Aroundabout, arotary and atraffic circle are types of circularintersection or junction in which roadtraffic is permitted to flow in one direction around a central island, and priority is typically given to traffic already in the junction.[1][2]
In the United States, engineers use the termmodern roundabout to refer to junctions installed after 1960 that incorporate design rules to increase safety.[3][2] Compared to stop signs, traffic signals, and earlier forms of roundabouts, modern roundabouts reduce the likelihood and severity of collisions greatly by reducing traffic speeds and minimizingT-bone andhead-on collisions.[4] Variations on the basic concept include integration with tram or train lines, two-way flow, higher speeds and many others.
For pedestrians, traffic exiting the roundabout comes from one direction, instead of three, simplifying the pedestrian's visual environment. Traffic moves slowly enough to allow visual engagement with pedestrians, encouraging deference towards them. Other benefits include reduced driver confusion associated with perpendicular junctions[citation needed] and reduced queuing associated withtraffic lights. They allowU-turns within the normal flow of traffic, which often are not possible at other forms of junction. Moreover, since vehicles that run on gasoline typically spend less time idling at roundabouts than at signalled intersections, using a roundabout potentially leads to less pollution.[5][6] When entering vehicles only need to give way, they do not always perform a full stop; as a result, by keeping a part of their momentum, the engine will require lesswork to regain the initial speed, resulting in lower emissions. Research has also shown that slow-moving traffic in roundabouts makes less noise than traffic that must stop and start, speed up and brake.[7]
Modern roundabouts were first standardised in the UK in 1966 and were found to be a significant improvement over previous traffic circles and rotaries. Since then, modern roundabouts have become commonplace throughout the world,[2]: 2 including Australia, the United Kingdom and France.[6]
Circular junctions existed before roundabouts, including:
Although some may still be referred to asroundabouts, the operating and entry characteristics of these traffic circles differed considerably from modern roundabouts.[14]
Circular intersections were built in the United States, though many were large-diameter 'rotaries' that enabled high-speed merge and weave manoeuvres. Older-style traffic circles may control entering traffic by stop signs or traffic lights. Many allow entry at higher speeds without deflection, or require a stop and a 90-degree turn to enter. Because these circumstances caused a lot of vehicle collisions, construction of traffic circles and rotaries ceased in the 1950s, and some were removed.[15]: 3:02
Widespread use of the modern roundabout began when the UK'sTransport Research Laboratory engineers re-engineered and standardised circular intersections during the 1960s.Frank Blackmore led the development of the "priority rule" and subsequently invented the mini-roundabout[16][17] to overcome capacity and safety limitations. The priority rule was found to improve traffic flow by up to 10%.[18] In 1966, the United Kingdom adopted a rule at all circular junctions that required entering traffic to give way to circulating traffic. ATransportation Research Board guide reports that the modern roundabout represents a significant improvement, in terms of both operations and safety, when compared with older rotaries and traffic circles.[14] The design became mandatory in the United Kingdom for all new roundabouts in November 1966.[19] Australia and other British-influenced countries were the first outside the UK to build modern roundabouts.[3]
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In the United States modern roundabouts emerged in the 1990s after years of planning and educational campaigning by Frank Blackmore andLeif Ourston, who sought to bring the by then well-established increased safety and traffic flow in other countries to America.[15]: 5:03 The first was constructed inSummerlin, Nevada, in 1990 and was followed by another the following year.[3][26] This roundabout occasioned dismay from residents, and a local news program said about it, "Even police agree, [roundabouts] can be confusing at times."[27] Between 1990 and 1995, numerous modern roundabouts were built in California, Colorado, Florida, Maryland, Nevada, and Vermont.[3]
Municipalities introducing new roundabouts often were met with some degree of public resistance, just as in the United Kingdom in the 1960s.
