| Häxan | |
|---|---|
 Swedish theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Benjamin Christensen |
| Screenplay by | Benjamin Christensen |
| Starring |
|
| Cinematography | Johan Ankerstjerne |
| Edited by | Edla Hansen |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | Skandias Filmbyrå (Sweden)[1] |
Release date |
|
Running time |
|
| Country |
|
| Language | Silent film withSwedish intertitles |
| Budget | SEK 2 million |
Häxan (Swedish:[ˈhɛ̂ksan],The Witch;HeksenDanish:[hɛksən],The Witch;English:The Witches; released in the US in 1968 asWitchcraft Through the Ages) is a 1922 Swedish-Danishsilenthorror[2]essay film written and directed byBenjamin Christensen. Consisting partly ofdocumentary-style storytelling as well as dramatized narrative sequences, the film purports to chart the historical roots andsuperstitions surroundingwitchcraft, beginning in theMiddle Ages through the 20th century. Based partly on Christensen's own study of theMalleus Maleficarum, a 15th-century German guide forinquisitors,Häxan proposes that such witch-hunts may have stemmed from misunderstandings ofmental orneurological disorders, triggeringmass hysteria.[3]
The movie was produced by SwedishAB Svensk Filmindustri but shot in Denmark in 1920–1921.[4] With Christensen's meticulous recreation of medieval scenes and its lengthy production period, the film was the most expensiveScandinavian silent film ever made at the time, costing nearly two millionSwedish kronor.[3] Although it received some positive reception in Denmark and Sweden, censors in countries such as Germany, France, and the United States objected to what were considered at that time graphic depictions oftorture,nudity, and sexual perversion, as well asanti-clericalism.[5][6]
In 1968,Metro Pictures Corporation re-edited and re-releasedHäxan in the US under the titleWitchcraft Through the Ages. This version includes an English-language narration byWilliam S. Burroughs. The original Swedish-language version ofHäxan has undergone three restorations by theSwedish Film Institute, carried out in 1976, 2007 and 2016. Since its initial release,Häxan has received praise for its combination of documentary-style and narrative storytelling, as well as its visual imagery, and has been called Christensen's masterpiece.[7]
.jpg)
A scholarly dissertation on the appearances ofdemons and witches in primitive and medieval culture, the first segment of the film uses a number of photographs of statuary, paintings, and woodcuts as demonstrative pieces. In addition, several large scale models are employed to demonstrate medieval concepts of the structure of theSolar System and the commonly accepted depiction ofHell.
The second segment of the film is a series of vignettes that theatrically demonstrate medieval superstition and beliefs concerningwitchcraft, includingSatan tempting a sleeping woman away from her husband's bed, terrorizing a group ofmonks, then murdering another woman in her bed by choking her. Also shown is a woman purchasing alove potion from a supposed witch named Karna in order to seduce a monk, and a supposed witch named Apelone dreaming of waking up in a castle, where Satan presents her with coins that she is unable to hold on to and festivities that she is unable to participate in.
Set in theMiddle Ages, this narrative is used to demonstratethe treatment of suspected witches by the religious authorities of the time. A printer named Jesper dies in bed, and his family consequently accuses an old woman, Maria the weaver, of causing his death through witchcraft. Jesper's wife Anna visits the residence of travelingInquisition judges, grasping one of their arms in desperation and asking that they try Maria for witchcraft.
Maria is arrested, and after being tortured by inquisitors, admits to involvement in witchcraft. She describes giving birth to children fathered by Satan, being smeared withwitch ointment, and attending aWitches' Sabbath, where she claims witches and sorcerers desecrated a cross, feasted with demons, and kissed Satan's buttocks. She "names" other supposed witches, including two of the women in Jesper's household. Eventually, Anna is arrested as a witch when the inquisitor whose arm she grabbed accuses her of bewitching him. She is tricked into what is perceived as a confession, and is sentenced to beburned at the stake. Intertitles claim that over eight million women, men and children were burned as witches.[a]
The final segments of the film seek to demonstrate how the superstitions of old have become better understood. Christensen offers the threat ofmedieval torture methods as an explanation for why many supposed heretics confessed to being involved in witchcraft. Though he does not deny the existence of the Devil, Christensen claims that those accused of witchcraft may have been suffering from what are recognized in modern times asmental orneurological disorders. A nun named Sister Cecilia is depicted as being coerced by Satan intodesecrating a consecrated host and stealing a statue of thebaby Jesus. Her actions are then contrasted with vignettes about asomnambulist, apyromaniac, and akleptomaniac. It is suggested that such behaviors would have been thought of as demonically-influenced in medieval times, whereas modern societies recognize them as psychological ailments (referred to in the film ashysteria). The film ends with a contrast between a woman being sent away to a mental institution and a scene with burning supposed witches on the stake.
