The FrenchHADOPI law (French:Haute Autorité pour la Diffusion des Œuvres et la Protection des droits d'auteur sur Internet,[1][a] English: "Supreme Authority for the Distribution of Works and Protection of Copyright on the Internet") orCreation and Internet law (French:la loi Création et Internet) was introduced during 2009, providing what is known as agraduated response as a means to encourage compliance withcopyright laws. HADOPI is theacronym of the government agency created to administer it.
The part of theHADOPI law that allowed for suspension of Internet access to a repeat infringer was revoked on 8 July 2013 by the French government because that penalty was considered to be disproportionate. The power to impose fines or other sanctions on repeat infringers remains in effect.
In January 2022, the Hadopi agency merged with theHigh Audiovisual Council (CSA), to form theRegulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication (Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique; ARCOM).[2]
Despite strong backing from PresidentNicolas Sarkozy, the bill was rejected by theFrench National Assembly on 9 April 2009.[3][4][5] TheFrench government asked for reconsideration of the bill by the French National Assembly and it was adopted on 12 May 2009 by the assembly,[6] and on 13 May 2009 by theFrench Senate.
Debate included accusations of dubious tactics made against the promoters of the bill. There were complaints that the government's official website misrepresented the bill,[7] that the French Wikipedia pages on it were falsified by the Ministry of Culture on 14 February 2009.[8] and a "petition of 10,000 artists" in support of the bill was questioned as allegedly fraudulent.[9]
The law creates a government agency calledHaute Autorité pour la Diffusion des Œuvres et la Protection des Droits sur Internet (HADOPI) (English:Supreme Authority for the Distribution and Protection of Intellectual Property on the Internet); replacing a previous agency, the ARMT (Regulation of Technical Measures Authority) created by theDADVSI law.[15]
The new government agency is headed by a board of nine members, three appointed by the government, two by the legislative bodies, three by judicial bodies and one by theConseil supérieur de la propriété littéraire et artistique (Superior Council of Artistic and Literary Property), a government council responsible to theFrench Ministry of Culture.[16] The agency is vested with the power to police Internet users.
To ensure that Internet subscribers "screen their Internet connections in order to prevent the exchange of copyrighted material without prior agreement from the copyright holders" (Art. L. 336-3 of the bill). HADOPI also retains mandates previously attributed to the ARMT.
On receipt of a complaint from a copyright holder or representative, HADOPI may initiate a 'three-strike' procedure:
TheISP is then required to monitor the subject's Internet connection. In addition, the Internet access subscriber is invited to install a filter on his Internet connection.
If, in the 6 months following the first step, a repeat offense is suspected by the copyright holder, his representative, the ISP or HADOPI, the second step of the procedure is invoked.
In the event that the offender fails to comply during the year following the reception of the certified letter, and upon accusation of repeated offenses by the copyright holder, a representative, the ISP or HADOPI, the third step of the procedure is invoked.
Offender can seek recourse against the HADOPI, before case transmission, and against the court.
The Internet access subscriber was blacklisted and other ISPs were prohibited from providing an Internet connection to the blacklisted subscriber. The service suspension did not, however, interrupt billing, and the offending subscriber was liable to meet any charges or costs resulting from the service termination.
According to theCNIL, action under the HADOPI law does not exclude separate prosecution under theFrench code of Intellectual Property,[17] particularly its articles L331-1 or L335-2, or limit a claimant's other remedies at law. (SeeCNIL opinion, below).
Since the law was approved in 2009 until abrogation of the suspension of access to a communication service in 2013, only one user has been sentenced to suspension (for 15 days) plus fined for EUR 600.[18] The sentence never applied because of the abrogation some days after.
On 9 July 2013, the French Ministry of Culture published official decree No. 0157, removing from the law "the additional misdemeanor punishable by suspension of access to a communication service."[19] allegedly because "the three strikes mechanism had failed to benefit authorized services as promised". The Minister explained that the stricter copyright policy of the French Government would be revised from going after the end-user to taking punitive sanctions against companies who provide web hosting and telecom infrastructure services which allow copyright infringement to occur. Nevertheless, the fines against users found to be sharing unauthorized content remained standing ("up to EUR 1500 in cases of gross negligence"), and ISPs are still required to provide details to identify them.