In the mid-2010s, about 3% of the then circa 4,000 U.S. modern roundabouts were located inCarmel, Indiana, whose mayorJames Brainard had been actively promoting their construction; because of increased safety, injuries caused by car accidents in the city dropped by 80% after 1996.[15]: 0:02 As of December 2015[update] there were about 4,800 modern roundabouts in the United States.[citation needed] As an example,Washington state contained about 120 roundabouts as of October 2016[update], all having been built since 1997, with more planned.[31]
The first Canadian traffic circles were in Edmonton. There were 7 such by 1954. However, they didn't gain popularity in the rest of the country until the 1990s. They became increasingly popular amongst traffic planners and civil engineers in the 15 years thereafter due to their success in Europe. By 2014 there were about 400 roundabouts in Canada at the time (most in Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia and Ontario), or one per 90,000 inhabitants (compared to one per 84,000 inhabitants in the United States that year).[23]
A "modern roundabout" is a type of loopingjunction in which road traffic travels in one direction around a central island and priority is given to the circulating flow. Signs usually direct traffic entering the circle to slow and togive way to traffic already on it.[32][33]
Because low speeds are required for traffic entering roundabouts, they are physically designed to slow traffic entering the junction to improve safety, so that the roads typically approach the junctionradially; whereas older-style traffic circles may be designed to try to increase speeds, and have roads that enter the circletangentially.
Roundabouts are normally not used oncontrolled-access highways because of the low speed requirement, but may be used on lower grades of highway such aslimited-access roads. When such roads are redesigned to incorporate roundabouts, traffic speeds must be reduced via tricks such as curving the approaches.
Many traffic circles have been converted to modern roundabouts, including the formerKingston traffic circle in New York and several in New Jersey.[34][35] Others have been converted to signalised intersections, such as the Drum Hill Rotary inChelmsford, Massachusetts, which is now six lanes wide and controlled by four separate intersections.[36]
Japan was first introduced to roundabouts in September 2014 to stop major accidents and traffic jams.[37]
The wordroundabout dates from early 20th-century use in the United Kingdom.[1] Aroundabout is also a traditional English name given to amusement rides known as acarousel, or amerry-go-round in other English-speaking countries.
In U.S. dictionaries the termsroundabout,traffic circle,road circle androtary are synonyms.[38] However, several experts such asLeif Ourston have stressed the need to distinguish between the characteristics of the modern roundabout and the nonconforming traffic circle:[3]
TheU.S. Department of Transportation adopted the termmodern roundabout to distinguish those that require entering drivers to give way to others. Many old traffic circles remain in thenortheastern US.[2] Some modern roundabouts are elongated to encompass additional streets, but traffic always flows in a loop.
In the United States, traffic engineers typically use the termrotary for large-scale circular junctions betweenexpressways orcontrolled-access highways. Rotaries of this type typically feature high speeds inside the circle and on the approaches.[39]
In the United States'New England region, however, a "rotary" is typically used as the general term for all roundabouts, including those with modern designs. State laws in these states mandate that traffic already driving in the rotary always has the right of way. For instance, inMassachusetts, "Any operator of a vehicle entering a rotary intersection shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle already in the intersection."[40] InRhode Island entering vehicles "Yield to vehicles in the roundabout."[41]
In the dialect ofDundee in Scotland, a roundabout is called acircle.[42]
In the EnglishWest Midlands,island is in common use.[43]
In theChannel Islands a third type of roundabout, known as "Filter in Turn", exists. Here approaching drivers neither give way to traffic on the roundabout, as normal, nor have priority over it, but take it in turns to enter from each. Almost all ofJersey's roundabouts are of this type.[44]
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The fundamental principle of modern roundabouts is that entering drivers give way to traffic within the roundabout without the need for traffic signals. Conversely, older traffic circles typically require circling drivers to give way to entering traffic. Roundabouts may also have an interior lane.[45] Generally, exiting directly from an inner lane of a multi-lane roundabout is permitted, given that the intersecting road has as many lanes as the roundabout. By contrast, exiting from an inner lane of an older traffic circle is usually not permitted and traffic must first move into the outside lane.
Vehicles circulate around the central island in one direction at speeds of 25–40 km/h (15–25 mph). Inleft-hand traffic countries they circulateclockwise (looking from above); in right-hand traffic, anticlockwise.
Multi-lane roundabouts are typically less than 75 metres (250 ft) in diameter;[46] older traffic circles androundabout interchanges may be considerably larger. Roundabouts are roughly the same size as signalled intersections of the same capacity.
Design criteria include:
Modern roundabouts feature a central island and sometimes pedestrian islands at each entry or exit often for decoration.
