyard remained steadily above 16,000 through the 1950s and early '60s; but a Defence Review published in 1966 signalled a significant reduction in the size of the fleet and a parallel downsizing of workforces in the Royal Dockyards.[99]
In the decade that followed No 5 shipbuilding slip was taken out of commission; it was infilled (along with the other remaining slips at the north corner) and the adjacent buildings were demolished. Nevertheless, elsewhere in the yard a number of new workshops and other facilities were built in the 1970s, especially around Nos 12–15 docks (including a large Heavy Plate Shop, now the Steel Production Hall, built on the site of the Edwardian Boiler Shop).[6]
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In June 1981, however, the government announced that shipbuilding would cease at Portsmouth, that the workforce would be reduced from just under 7,000 to 1,225 and that the erstwhile Royal Dockyard would become a Fleet Maintenance & Repair Organisation (FMRO) with a minor support and repair role (Devonport and Rosyth would take over major refits and ship modernisation work).[47] The run-down of the Dockyard was put on hold, however, at the start of theFalklands Conflict, with all available hands being put to the task of preparing theFalklands Task Force.[100]
In 1982Argentina invaded theFalkland Islands. In response atask force of British military and merchant ships was dispatched from Portsmouth Naval Base to the islands in the South Atlantic to reclaim them for the United Kingdom.[100]
The task force consisted of the following ships:[101]
Following some losses, the majority of these ships returned to Portsmouth later that year.[102]
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Thereafter, some of the cuts that had been proposed in the1981 Defence White Paper were reversed. The retention of a larger fleet meant that a larger workforce was retained at Portsmouth than had been envisaged (around 2,800); however the run-down of the old Dockyard went ahead, with dry docks 1–7 being closed, just under half the dockside cranes demolished and ten out of the nineteen major workshops on the site taken out of service.[47] The dockyard's 'Edwardianpiece de résistance', the Great Factory of 1905, ceased manufacturing in 1986 and was converted to serve as a warehouse (at the end of the century it was linked by monorail to other nearby buildings to create a large Central Storage and Distribution Facility).[6]
In the older parts of the dockyard several buildings, ranging from storehouses to foundries, were converted for office use; this trend continued in later years. Similarly, the Great Steam Smithery (1852) adjoining the Steam Factory (aka No 2 Ship Shop) underwent conversion in 1993 to provide squash courts, offices, messrooms and a self-service laundry.[6] In the same year, Victory Building, a new neo-Georgian office block, was opened on a prominent site facing the historic No 1 basin (just one of several new office blocks built across the dockyard site in each decade of the second half of the century); it accommodated staff of the Second Sea Lord, relocated there from London.[103]
In 1998 the work of the FMRO was contracted out to theprivate sector in the shape ofFleet Support Limited.[47]
In the summer of 2005 Portsmouth Naval Base and the Solent played host to two special events organised as part of theTrafalgar 200 commemorations recognising the 200th Anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar. These were theInternational Fleet Review and theInternational Festival of the Sea.[104]
In 2007 it was reckoned that the Royal Navy/MOD directly employed 9,774 people at Portsmouth, of whom 5,680 were ships' crew and the rest either service personnel or civilian employees working in the naval base. In addition, there were 3,834 private-sector employees on the base, including defence contractors, sub-contractors and heritage-related workers.[105]
Shipbuilding recommenced on the site in 2003 following the construction of a facility byVT Group on the site of No. 13 dry dock (having relocated there from the oldThornycroft Yard inWoolston, Southampton).Modular construction of warships took place in an interlinked complex of large buildings: the Steelwork Production Hall, the Unit Construction Hall and the Ship Assembly Hall. Construction of modules for theType 45 destroyers andQueen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers took place here, latterly underBAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships. The project was intended to secure the base's future for the next forty years and revitalise shipbuilding in the city;[106] but in 2013 it was announced that, due to budget cuts, the shipbuilding facility in Portsmouth would close in favour of BAE keeping its yards in Glasgow open.[47] (There was speculation at the time that this was to help retain Scotland in the union during the2014 Scottish independence referendum.)[107]
BAE Systems, having subsumed Fleet Support Ltd, continues to manage ship repair and maintenance facilities around No. 3 Basin at Portsmouth. As of 2016 the former shipbuilding complex was being used for repairingminehunters and other small craft.[108]
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In 2013 a £100 million upgrade of the naval base facilities and harbour was begun, in preparation for the arrival of the two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers (Portsmouth having been chosen to serve as their home base).[47] These ships required the harbour to be dredged to allow safe entry and exit.[109] Victory Jetty and the Middle Slip Jetty were strengthened and upgraded (the latter being renamed Princess Royal Jetty on completion of the works), so as to enable both carriers to lay alongside at the same time. HMSQueen Elizabeth arrived in Portsmouth in 2017, and HMSPrince of Wales followed two years later.[110]
From 1546 until 1832 prime responsibility for administeringH.M. Royal Navy Dockyards lay with theNavy Board, andresident commissioners who were naval officers though civilian employees of the Navy Board, not sea officers[111] in charge of the day-to-day operational running of the dockyard and superintendence of its staff, following the abolition of that board its functions were merged within theAdmiralty and a new post styledAdmiral-superintendent was established the admiral-superintendent usually held the rank ofrear-admiral though sometimesvice-admiral. His immediate subordinate was an officer known as thecaptain of the dockyard (or captain of the port from 1969). This followed the appointment of a (civilian) Chief Executive of the Royal Dockyards in September 1969[112] and the creation of a centralised Royal Dockyards Management Board.[113] Admiral-superintendents ceased to be appointed in the royal navy after 15 September 1971, and existing post-holders were renamedport admirals.[114] In May 1971 the post was renamed Flag Officer, Portsmouth and Admiral Superintendent until July 1971 when it was renamed Flag Officer, Spithead and Port Admiral until August 1975, the post name was changed again to Flag Officer, Portsmouth and Port Admiral until October 1996 when it ceased to exist as a separate command that was then absorbed into theFirst Flotilla Command later renamed Portsmouth Flotilla.[115]
The presence of the Dockyard and Fleet led to the establishment of a variety of other naval and military installations in and around Portsmouth over the years, some of which are listed below.
TheFortifications of Portsmouth were developed over several centuries to protect the fleet and dockyard from attacks either by land or by sea. From 1665Bernard de Gomme oversaw construction ofdefensive Lines around both Portsmouth (the Dockyard and theold town) andGosport (on the opposite side ofPortsmouth Harbour). These defences were extended in the 18th century, before being superseded in the 19th by thePalmerston forts which encircle Portsmouth on and off-shore.
These fortifications required substantial numbers of personnel to man them and, from the mid-18th century onwards, they (together with other troops who were either stationed in the garrison or preparing to embark overseas) were accommodated in a variety ofbarracks in and around the city. By 1900 these included:
According to thecensus over 6,000 men were living in barracks in the Portsmouth area in 1911.[145]
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The head of HMNB Portsmouth is titled Naval Base Commander (Portsmouth).
(decorations and ranks detailed at the time of being in Command, and do not reflect subsequent promotions, or honours and awards)
Royal Navy: HMNB Portsmouth gets new commander as Commodore Rosenberg replaces Commodore Voyce
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