The cast ofHäxan includes:[1]
Writer Chris Fujiwara notes the way in which the film "places together, on the same level of cinematic depiction, fact and fiction, objective reality and hallucination." He writes that "The realism with which the fantasy scenes are staged and acted hardly differs from the style of the workshop ones, which we have had no reason not to accept as taking place within reality", and that, as such, the audience is lead "into a space where the irrational is always ready to intrude, in lurid forms."[6]
Fujiwara highlights a moment in the film in which Christensen claims that actress Maren Pedersen, between takes, "raised her tired face to me and said: 'The devil is real. I have seen him sitting by my bedside.'"[6] Fujiwara writes: "No doubt Christensen was conscious of the analogy between the character's confession to the inquisitors and the actor's confession to him, between their torture implements and his camera. By likening his own activity as a director to the deeds of the inquisitors, Christensen puts himself near the head of a self-critical tradition in cinema that would later includeJean-Luc Godard andAbbas Kiarostami."[6]
Academic Chloé Germaine Buckley referred toHäxan's examination of witchcraft as "quasi-feminist" in nature, writing: "Christensen focuses on the history of witchcraft in order to show the way that the oppression of women takes on different guises in different historical periods. Using ideas from thepsychoanalytic theory that was emerging at the time, Christensen suggests a link between contemporary diagnoses of hysteria and the European witch-hunts of the medieval and early modern eras. This connection casts the twentieth-century physician who would confine troubled young women in his clinic in the role of inquisitor."[9] Buckley connects tropes of witchcraft referenced inHäxan, such as witches consuming infants or transforming into animals, to a perceived "illegitimacy of female power", and that, as such, "the evil-witch stereotype has become such a convenient tool for the propagation of misogynistic ideas."[9] She also notes that the film suggests "an intersection of gender and social class: witches are not only women, they are poor women."[9]
Regarding the scenes featuring Sister Cecilia being influenced by Satan in the film's final two segments, authorAlain Silver asserts the presence of an underlying theme ofsexual repression.[10] He claims that the film has a "libertarian message", withdemonic possession being a result of the "unnaturalsexual continence that is demanded of the young nuns. The film therefore follows a broadlyFreudian line in linking possession to hysteria. The basis of this idea is that repressed sexual desires are dynamic and, rather than lying dormant, actively find ways of being fulfilled in exaggerated and extreme ways."[10]
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2024) |
After finding a copy of theMalleus Maleficarum in aBerlin bookshop, Christensen spent two years—from 1919 to 1921—studying manuals, illustrations and treatises on witches and witch-hunting.[3] He included a lengthy bibliography in the original playbill at the film's premiere. He intended to create an entirely new film rather than an adaptation of literary fiction, which was the case for films of that day. "In principal [sic] I am against these adaptations... I seek to find the way forward to original films."[11]
Christensen obtained funding from the large Swedish production companySvensk Filmindustri, preferring it over the local Danish film studios, so that he could maintain complete artistic freedom.[5] He used the money to buy and refurbish the Astra film studio in Hellerup, Denmark. Filming then ran from February through October 1921. Christensen and cinematographerJohan Ankerstjerne filmed only at night or in a closed set to maintain the film's dark hue.[3]Post-production required another year before the film premiered in late 1922. Total cost for Svensk Film, including refurbishing the Astra Film Studio, reached between 1.5 and 2 million kronor, makingHäxan the most expensive Scandinavian silent film in history.[5]
_witches.jpg)
The film makes use of a number of special effects techniques in its depictions of the occult, includingpuppetry andstop motion animation.[12][13] Various demons are portrayed by actors wearingspecial-effects makeup;[12]superimposition is used to depict witches flying over villages and havingout-of-body experiences in their sleep, andreverse motion is used in one sequence to make coins appear to fly from a table into the air.[12][14]
Häxan has had numerous different live scores over the years. When it premiered in Sweden, its accompaniment was compiled from pre-existing compositions. Details of the selection, which met with the director's enthusiastic approval, have been lost, but it was probably the same documented music as for the Copenhagen premiere two months later. In Copenhagen, it was played by a 50-piece orchestra, and this score, combining pieces bySchubert,Gluck, andBeethoven, was restored and recorded with a smaller ensemble by arranger/conductor Gillian Anderson for the 2001Criterion Collection DVD edition.[15][16]