Denmark has begun widespread adoption of particular high islands, or if not possible, obstacles such as hedges or a ring of trees in larger examples. This is done to further increase the safety benefits of roundabouts, as the obstacles have been found to discomfort drivers more so than the roundabout itself compared to conventional intersections, thus initiating further observation and care taking of the driver. In Denmark, it was found to decrease accidents in roundabouts by 27% to 84% depending on height and type. In studies, heights of 0-0.9, 1-1.9 and 2+ metres were evaluated. It was found that for all heights, especially accidents leading to human injuries were reduced the most, by -47% to -84% for the aforementioned heights.[53] The level of irritation to drivers is not to be understated, as it is the crucial point of the design: to force drivers to pay attention to the sides of the driving direction. This leads to drivers complaining about these designs, as Denmark in most regards embraces designing road infrastructure, such that the wanted driving behaviour leads to comfort i.e., lane width corresponding to speed limit and obstacles encouraging slowdown near points of safety concern such as schools. Such is the controversy for drivers that seasoned driving teachers complain about this discomfort a decade after its safety is proven and adoption widespread.[54]
The central island may be surrounded by atruck apron that is high enough to discourage drivers from crossing over it, but low enough to allow wide or long vehicles to navigate the roundabout. The island may provide a visual barrier, to alert approaching drivers to the presence of the roundabout, and to encourage drivers to focus on the traffic in the path of the circle. A visual barrier significantly reduces the accident rate.[55] Otherwise, vehicles anywhere in or near the circle can cause those entering to stop and wait for them to pass, even if they are opposite, which unnecessarily reduces traffic flow. The barrier may be a landscaped mound, a raised wall, a tree or tall shrubs. Road signage or flagpoles may be erected at the top of a landscaped mound.
Some communities use the island for monuments, the display of large public art or for a fountain. Pedestrians may be prohibited from crossing the circling lane(s). Access to the central island requires an underpass or overpass for safety.
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Roundabouts have attracted art installations around the world:
For larger roundabouts, pedestrian islands at each entry/exit encourage drivers to slow and prepare to enter the circle. They also provide a refuge where pedestrians may pause mid-crossing.Vehicles or bicycles entering or exiting the roundabout must yield to all traffic including pedestrians.[66]
Pedestrian crossings at each entry/exit may be located at least one full car length outside the circle. The extra space allows pedestrians to cross behind vehicles waiting to enter the circle, and to allow exiting vehicles to stop for pedestrians without obstruction. Each pedestrian crossing may traverse apedestrian island for protection that also forces drivers to slow and begin to change direction, encouraging slower, safer speeds. On the island, the pedestrian crossing may become diagonal, to direct the gaze of those crossing into exiting traffic.
Physically separated bikeways best protect cyclists.[67][68][69] Less optimally, terminating cycle lanes well before roundabout entrances requires cyclists to merge into the stream of motor traffic, but keeps cyclists in full view of drivers, at some cost in motor vehicle speed. Cyclists may also be permitted to use pedestrian crossings.
Traditional cycle lanes increase vehicle–bicycle collisions. When exiting, a motorist must look ahead to avoid colliding with another vehicle or with pedestrians on a pedestrian crossing. As the intersection curves away from the exit, the path of an exiting vehicle is relatively straight, and so the motorist may often not slow substantially. To give way to a cyclist on the outside requires the exiting motorist to look toward the rear, to the perimeter. Other vehicles can obstruct the driver's view in this direction, complicating the motorist's task. The more frequent requirements for motorists to slow or stop reduce traffic flow. A 1992 study[70] found that the risk to cyclists is high in all such intersections, but much higher when the junction has a marked bicycle lane or sidepath around its perimeter.[71][72] Cycle lanes were installed at Museum Road,Portsmouth, but were replaced by a narrowedcarriageway to encourage lane sharing.
The roundabout at theBrown Road and Loop 202 interchange inMesa, Arizona, adopts a U.S.-recommended design.[73] On-street pavement markings direct cyclists to enter the sidewalk at the end of the bike lane. Cyclists who choose to travel on the wide sidewalk, cross roundabout arms perpendicularly, well outside the circle. A pedestrian island allows pedestrians and cyclists to cross one lane at a time.
Protected roundabouts (or Dutch roundabout) were developed in theNetherlands, with cyclists separated from vehicles using dedicated lanes.[74] As cyclists will conflict with motorists at the exit arms of the motorised roundabout, priority must be established. In the Netherlands, cyclists will normally be given priority topromote cycling over driving.[74] As well as their use in the Netherlands and Denmark, these designs have been subsequently built in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[75][76]
The capacity of a roundabout varies based on entry angle, lane width, and the number of entry and circulating lanes. As with other types of junctions, operational performance depends heavily on the flow volumes from various approaches. A single-lane roundabout can handle approximately 20,000–26,000 vehicles per day, while a two-lane design supports 40,000 to 50,000.[68]
Under many traffic conditions, a roundabout operates with less delay than signalised orall-way stop approaches. Roundabouts do not stop all entering vehicles, reducing both individual and queuing delays. Throughput further improves because drivers proceed when traffic is clear without waiting for a signal to change.
Roundabouts can increase delays in locations where traffic would otherwise often not be required to stop. For example, at the junction of a high-volume and a low-volume road, traffic on the busier road would stop only when cross traffic was present, otherwise not having to slow for the roundabout. When the volumes on the roadways are relatively equal, a roundabout can reduce delays, because half of the time a full stop would be required. Dedicated left turn signals (in countries where traffic drives on the right) further reduce throughput.
Roundabouts can reduce delays for pedestrians compared to traffic signals, because pedestrians are able to cross during any safe gap rather than waiting for a signal. During peak flows when large gaps are infrequent, the slower speed of traffic entering and exiting can still allow crossing, despite the smaller gaps.
Studies of roundabouts that replaced stop signs and/or traffic signals found that vehicle delays were reduced 13–89 percent and the proportion of vehicles that stopped was reduced 14–56 percent. Delays on major approaches increased as vehicles slowed to enter the roundabouts.[6]
Roundabouts have been found to reducecarbon monoxide emissions by 15–45 percent,nitrous oxide emissions by 21–44 percent,carbon dioxide emissions by 23–37 percent andhydrocarbon emissions by 0–42 percent. Fuel consumption was reduced by an estimated 23–34 percent.[6]
Many countries have researched roundabout capacity. The software can help calculate capacity, delay and queues. Packages includeARCADY, Rodel, Highway Capacity Software andSidra Intersection. ARCADY and Rodel are based on the Transport Research Laboratory mathematical model. The TRL approach is derived from empirical models based on geometric parameters and observed driver behaviour with regard to lane choice. Sidra Intersection software includes roundabout capacity models developed in Australia and the US.
Research on Australian roundabouts was conducted in the 1980s at the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB).[77] Its analytical capacity and performance models differ from the TRL model significantly, following a lane-based gap-acceptance theory including geometric parameters.
Research on U.S. roundabouts sponsored by theTransportation Research Board (TRB) andFederal Highway Administration (FHWA) culminated in a capacity model that was included in theHighway Capacity Manual (HCM) Edition 6[78] and theTRB-FHWA Roundabout Informational Guide (NCHRP Report 672).[79] The HCM Edition 6 model is based on lane-based gap-acceptance theory. A recent NCHRP survey of US state transport agencies found thatSidra Intersection is the most widely used software tool in the US for roundabout analysis.[80]
Statistically, modern roundabouts are safer for drivers and pedestrians than both older-style traffic circles and traditional intersections.[81] Compared with these other forms of intersections, modern roundabouts experience 39% fewer vehicle collisions, 76% fewer injuries and 90% fewer serious injuries and fatalities (according to a study of a sampling of roundabouts in the United States, when compared with the junctions they replaced).[82] At junctions with stop signs or traffic lights, the most serious accidents are right-angle, left-turn or head-on collisions where vehicles move fast and collide at high impact angles, e.g. head-on. Roundabouts virtually eliminate those types of crashes. Instead, most crashes are glancing blows at low angles of impact.[83][84] Further, a study based on satellite imagery of all intersections in Australia observed consistently low speeds on roundabouts compared to other intersection types, contributing to reduced injury severity in case of a crash.[85]
Some larger roundabouts take foot and bicycle traffic throughunderpasses or alternate routes. However, an analysis[86] of the New Zealand national crash database[87] for the period 1996–2000 shows that 26% of cyclists reported injury crashes happened at roundabouts, compared to 6% at traffic signals and 13% at priority controlled junctions. The New Zealand researchers propose that low vehicle speeds, circulatory lane markings and mountable centre aprons for trucks can reduce the problem.[88] The most common roundabout crash type for cyclists, according to the New Zealand study, involves a motor vehicle entering the roundabout and colliding with a cyclist who already is travelling around the roundabout (more than half of cyclist/roundabout crashes in New Zealand fall into this category). The next most common crash type involves motorists leaving the roundabout colliding with cyclists who are continuing farther around the perimeter.
Poorly designed walkways increase risks for the vision-impaired, because it is more difficult than at a signalised intersection to audibly detect whether there is a sufficient gap in traffic to cross safely. At a signalised intersection, traffic comes to a stop, and an audible sound can be generated to indicate that it is time to cross.[89]
This issue has led to a conflict in the United States between the vision-impaired andcivil engineering communities. One solution is to provide manually-operated pedestrian crossing signals at each entry. This increases construction and operation costs, and requires some way to disrupt traffic long enough for the pedestrian to cross (such as aHAWK beacon) that defeats the purpose of the roundabout. Signalisation also increases delays for most pedestrians during periods of light traffic, since pedestrians need to wait for a signal to change before (legally) crossing.[90]
Signalised pedestrian crossings are normally used on large-diameter roundabout interchanges rather than small-diameter modern roundabouts.
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Large roundabouts, such as those used at motorway junctions, typically have two to six lanes and may include traffic lights to regulate flow.
Some roundabouts have a divider or subsidiary deflection island, by means of which is provided a "free flow" segregated left- (or right-) turn lane (for the UK seeDesign Manual for Roads and Bridges TD 51/03) between traffic moving between two adjacent roads, and traffic within the roundabout, enabling drivers to bypass the roundabout.
The term "gyratory" (for example,Hanger Lane gyratory) is sometimes used in the United Kingdom for a large circular intersection with non-standard lane markings or priority arrangements, or where there are significant lengths of carriageway between the entry arms, or when buildings occupy the central island.[92]
In the 21st century several gyratory systems in London have been removed, including Tottenham Hale[93] andElephant and Castle.
As the overall or external size of a roundabout (in the UK referred to as the Inscribed Circle Diameter – ICD) is reduced, the maximum practicable (and prescribed) diameter for the central island is also reduced, whilst the width of the circulatory carriageway increases (due to the greater width of the vehicle swept path at smaller turning radii). In most cases, this results in it being too easy – certainly when traffic is light relative to capacity – for drivers to traverse the roundabout at relatively high speed, with scant regard for road markings or the potential dangers to self or conflicts with other road users. To mitigate this risk, a proportion of the circulatory carriageway – an annulus around the central island – is segregated from general use by demarcation lines and differentiated from the outer annulus of the carriageway by a combination of a slightly raised surface, adverse crossfall, contrasting colours and textures and demarcating lines. The effect of this is to discourage drivers from taking a more direct path through the roundabout, their line of least resistance is more tightly curved (and therefore slower) but more bearable. The inner annulus provides for the trailing axles of longer or articulated vehicles to sweep across the inner annulus, which is therefore known as an over-run area (in UK usage), truck apron, or mountable apron.
The smaller the roundabout, the more such mitigation measures are likely to be abused – the less effective they will be. In the UK the minimum size for roundabouts with raised islands is 28 metre diameter ICD with a 4-metre diameter island. This threshold being driven primarily by vehicle geometry – which is globally relatively consistent – rather than driver behaviour, it is adopted in other jurisdictions too. Below this minimum size, the mini-roundabout prevails.
After developing the offside priority rule,Frank Blackmore, of the UK'sTransport Research Laboratory, turned his attention to the possibility of a roundabout that could be built at sites lacking room for a conventional roundabout.[94]
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Mini-roundabouts can incorporate a painted circle or a low dome but must be fully traversable by vehicles. Motorists can drive over them when there is no other traffic, but it is dangerous to do so otherwise. Once the practice is established it may be difficult to discourage. Mini-roundabouts use the same right-of-way rules as standard roundabouts but produce different driver behaviour. Mini-roundabouts are sometimes grouped in pairs (a double mini-roundabout) or in "chains", simplifying navigation of otherwise awkward junctions. In some countriesroad signs distinguish mini-roundabouts from larger ones.
Mini-roundabouts are common in the UK, Ireland andHong Kong (particularly on Hong Kong Island), as well asIrapuato in Mexico.
In the UK and also in other jurisdictions that have adopted mini-roundabouts, to drive across the central disc or dome when it is practicable to avoid it is an offence. Vehicles are required to treat the painted circle as if it were a solid island and drive around it.[95] Some local authorities paint double white lines around the circle to indicate this, but these require permission from theSecretary of State for Transport. The central dome also must be able to be overrun by larger vehicles.
In the UK – and also in other highway jurisdictions – the maximum size (inscribed circle diameter) for a mini roundabout is 28 metres (30 yards).[citation needed]
These roundabouts do not form a complete circle and have a "raindrop" or "teardrop" shape. They have also been used atbowtie intersections, replacing traffic signals that are inefficient without a turning lane. In addition to their use at intersections, raindrop roundabouts are also used indogbone interchanges (describedbelow).
A balcony roundabout is just an elevated roundabout. They are constructed in such a way that vulnerable road users can cross underneath the roundabout. Footpaths and cycle paths along the different roads connect to the square under the roundabout. Vulnerable road users do not interfere with motorised traffic on the roundabout, reducing the risk of collision.
In theNetherlands,Belgium,Bosnia and Herzegovina,the United Kingdom,Finland,Spain,Poland,Hungary,Slovenia,Slovakia, theCzech Republic,North Macedonia,Croatia,Germany, and the U.S. states ofAlabama,[96]California, andFlorida, a relatively new type of two-lane roundabout designs is emerging, called "turbo roundabouts". These designs require motorists to choose their direction before entering the roundabout, thereby eliminating many conflicting paths and choices on the roundabout itself so that traffic safety is increased, as well as speed and capacity. These designs, seen from above, typically result in a spiralling flow of traffic. One minor drawback is that turbo roundabouts are often marked out such that a U-turn by means of the roundabout is not possible for drivers approaching on certain arms.
Several variations of turbo roundabouts exist. They are frequently designed for the intersection of a major road crossing a road with less traffic.
An early application of the principle was a six-arm and therefore relatively large (and fast) non-circular roundabout atStairfoot, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, which was given spiral marking about 1984. At that time the method was considered experimental and needed special consent from central authorities. The turbo roundabout was formally developed in 1996 in the Netherlands by Lambertus Fortuijn, a researcher from theDelft University of Technology.[97] Similar roundabouts, with spiralling lane markings, have been used for many years in the UK e.g. the A176/A127 (eastbound) atBasildon, Essex (51°33′41″N0°27′11″E / 51.561399°N 0.452934°E /51.561399; 0.452934). However, it was not until 1997 that the UK's national highway authorities published guidance (DMRB TA-78/97) that in effect endorsed the use of spiral markings in certain circumstances.
Turbo roundabouts can be built with raised lane separators (common in the Netherlands[98]) or with lane markings only. The use of raised lane separators prevents road users from weaving (thereby reducing conflicts) but can make manoeuvring more difficult for large vehicles.
According to simulations, a two-lane roundabout with three exits should offer 12–20% greater traffic flow than a conventional, three-lane roundabout of the same size. The reason is reduced weaving that makes entering and exiting more predictable. Because there are only ten points of conflict (compared with 8 for a conventional single lane roundabout, or between 32 and 64 with traffic signal control), this design is often safer as well. Research and experiments show that traffic accidents are reduced by 72% on turbo roundabouts compared to multi-lane roundabouts, which have 12 points of conflict.[99] Research atWindesheim University also shows that turbo roundabouts reduce accidents including casualties by some 75% when compared to regular intersections, and by 61% compared to single-lane roundabouts.[100] The same research made it very clear that it is safer for cyclists not to have priority over motor vehicles on the roundabout, than to have it.[100] At least 70 have been built in the Netherlands, while many turbos (or similar, lane splitting designs) can be found in southeast Asia.[101] The turbo roundabout design is given as an example[102] in the federalManual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
A new development is the roundabout below the seabed, in locations where multiple undersea traffic tunnels join. The first such roundabout is in the Eysturoy Tunnel (Eysturoyartunnilin), opened in December 2020 in theFaroe Islands. It connects the main islandStreymoy with two locations on the islandEysturoy that are separated by a long fjord,Skálafjørður. So, three roads meet at this roundabout. Total length of the system is 11.24 km (6.98 mi). It was the largest ever infrastructure project in the Faroe Islands, estimated to have cost around a billion Danish kroner.[103]
Roundabouts are generally not appropriate for placement on motorway or freeway mainlines because the purpose of such facilities is to provide for uninterrupted traffic flow. However, roundabouts are often used for the junction between the slip roads (calledramps in North America) and the intersecting road. A single roundabout,grade separated from the mainlines, may be used to create aroundabout interchange. This type of junction is common in the UK and Ireland.
Alternatively, separate roundabouts also may be used at the slip road intersections of adiamond interchange to create what often is referred to as a "dumbbell interchange", which is increasingly common in both Europe andNorth America due to its reduced need for wide or multiple bridges. A variation of the dumbbell interchange, often called a "dogbone interchange", occurs when the roundabouts do not form a complete circle but are instead raindrop roundabouts (describedabove). This configuration reduces conflicts between vehicles entering the raindrop roundabouts from the ramps, reducing queueing and delays, compared with the dumbbell interchange.
Additional use of roundabouts for high-speed junctions is the3-level stacked roundabout—this is aroundabout interchange whereboth of the roadway mainlines are grade separated. In the United Kingdom, theM25/A3,M8/M73 andA1(M)/M18 interchanges are examples of this type. These junctions, however, have less capacity than a fullfree-flow interchange. A similar design to this is thethree-level diamond interchange.
Most junctions onDublin's M50 motorway C-road were built using a standard roundabout interchange. The traffic volume of several of these junctions increased to a level higher than the capacity such roundabouts can accommodate, and in turn, have been converted into partially or fully free-flowing interchanges. One example is theRed Cow interchange. InNorthern Ireland, the junction between theM1 andM12 (Craigavon connector motorway) is via a standard roundabout with a raised centre, three onslips and three offslips, and two lanes.
In the city ofMalmö, Sweden, a roundabout connects two motorways, E22 fromLund, and theInner ring road.
In the Netherlands,A6 motorway andA7 motorway used to cross nearJoure using a roundabout until October 2017, when the junction was turned into a fullY-interchange.[104] The junction between theA200 and theA9 uses a 3-level stacked roundabout. NearEindhoven (the Leenderheide junction), the junction for theA2 uses a roundabout. An overpass was built for theA67 from Antwerp to Germany.
NearLiège, Belgium, the Cheratte interchange between theA3/E40 andA25/E25 functions partially as a roundabout, with through traffic allowed to continue without entering the junction and traffic changing between motorways required to use the roundabout.
Rotary interchanges operate withtraffic circles rather than roundabouts. Rotary interchanges are common inNew England, particularly in the state ofMassachusetts, but a European example of a rotary interchange may be found inHinwil, Switzerland.
A signalised roundabout is one where one or more entry is controlled by traffic signals, rather than by assumed priority. For each signalised entry there will also be a signalised stopline immediately upstream on the circulatory section. The signals prevent blocking on the roundabout, and balance and improve traffic capacity.[105]
Examples include the M50 in Dublin; the Cherry Street roundabout inKowloon, Hong Kong; Sheriffhall Roundabout in Edinburgh, Scotland; Newton Circus inSingapore; and many of the roundabouts along thePaseo de la Reforma inMexico City.
An evolution of the signalised roundabout has been proposed recently.[106] It is based in avoiding stops by eliminating conflict points in roundabouts. This proposed new paradigm (SYROPS) forms platoons of vehicles (e.g. 2 x 3 cars) that arrive at the roundabout with speed identical to the average circulation speed in the roundabout and within the time interval (visualised as a rotating priority sector) assigned to his entrance, avoiding all the conflicts of passage and with it the stops and accelerations required in standard and in signalled roundabouts. Signalling signage is with lights for human drivers and optionally wireless for connected and autonomous vehicles.[undue weight? –discuss]
"Magic roundabouts" direct traffic in both directions around the central island. They are officially known as "ring junctions". Thefirst magic roundabout was constructed in 1972 inSwindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, designed byFrank Blackmore,[107] inventor of the mini-roundabout. The roundabout joins five roads and consists of a two-way road around the central island, with five mini-roundabouts meeting the incoming roads.[108]
The name derives from the popular children's television series,The Magic Roundabout, and is considered "magic" because traffic flows in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions. This is achieved by surrounding the main island with one smaller roundabout per entry/exit street. This pattern directs traffic in the usual clockwise (inLHT installations) or counter-clockwise (inRHT installations) manner around each mini-roundabout. Exiting the mini-roundabouts, traffic may proceed around the central island either in the usual direction (via the outer loop), or in the inverse direction (the inner loop). The arrangement offers multiple paths between feeder roads. Drivers typically choose the shorter, most fluid route. Although the safety record is good,[citation needed] many drivers find this system intimidating, and some drivers go to great lengths to avoid them.[109][110][111]
Similar systems are found in theMoor End roundabout inHemel Hempstead (Hertfordshire), which has six intersections; inHigh Wycombe (Buckinghamshire),[112] theDenham Roundabout inDenham (Buckinghamshire), theGreenstead Roundabout inColchester (Essex), "The Egg" inTamworth (Staffordshire) and theHatton Cross Roundabout in London.[113]
Churchbridge Junction inStaffordshire is a magic gyratory. This type of junction is similar to a magic roundabout, except that the constituent roundabouts are connected by longer lengths of roadway.[114]
Tram roundabouts, which are found in many countries, combine roundabouts for individual vehicles with tram lines. Large areas are needed for tram roundabouts that include a junction between tram lines. Tramways usually cross the centre of the roundabout. At busy junctions, this requires traffic lights or special signalling granting the trams priority. However, there are also roundabouts where trams and vehicles share the carriageway. Some roundabouts have a tram stop on the island.
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InJensen Beach, Florida, the main line of theFlorida East Coast Railway running north–south bisects the two-lane roundabout at the junction of Jensen Beach Boulevard running east–west. It hosts three other roads and the service entrance to a large shopping plaza. Boom barriers line the railway crossings. The landscaped central island bisected by the tracks was originallycurbed/kerbed, but18-wheelers had trouble negotiating the roundabout, so the curbs were replaced with painted concrete strips. The roundabout was built in the early 2000s and improved traffic flow, although long freight trains often cause delays.[117][118]
Two roundabouts in the Melbourne metropolitan area,Highett, Victoria[119] andHampton,[120] haveheavy rail crossing the roundabout and through the inner circle. Boom barriers protect the railway from oncoming traffic at the appropriate points in the roundabout.
At the Driescher Kreisel[121] inBergisch Gladbach, Germany, a railway serving a nearby paper factory crosses a roundabout located next to a shopping centre and pedestrian zone. The flow of traffic and pedestrians is governed by 14 barriers, 22 traffic lights and 8 loudspeakers. The barriers close three times daily for 7 minutes to allow trains to pass.
In New Zealand'sSouth Island, two roundabouts join major roads where a railway cuts through. One is at the intersection betweenState Highway 1 (as Sinclair Street and Main Street from the east) and Main Street (from the west), Park Terrace and Redwood Street in the city ofBlenheim. Here theMain North Line bisects the roundabout and separates Park Terrace and Main Street eastbound from the rest of the roundabout.[122] The other roundabout is located atKumara Junction on theWest Coast, where theHokitika Branch separatesState Highway 6 southbound from SH 6 northbound andState Highway 73.[123] Both roundabouts are controlled by flashing red lights, with additional boom barriers at the Blenheim roundabout.
Also known as a hamburger roundabout, these junctions aresignalised and have a straight-through section of carriageway for one of the major routes. Thehamburger name derives from the fact that theplan view resembles the cross-section through ahamburger. The United Kingdom has examples on theA580 East Lancashire Road inSt Helens, onHaydock Island in Merseyside[124] (which also features the M6 passing overhead), and on the Astley/Boothstown border.[125] More examples are theA6003 atKettering, theA538 nearManchester Airport, the "Showcase" junction on A329 at Winnersh, Berkshire[126] and the A63/A1079 Mytongate junction in Hull. Examples also exist inBracknell, Hull,[127] Bramcote in Nottinghamshire andReading, as well as on theN2/M50 intersection inDublin, Ireland. InPerth, Western Australia, one is found at the intersection ofAlexander Drive,Morley Drive and The Strand.[128] Throughabouts are very common in Spain, where they are calledraquetas (Spanish for"[tennis] racket") orglorieta/rotonda partida ("split roundabout").[129]
The same features that make roundabouts attractive for roadway junctions led to their use at junctions of multi-use trails.
TheUniversity of California, Davis[130][original research?] andStanford University, as well as theCape Cod andOld Colony rail trails have bicycle-pedestrian roundabouts. A roundabout along theClear Creek Trail inBloomington, Indiana, connects the maintrail to itsspur.
Roundabouts are used on off-road bicycle trails inFlorida,Colorado,Alaska, andWisconsin.[131][132][133]
An elevated roundabout is located inEindhoven, serving pedestrian and bicycle traffic only, above the main conventional roadway intersection. It is known as theHovenring.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)analysis of 332 roundabouts. It was very clear that if the height in the middle of the roundabout was over two meters, then it was much safer than other designs. The accident rate was significantly lower in the high roundabouts
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link){{cite map}}:Check|url= value (help)Explanation in the website of a driving school