The French Culture Minister Aurélie Filippetti explained that the financial costs to the French Government in applying the Hadopi Law was not sound. She disclosed that it cost her Ministry 12 million Euros and 60 civil servants to send 1 million e-mails to copyright infringers and 99,000 registered letters, with only 134 cases examined for prosecution.[20]
Implementation of theEuropean Copyright Directive resulted in the FrenchDADVSI law which has been in force since 2007, creating the crime oflack of screening of Internet connections in order to prevent exchange of copyrighted material without prior agreement from the copyright holders (art. L335.12).[21] The DADVSI law did not prescribe any punishment.It has been partially invalidated by theConstitutional Council of France's rejection of the principle of escalation,[22] and retains only the crime of copyright-infringement, punishable by up to 3 years' prison and a fine of up to €300,000.
The HADOPI law is supposed to address the concerns of the Constitutional Council of France, in addition to replacing the DADVSI law, which has yet to be enforced.
On 5 September 2007, theFrench Minister of Culture,Christine Albanel asked the CEO of the major French entertainmentretailer (Fnac),Denis Olivennes, to lead atask force to study a three-strike sanction, to conform with the ruling of the French Constitutional Council. After consulting representatives of the entertainment industry, Internet service providers and consumer associations, the Olivennes committee reported to the Minister on 23 November.[23] The report was signed by 40 companies at theÉlysée and presented as the "Olivennes agreement". It was later renamed the "Élysée agreement".
The HADOPI law is the implementation of the Olivennes report, supported by the Olivennes agreement, in which representatives of the entertainment and media industries gave their assent to the law's enforcement procedures. Nevertheless, some companies, notably the ISPsOrange andFree, later dissented from the agreement.[24]
Owing to its controversial nature, the bill became a subject of intense campaigning in various media, which was redoubled after its parliamentary defeat on 9 April 2009.
On 4 October 2008, the then French PresidentNicolas Sarkozy, a personal supporter of the law, interceded with the president of theEuropean Commission regarding an amendment to the EU Telecoms Package that targeted the HADOPI law and the lack of a judicial ruling in the original drafting of it.[25] This was Amendment 138 to the Framework directive as adopted by the European Parliament in the First Reading of theTelecoms Package. The European Commission's response to Sarkozy was that it supported Amendment 138. That remained its position until the Telecoms Package was finally adopted with the so-called Freedom Provision (Directive 2009/140/EC, Article 1.3a).
The French government created a promotional website in support of the country's entertainment industry. The content of the website was criticised as misleading.[7] It was also alleged that French Wikipedia pages relative to HADOPI were edited by the Ministry of Culture on 14 February 2009.[8]
SACEM and other entertainment industry players mounted a petition of "10,000 artists" in support of the HADOPI law. The list has been challenged on several grounds:
The leading French consumer associationUFC Que Choisir has positioned itself against the law and set up a website to support opposition.[27]
Digital rights groupLa Quadrature du Net is a strong lobbyist against the law.[28]
Following an open letter in the newspaperLibération signed byChantal Akerman,Christophe Honoré,Jean-Pierre Limosin,Zina Modiano,Gaël Morel,Victoria Abril,Catherine Deneuve,Louis Garrel,Yann Gonzalez,Clotilde Hesme,Chiara Mastroianni,Agathe Berman andPaulo Branco[29] which was published on 7 April 2009, and co-authored notably byVictoria Abril andCatherine Deneuve, an informal group has been constituted under the nameCreation Public Internet.[30]
On 12 March 2009, the BritishFeatured Artists Coalition publicised its opposition to the principle of the HADOPI law.[31]
With the exception of theFrench Green Party who campaigned against the law, other political groups represented in the legislative chambers were not active lobbying for or against the law, though individual members did so. TheFrench Socialist Party was probably the most divided. While it initially favored the law (votedyes in the Senate's first reading), it was chiefly responsible for the surprise rejection of the bill after the first reading in the National Assembly, as well as requesting theConstitutional Council's ruling. ThePirate Party (France) although not represented in the legislative chambers also campaigned against the law.
Shortly after HADOPI's agency logo was presented to the public by Minister of Culture and CommunicationFrédéric Mitterrand, it was revealed that the logo used an unlicensed font. The font was created by typeface designerJean François Porchez, and is owned byFrance Télécom. The design agency that drew the logo, Plan Créatif, admitted to using the font by mistake and the logo was redone with another font.[32]
