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Gyeongbu Line

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Railway line in South Korea
For the high speed railway, seeGyeongbu high-speed railway.
Gyeongbu line
Overview
Native name경부선(京釜線)
OwnerKorea Rail Network Authority
Line number302 (KR)
Termini
Stations90
Service
TypePassenger/freight rail
Operator(s)Korail
Depot(s)Guro, Byeongjeom
History
OpenedJanuary 1, 1905
Technical
Line length441.7 km (274.5 mi)
Number of tracks6 (SeoulGuro)
4 (Guro–Cheonan)
2 (Cheonan–Busan)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in)
Electrification25 kV/60 HzCatenary
Operating speed150 km/h (93 mph)
Route map

km
0.0
Seoul
DC section│AC section
neutral section
1.7
Namyeong
3.2
Yongsan
Yongsanwye
Yongsan rail yard
Han River
5.8
Noryangjin
7.3
Daebang
8.1
Singil
9.1
Yeongdeungpo
10.6
Sindorim
11.7
Guro
Guro rail yard
14.1
Gasan Digital Complex
16.1
Doksan
17.3
Geumcheon-gu Office
 
0.0
Gyeongbu HSR
Siheung connecting line
 
4.7
Gwangmyeong
19.6
Seoksu
21.5
Gwanak
23.9
Anyang
26.1
Myeonghak
Northbound│Southbound
27.5
Geumjeong
29.7
Gunpo
31.3
Dangjeong
Obong [ko]
33.9
Uiwang
36.8
Sungkyunkwan University
39.4
Hwaseo
41.5
Suwon
44.4
Seryu
48.7
0.0
Byeongjeom
 
1.4
Byeongjeom rail yard
 
2.2
Seodongtan
51.1
Sema
53.8
Osan University
56.5
Osan
60.5
Jinwi
64.3
Songtan
66.5
Seojeongni
71.3
PyeongtaekJije
75.0
Pyeongtaek
84.4
Seonghwan
89.8
Jiksan
93.6
Dujeong
Cheonan connecting line
96.6
Cheonan
107.4
Sojeong-ri
114.9
Jeonui
122.6
Jeondongsignal box
126.1
Seochangsignal box
Osong line
Osing rail yard
129.3
Jochiwon
134.9
Naepansignal box
Bugang freight line
139.8
Bugang
144.4
Maepo
151.9
0.0
Sintanjin
 
1.6
Daejeon Maintenance Fascility
157.5
Hoedeok
161.6
Daejon rail yard
Honam line to Mokpo
166.3
Daejeon
173.6
Secheon
178.4
Jeungyak
Gahwa tunnel
182.5
Okcheon
Daejeon South connecting line
187.3
Gapung
Jinpyeong tunnel
190.8
Iwon
196.4
Jitan
200.8
Simcheon
204.6
Gakgye
211.6
Yeongdong
218.0
Mireuk
Hwanggan tunnel
226.2
Hwanggan
234.7
Chupungnyeong
240.7
Sinam
Taepyeong tunnel
246.2
Jikjisa
253.8
Gimcheon
Gamcheon River
263.5
Daesin
269.2
Apo
276.7
Gumi
281.3
Sagok
Sangmunal tunnel
289.5
Yamok
Nakdong River
296.0
Waegwan
302.2
Yeonhwa
305.9
Sindong
Sindong freight line
308.2
North Daegu connecting line
313.3
Jicheon
323.1
Daegu
326.3
East Daegu
331.8
Gomo
333.4
Gacheon
338.6
Gyeongsan
345.7
Samseong
Seonghyeon tunnel
353.1
Namseonghyeon
361.8
Cheongdo
367.4
Singeo
Yucheon
372.2
Sangdong
374.8
Daeseong
Miryang tunnel
381.6
Miryang
392.6
Mijeonsignal box
Mijeon Line
Gyeongjeon Line to Gwangju
394.1
Samnangjin
403.2
Wondong
412.4
Mulgeum
Yangsan Cargo Terminal
421.8
Hwamyeong
425.2
Gupo
430.3
Sasang
Busan coach yard
Beomil
439.9
Busanjin
440.2
441.7
Busan
km
Gyeongbu Line
Hangul
경부선
Hanja
京釜線
RRGyeongbuseon
MRKyŏngbusŏn

TheGyeongbu line (Gyeongbuseon) is arailway line inSouth Korea and is considered to be the most important and one of the oldest in the country. It was constructed in 1905, connectingSeoul withBusan viaSuwon,Daejeon, andDaegu. It is by far the most heavily travelled rail line in South Korea.