The film premiered on 18 September 1922 in four Swedish cities —Stockholm,Helsingborg,Malmö, andGothenburg[1]—simultaneously, unusual for Sweden at the time.Häxan received its Danish premiere in Copenhagen on 7 November 1922,[1] and was re-released in Denmark in 1931 with an extended introduction by Christensen. The intertitles were also changed in this version.[citation needed]
In 1968,Metro Pictures Corporation re-edited and re-releasedHäxan in the United States asWitchcraft Through the Ages, adding narration byWilliam S. Burroughs and a jazz score byDaniel Humair, which was played by a quintet that includedJean-Luc Ponty on violin.[17]
Häxan received a somewhat lukewarm, but mostly positive, response from critics upon its original release. As academic James Kendrick wrote, initial reviewers of the film "were confounded by [its] boundary-crossing aesthetic."[18] Its thematic content stirred controversy as well. A contemporary critic inVariety, for example, praised the film's acting, production, and its many scenes of "unadulterated horror", but added that "wonderful though this picture is, it is absolutely unfit for public exhibition."[19] A Copenhagen reviewer was likewise offended by "the satanic, perverted cruelty that blazes out of it, the cruelty we all know has stalked the ages like an evil shaggy beast, the chimera of mankind. But when it is captured, let it be locked up in a cell, either in a prison or a madhouse. Do not let it be presented with music byWagner orChopin, [...] to young men and women, who have entered the enchanted world of a movie theatre."[20]
Conversely, a critic forThe New York Times wrote in 1929: "The picture is, for the most part, fantastically conceived and directed, holding the onlooker in a sort of medieval spell. Most of the characters seem to have stepped from primitive paintings."[20] The film also came to acquire acult following amongsurrealists, who greatly admired its subversion of cultural norms of the time.[21]
Häxan has become regarded by critics and scholars as Christensen's finest work.[7] Onreview aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes, the film has an 93% approval rating with an average rating of 7.7/10, based on 24 reviews.[22]Häxan is listed in the film reference book1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die by Steven Jay Scheider, who writes: "Part earnest academic exercise in correlating ancient fears with misunderstandings about mental illness and part salacious horror movie,Häxan is truly a unique work that still holds power to unnerve, even in today's jaded era."[23] Author James J. Mulay praised the film's makeup effects, sets, costumes, and casting, as well as Christensen's "dynamic combination of both stage tricks and innovative camera techniques [...] [that he uses] to create his fantastical world."[12]
David Sanjek ofPopMatters wrote: "The dazzling manner in whichHaxan shifts from illustrated lecture to historical reenactment to special effects shots of witches on their broomsticks to modern-dress drama pointed to ways the documentary format could be used that others would not draw on until years into the future."[24]Peter Cowie similarly argued inEighty Years of Cinema that it established Christensen as "an auteur of uncommon imagination and with a pictorial flair far ahead of his time."[7]Time Out London called it a "weird and rather wonderful brew of fiction, documentary and animation".[25] Film criticLeonard Maltin awarded the film three out of a possible four stars, lauding it as "visually stunning" and "genuinely scary". He additionally praised the director's performance as Satan.[26]
Dave Kehr of theChicago Reader suggested that the film's "episodic, rhetorical structure [...] would have appealed toJean-Luc Godard", and wrote that "Christensen apparently intended [Häxan] as a serious study of witchcraft (which he diagnoses, in an earlypop-Freud conclusion, asfemale hysteria), but what he really has is a pretense forsadistic pornography. The film has acquired impact with age: instead of seeming quaint, the nude scenes and scatological references now have a crumbly, sinister quality—they seem the survivals of ancient, unhealthy imaginations."[27]
Ghostwatch screenwriterStephen Volk regards the film as "a visceral experience disguised as an erudite thesis", and sets it in the same league asNosferatu andVampyr.[28]
TheSwedish Film Institute has carried out three restorations ofHäxan:[29]
The 1976 restoration was released onDVD in the US and the United Kingdom in 2001 bythe Criterion Collection[30] andTartan Video, along withWitchcraft Through the Ages. The 2007 restoration was released on DVD in Sweden bySvenska Filminstitutet.[31] In 2019, the Criterion Collection released the 2016 digital restoration exclusively on Blu-ray in US.[32]
The special-effects makeup for the various demons is amazingly frightening and impressive, even to this day. The sets, costumes, and casting are magnificent, and Christensen uses a dynamic combination of both stage tricks and innovative camera techniques (such asdouble-exposure,reverse-motion, and stop-motion animation) to create his fantastical world.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |