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State of Xích Quỷ 赤鬼 (legendarily 2879–2524 BC) State of Văn Lang 文郎 (legendarily 2524–258 BC) | |||||||
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 Đông Sơn bronze drum | |||||||
![Location of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty. The dark green area represents its core territory, while the light green area marks Nam Cương,[1][2][3] which may have been associated with Văn Lang](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aH%25E1%25BB%2593ng_B%25C3%25A0ng_Dynasty_(orthographic_projection).svg) | |||||||
 Territorial divisions of Văn Lang during the Hồng Bàng dynasty.(see the regions of Van Lang) | |||||||
| Status | Kingdom | ||||||
| Capital | Ngàn Hống(2879 BC – 2524 BC)[4] Nghĩa Lĩnh(29th c. BC)[4] Phong Châu(2524 – 258 BC)[5][6] | ||||||
| Religion | Animism, folk religion | ||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||
| King | |||||||
• 2879–2794 BC | Hùng Vương I (first) | ||||||
• 408–258 BC | Hùng Vương XVIII (last) | ||||||
| Historical era | Ancient history,Bronze Age,Iron Age | ||||||
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| Today part of | Vietnam China | ||||||
TheHồng Bàng period (Vietnamese:thời kỳ Hồng Bàng),[7] also called theHồng Bàng dynasty,[8] was a legendary ancient period inVietnamese historiography, spanning from the beginning of the rule ofKinh Dương Vương over the kingdom ofVăn Lang (initially calledXích Quỷ) in 2879 BC until the conquest of the state byAn Dương Vương in 258 BC. Vietnamese history textbooks claim that this state was established in the 7th century BC on the basis of theDong Son culture.
The 15th-century Vietnamese chronicleĐại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Đại Việt, The Complete History) claimed that the period began withKinh Dương Vương as the firstHùng king (Vietnamese:Hùng Vương orVua Hùng), a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Vietnamese rulers of this period.[9] TheHùng king was the absolute monarch of the country and, at least in theory, wielded complete control of the land and its resources. TheĐại Việt sử ký toàn thư also recorded that the nation's capital wasPhong Châu (in present-dayPhú Thọ Province innorthern Vietnam) and alleged that Văn Lang was bordered to the west byBa-Shu (present-daySichuan), to the north byDongting Lake (Hunan), to the east by theSouth China Sea and to the south byChampa.[10]
The nameHồng Bàng is theSino-Vietnamese pronunciation of characters "鴻龐" assigned to this dynasty in early Vietnamese-written histories in Chinese; its meaning is supposedly a mythical giant (龐) bird (鴻).[11]
French linguistMichel Ferlus (2009)[12] includes文郎Văn Lang (Old Chinese:ZS *mɯn-raːŋ;B&S *mə[n]-C.rˤaŋ) in the word-family *-ra:ŋ "human being, person" ofSoutheast Asian ethnonyms across three linguistic families,Austroasiatic,Sino-Tibetan,Austronesian, together with:
There also exists a phonetically similarProto-Mon-Khmer etymon: *t₂nra:ŋ "man, male".[13]
The earliest historical mentions of Văn Lang, however, just had been recorded in Chinese-language documents, dated back to theTang dynasty (7th- to 9th-century), about the area ofPhong Châu (Phú Thọ).[14][15][16][17] However, Chinese records also indicated that another people, who lived elsewhere, were also called Văn Lang.[18][19]
The area now known as Vietnam has been inhabited sincePalaeolithic times, with some archaeological sites inThanh Hóa Province reportedly dating back around half a million years ago.[20] The prehistoric people had lived continuously in local caves since around 6000 BC, until more advanced material cultures developed.[21] Some caves are known to have been the home of many generations of early humans.[22] As northern Vietnam was a place with mountains, forests, and rivers, the number of tribes grew between 5000 and 3000 BC.[23]
During a few thousand years in the LateStone Age, the inhabitant populations grew and spread to every part of Vietnam. Most ancient people were living near theHồng (Red),Cả and Mã rivers. The Vietnamese tribes were the primary tribes at this time.[23] Their territory included modern meridional territories of China to the banks of the Hồng River in the northern territory of Vietnam. Centuries of developing a civilization and economy based on the cultivation of irrigated rice encouraged the development of tribal states and communal settlements.[citation needed]
Legend describes a significant political event occurred when Lộc Tục came into power in 2879 BC.[24] Lộc Tục was recorded as a descendant of the mythical rulerShennong.[25] He consolidated the other tribes and succeeded in grouping all the vassal states (or autonomous communities) within his territory into a unified nation. Lộc Tục proclaimed himselfKinh Dương Vương and called his newly born nation Xích Quỷ. In theComplete Annals of Đại Việt (Vietnamese: Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư,chữ Hán: 大越史記全書), states that,
帝明於是立帝宜爲嗣、治北方、封王爲涇陽王、治南方、號赤鬼國。
Đế Minh ư thị lập Đế Nghi vi tự, trị Bắc phương, phong vương vi Kinh Dương Vương, trị Nam phương, hiệu Xích Quỷ quốc.
Đế Minh mới lập Đế Nghi là con nối ngôi, cai quản phương Bắc, phong cho vua làm Kinh Dương Vương, cai quản phương Nam, gọi là nước Xích Quỷ.
Đế Minh (Great-grandson of theYan Emperor) appointed Đế Nghi as his successor, to govern the northern region, and conferred the title of Kinh Dương Vương upon him [Lộc Tục], to govern the southern region, known as the country of Xích Quỷ.
The name Xích Quỷ 赤鬼 is derived from Sino-Vietnamese xích 赤 "red" and quỷ 鬼 "demon". The meaning of the name is fromTwenty-Eight Mansions, where 鬼 quỷ refers to the constellation鬼宿 (Sino-Vietnamese: Quỷ tú,Vietnamese: sao Quỷ) which lies in theSouth (a common motif of Vietnamese place names). Red 赤 is associated with Vermilion Bird of the South (Sino-Vietnamese: Chu Tước,chữ Hán: 朱雀).[citation needed]
Lộc Tục inaugurated the earliest monarchical regime as well as the first ruling family byheirdom in Vietnam's history. He is regarded as the ancestor of the Hùng kings, as the founding father of Vietnam, and as a Vietnamese cultural hero who is credited with teaching his people how to cultivate rice.[citation needed]
Starting from the third Hùng dynasty since 2524 BC, the kingdom was renamed Văn Lang, and the capital was set up atPhong Châu (in modernViệt Trì,Phú Thọ) at the juncture of three rivers where theRed River Delta begins from the foot of the mountains. The evidence that the Vietnamese knew how to calculate thelunar calendar by carving on stones dates back to 2200–2000 BC. Parallel lines were carved on the stone tools as a counting instrument involving the lunar calendar.[21][better source needed]
According to Vietnamese legend, at one point, Văn Lang had awar against Shang-China invasion, which Văn Lang came out victorious thanks to general Gióng.[26]
The Hồng Bàng epoch finally ended in the middle of the third century BC on the advent of the military leader Thục Phán's conquest of Văn Lang, dethroning the last Hùng king.[27]
Văn Lang ended 258 BC whenThục Phán led theÂu Việt tribes to overthrow the last Hùng king in approximately 258 BC. After conquering Văn Lang, Thục Phán united theLạc Việt tribes with the Âu Việt tribes to form a new kingdom ofÂu Lạc. He proclaimed himselfAn Dương Vương and built his capital and citadel,Cổ Loa Citadel, in the modern-dayDong Anh district ofHanoi.[28][1]
The first Hùng King established the first "Vietnamese" state in response to the needs of co-operation in constructinghydraulic systems and in struggles against their enemies. This was a very primitive form of asovereign state with the Hùng king on top and under him acourt consisted of advisors – thelạc hầu.[29] The country was composed of fifteen bộ "regions", each ruled by alạc tướng;[29] usually the lạc tướng was a member of the Hùng kings' family. Bộ comprised the agricultural hamlets and villages based on amatriarchal clan relationship and headed by abộ chính, usually a male tribal elder.[29]
The Tale of the Hồng Bàng Clan claimed that Hùng kings had named princesses as "mỵ nương" (FromTaimae nang, which means princess), and prince asquan lang (FromMuong word for Muong noble throughout the time).[30]
Semi-historical source described Văn Lang's northern border stretched to the southern part of present-dayHunan, and the southern border stretched to theCả River delta, including parts of modernGuangxi,Guangdong andNorthern Vietnam.[29] Such claims haven't been proved by archeological research.[citation needed]
According toTrần Trọng Kim's book,Việt Nam sử lược (A Brief History of Vietnam), the country was divided into 15 regions as in the table below.[31] However, they're in fact taken from Sino-Vietnamese names of later commanderies established by the Chinese in northern Vietnam.
| Name | Present-day location |
|---|---|
| Phong Châu (King's capital) | Phú Thọ Province |
| Châu Diên (朱鳶) | Sơn Tây Province |
| Phúc Lộc (福祿) | Sơn Tây Province |
| Tân Hưng (新興) | Hưng Hóa (part ofPhú Thọ Province) andTuyên Quang Province |
| Vũ Định (武定) | Thái Nguyên Province andCao Bằng Province |
| Vũ Ninh (武寧) | Bắc Ninh Province |
| Lục Hải (陸 海) | Lạng Sơn Province |
| Ninh Hải (寧海) | Quảng Yên (a part ofQuảng Ninh Province) |
| Dương Tuyên (陽泉) | Hải Dương Province |
| Giao Chỉ (交趾) | Hà Nội,Hưng Yên Province,Nam Định Province andNinh Bình Province |
| Cửu Chân (九真) | Thanh Hóa Province |
| Hoài Hoan (懷驩) | Nghệ An Province |
| Việt Thường (越 裳) | Quảng Bình Province andQuảng Trị Province |
| Cửu Đức (九德) | Hà Tĩnh Province |
| Bình Văn (平文) | Ninh Binh from Day River to Mount Tara Diep |
The economy was based predominantly onrice paddycultivation, and also included handicrafts, hunting and gathering, husbandry and fishing. Especially, the skill of bronze casting was at a high level. The most famous relics areĐông Sơn Bronze Drums on which are depicted houses, clothing, customs, habits, and cultural activities of the Hùng era.[32]
The Hùng Vươngs ruled Văn Lang infeudal fashion with the aid of the Lạc Tướng, who controlled the communal settlements around each irrigated area, organized construction and maintenance of the dikes, and regulated the supply of water. Besides cultivating rice, the people of Văn Lang grew other grains and beans and raised stock, mainly buffaloes, chickens, and pigs. Pottery-making and bamboo-working were highly developed crafts, as were basketry, leather-working, and the weaving of hemp, jute, and silk.[citation needed]
From 2000 BC, people in modern-day North Vietnam developed a sophisticated agricultural society, probably through learning from theShang dynasty or theLaotian. The tidal irrigation of rice fields through an elaborate system of canals and dikes started by the sixth century BC.[33] This type of sophisticated farming system would come to define Vietnamese society. It required tight-knit village communities to collectively manage their irrigation systems. These systems in turn produced crop yields that could sustain much higher population densities than competing methods of food production.[34]
By about 1200 BC, the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Mã River and Red River plains led to the development of the Đông Sơn culture, notable for its elaborate bronze drums. The bronze weapons, tools, and drums of Đông Sơn sites show a Southeast Asian influence that indicates an indigenous origin for the bronze-casting technology. Many small, ancient copper mine sites have been found innorthern Vietnam. Some of the similarities between the Đông Sơn sites and other Southeast Asian sites include the presence of boat-shaped coffins and burial jars, stilt dwellings, and evidence of the customs of betel-nut-chewing and teeth-blackening.[citation needed]
The period between the end of the third millennium and the middle of the first millennium BC produced increasingly sophisticated pottery of the pre-Dong Son cultures of northern Viet Nam and the pre-Sa Huỳnh cultures of southern Vietnam. This period saw the appearance of wheel-made pottery, although the use of the paddle and anvil remained significant in manufacture.[35] Vessel surfaces are usually smooth, often polished, and red slipping is common. Cord-marking is present in all cultures and forms a fairly high percentage of sherdage[definition needed]. Complex incised decoration also developed with rich ornamental designs, and it is on the basis of incised decoration that Vietnamese archaeologists distinguish the different cultures and phases one from another.[citation needed]
The pottery from the successive cultural developments in the Red River Valley is the most well known. Vietnamese archaeologists here discern three pre-Đông Son cultures:Phùng Nguyên,Đồng Đậu, andGò Mun. The pottery of these three cultures, despite the use of different decorative styles, has features that suggest a continuity of cultural development in the Red River Valley. In theMa River Valley inThanh Hóa Province, Vietnamese archaeologists also recognize three pre-Dong Son periods of cultural development: Con Chan Tien, Dong Khoi (Bai Man) and Quy Chu. In the areas stretching from the Red to theCả River valleys, all the local cultures eventually developed into theĐông Sơn culture, which expanded over an area much larger than that of any previous culture and Vietnamese archaeologists believe that it had multiple regional sources. For instance, while Đông Sơn bronzes are much the same in different regions of northern Viet Nam, the regional characters of the pottery are fairly marked. On the whole, Đông Sơn pottery has a high firing temperature and is varied in form, but decorative patterns are much reduced in comparison with preceding periods, and consist mainly of impressions from cord-wrapped or carved paddles. Incised decoration is virtually absent.[citation needed]
Contemporary Vietnamese historians have established the existence of various ethnic minorities now living in the highlands ofNorth andCentral Vietnam during the early phase of the Hồng Bàng dynasty.[36]
The history of the Hồng Bàng period is split according to the rule of eachHùng king.[37] The dating of events is still a subject of research.[38] The date ranges are conservative date estimates for the known periods:[38] The lines of kings are in the order of thebaguas andHeavenly Stems.
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Kiernan, Ben (2019).Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present.Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780190053796.
| Preceded by New creation | Dynasty ofVietnam c. 2879 – 258 BC | Succeeded by |
21°16′54″N105°26′31″E / 21.28167°N 105.44194°E /21.28167; 105.44194