All types ofhigh-speed, express, local, and freight trains provide frequent service along its entire length.

History

[edit]
Groundbreaking celebration of the Keibu Railway (present Gyeongbu Line) from Keijō to Busan in 1901
Evolution of shortest travel times and top speeds between Seoul and Busan on the Gyeongbu line

In 1894–1895, theEmpire of Japan andQing China fought theFirst Sino-Japanese War for influence over Korea. Following the war, Japan competed with theRussian Empire's railway expansion in Northeast Asia, which led it to seek the right from theKorean Empire to build a railway from Busan toKeijō (the Japanese Empire's name for Seoul). This railway line was intended by Japan to solidify its strategic positions against Russia, with which it would later fight thewar.[1] Surveying began in 1896, and in spite of local protests, the Korean Empire gave Japan the right to build the line in 1898.[2] Construction of the railway started on August 20, 1901, with a ceremony atEitōho-ku, Keijō.[2] Construction was supervised by the Japanese, with local Koreans commandeered into forced labor and paid in coupons.[2][1]

Japan also sought to gain control of theKeigi Railway project that was to extend tracks further north, recognizing the trunk route as a means to keep Korea under its influence.[1] After the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, Japan ignored Korea's declaration of neutrality and transported troops toIncheon. Japan also forced the Korean government to sign an agreement that ceded its control of the railway. Japanese military bases were established in connection with the railway, the biggest of them next toRyūzan Station (modern-day Yomgsan Station) in Keijō.[1]

The Gyeongbu line was opened to the public on January 1, 1905, as theKeibu Railway (京釜鐵道,Keibu tetsudō).[2][3] The first trains completed the rote in 17 hours 4 minutes.[4] By April 1906, travel time was reduced to 11 hours,[4] while top speed reached 60 km/h (37 mph).[5] The line formed the backbone of transport inKorea under Japanese rule. Following theJapanese invasion of Manchuria, beginning on April 1, 1933, direct trains traversed the line from Busan to Andong (modern-dayDandong) across the border.[6] Beginning on December 1, 1936, theAkatsuki luxury express trains ran on the line at a maximum speed of 90 km/h (56 mph), and achieved the shortest pre-war travel time of 6 hours 30 minutes[4] on the timetable of November 1, 1940.[7]

Travel times greatly improved when the line was used duringWorld War II.[7] Following World War II, the Seoul–Busan express train re-established on May 20, 1946,[7] was namedChosun Liberator.[6] During theKorean War, the line transported troops and refugees.[8] The line remained the backbone of South Korea's transportation system after the war,[9] with the introduction of thediesel locomotives[6] and the cross-countryMugunghwa-ho train class.[4] Following the 1961 coup, theSupreme Council for National Reconstruction initiated South Korea'sfirst five-year plan, which included a construction program to complete the railway network, as a way to foster economic growth.[10] On the Gyeongbu Line, the effort was promoted with a new class of express trains calledJaegeon-ho, (Reconstruction train) introduced on May 15, 1962.[6] These trains reduced travel times below the best pre-WWII travel times for the first time, connecting Seoul and Busan in 6 hours 10 minutes at a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).[4]

Beginning in the 1960s, road construction began to make road transportation more attractive and faster. Although the top speed rose to 110 km/h (68 mph) and the Seoul–Busan travel time along the Gyeongbu Line was reduced to 4 hours 50 minutes by June 10, 1969,[4] travel time was only 4 to4+12 hours on the parallelGyeongbu Expressway, completed in 1970.[9]Korean National Railroad responded by introducing theSaemaul-ho class of elevated-comfort express trains on August 15, 1974.[4] With the introduction of the newstreamlined diesel locomotives and thendiesel multiple units in the Saemaul-ho service,[6] top speed was raised to 140 km/h (87 mph) and travel time was reduced to 4 hours 10 minutes with the timetable valid by November 16, 1985.[4]

Upgrade

[edit]

The Gyeongbu Line was widely improved in parallel with the development of theSeoul Metropolitan Subway urban rapid transit system and theKorea Train Express (KTX) high-speed rail system beginning in the 1970s.

The Gyeongbu Line is six-tracked from Seoul to Guro, four-tracked from Guro to Cheonan,[11] and double-tracked from Cheonan all the way to Busan. The entire line is electrified.[11]

Relationship with the KTX project

[edit]

TheSeoulBusan axis is Korea's main traffic corridor. In 1995, it was home to 73.3% of Korea's population, and conducted 70% of the freight and 66% of passenger traffic. With both theGyeongbu Expressway andKorail's Gyeongbu Line congested, the government saw the need to develop railways.[9] The first proposals for a second Seoul-Busan railway line originated from a study conducted between 1972 and 1974 by experts from France'sSNCF and Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) from a request from theIBRD.[9][12] A more detailed 1978-1981 study byKAIST, focusing on the needs of freight transport, also came to the conclusion that the necessary capacity for freight transport on the existing Gyeongbu Line could best be released by separating off long-distance passenger traffic on a parallel high speed passenger railway, which was then taken up in Korea's nextFive Year Plan.[9]

Following the1997 Asian financial crisis, the government decided to finish the Gyeongbu High Speed Railway (Gyeongbu HSR) in two phases, and upgrade and electrify the conventional Gyeongbu Line for KTX services on the sections paralleling the parts of the high-speed line not completed in the first phase.[9][13]

Plans foresaw the development of the Gyeongbu Line into a high-capacity freight corridor after the completion of the second phase of the Gyeongbu HSR.[14] At the time of the opening of the Daegu–Busan section of the high-speed line on November 1, 2010, capacity available for freight trains on the conventional line was expected to increase by a factor of 7.7, while the capacity for passenger transport in the entire corridor increased by a factor of 3.4.[15]

Electrification

[edit]

The line was electrified in stages from 1974 to 2006:[11]

SectionLengthStart of electric operationNotes
Seoul–Suwon41.5 kmAugust 15, 1974Integration intoSeoul Subway Line 1
Yeongdeungpo–Suwon32.3 kmDecember 23, 1981Second pair of tracks
Yongsan–Guro8.5 kmDecember 30, 1996Third pair of tracks
Suwon–Byeongjeom7.2 kmApril 30, 2003Four tracks; extension of Seoul Subway Line 1
Byeongjeom–Cheonan48.4 kmJanuary 20, 2005Four tracks
Cheonan–Jochiwon32.7 kmMarch 30, 2005
Jochiwon–Daejeonjochajang34.9 kmJuly 1, 2005
Daejeonjochajang–Daejeon–Okcheon20.7 kmApril 1, 2004For KTX trains
Okcheon–Sangdong125.3 kmDec 8, 2006
Sangdong–Daegu–Busan132.8 kmApril 1, 2004For KTX trains

For KTX trains and new electric locomotives, top speed was also raised to up to 150 km/h.[11][16]

Services

[edit]

The Gyeongbu Line is the major route out ofSeoul andYongsan stations and, in addition to regular departures for Busan, trains travel along the Gyeongbu Line en route toJanghang,Gwangju,Mokpo,Suncheon,Yeosu,Pohang,Ulsan,Haeundae,Masan, andJinju. Trains forJecheon,Andong, andYeongju also operate along sections of the Gyeongbu Line.

On the section between Seoul Station,Guro (where roughly half of the trains leave the Gyeongbu Line to head out toIncheon via theGyeongin Line), Suwon, and Byeongjeom,Seoul Subway Line 1 provides frequent commuter services.

The Gyeongbu Line is served along its entire length by frequent intercitySaemaul-ho and cross-countryMugunghwa-ho trains. Some trains run along the entire length of the line, others only on some sections, including trains diverging to the connected lines. As of October 2010, direct Saemaul day trains connect Seoul to Busan in a minimum 4 hours 50 minutes, and Mughungwa trains in a minimum 5 hours 28 minutes.[17]

KTX

[edit]
Main article:Gyeongbu High Speed Railway

Korail launched KTX high-speed services with the opening of the first phase of the Gyeongbu HSR on April 1, 2004.[9] The Seoul–Busan travel distance was shortened to 408.5 km, the shortest travel time was 2 hours 40 minutes.[9]

All KTX services use the conventional Gyeongbu Line between Seoul and the start of the Siheung Interconnection at a junction afterGeumcheon-gu Office station, until the Siheung Interconnection diverges in a tunnel towards the present start of the Gyeongbu HSR. The terminal for most Gyeongbu KTX services is Seoul Station, for mostHonam KTX services, Yongsan station.[9][17] In addition, some trains continue beyond Seoul Station for 14.9 km along theGyeongui Line to terminate atHaengsin station,[17] next to which KTX trains have a depot.[18] An additional stop atYeongdeungpo station was proposed in 2004, however, the plans were dropped in face of opposition from locals living aroundGwangmyeong station along the Gyeongbu HSR, who feared that Yeongdeungpo would draw away passengers from the new station and force its closing.[19] However, the November 1, 2010, timetable change made Yeongdeungpo a KTX stop, for newly introduced trains that also use the Gyeongbu Line on the entire Seoul–Daejeon section, to serveSuwon.[17][20]

From its opening, the Gyeongbu KTX service also returned to the Gyeongbu Line for two short sections crossing Daejeon and Daegu, where local disputes about the high-speed line alignment across urban areas held up construction;[21] and all the way from Daegu to Busan. Consequently, all but two of the stations of the Gyeongbu KTX service were on the conventional Gyeongbu Line: after the two stations on the high-speed line, Gwangmyeong and Cheonan-Asan, stops were at Daejeon, Dongdaegu (East Daegu), Miryang, Gupo and Busan.[9] Some Gyeongbu KTX services maintained service on this relation after the November 1, 2010, opening of the second phase of the Gyeongbu HSR, with the daily number of halts in Miryang and Gupo increased.[17] Korail met local demands by introducing additional KTX services between Seoul and Dongdaegu in June 2007, which used the conventional Gyeongbu Line between Daejeon and Dongdaegu to serveGimcheon andGumi.[22] However, these services were discontinued with the opening of theGimcheon–Gumi station on the high-speed line.[22]

The section between Daegu and Samnangjin, the junction with theGyeongjeon Line, is also used by the Gyeongjeon KTX services, which connect Seoul toMasan on the Gyeongjeon Line since December 15, 2010,[23] and will be extended to Jinju by 2012.[24] Stops along the Gyeongbu Line will be at Dongdaegu and Miryang.

Evolution of long-distance passenger traffic

[edit]

Between Seoul and Cheonan, the Mugunghwa and Saemaul express trains on the Gyeongbu Line gave rail around a fifth of themodal share before the launch of KTX services. Due to the short distance and the location of the KTX station outside the city, the conventional line could retain most of its passengers, and the increase in the total modal share of rail was modest.[9] On the medium-distance relation from Seoul to Daejeon, KTX gained market share mostly at the expense of normal express services on the Gyeongbu Line, which decreased by half in the first year, while the total share of rail increased to a third.[9] On the long-distance relations from Seoul to Daegu and Busan, the total share of rail increased from around two-fifths to a market dominating three-fifths, with the bulk of that traffic taken by the KTX. For intercity passenger traffic on the conventional Gyeongbu Line, that translates to a sharp drop on the Daejeon-Daegu section (bypassed by KTX trains) and a sharp increase on the Daegu-Busan section.[9]

Railway modal share in intercity traffic[9]
Seoul to...CheonanDaejeonDaeguBusan
PeriodTotalWithout KTXTotalWithout KTXTotalWithout KTXTotalWithout KTX
2003/421.1%21.1%27.5%27.5%40.5%40.5%38.0%38.0%
2004/524.2%19.2%33.9%14.0%63.6%11.4%60.9%10.6%

Station list

[edit]
Stops at the station
Does not stop at the station
Limited service(Line 1), Some train stops(Long Distance)
StationHangulHanjaSeoul Subway Line 1Long Distance ServicesConnecting lines
and services
Station
distance
Line
distance
Location
LRITXMugungwhakm
Seoul서울
Gyeongbu HSR
Seoul Subway Line 4
AREX
Great Train eXpressGTX-A
-0.0SeoulJung-gu
Namyeong남영南營
-1.7Yongsan-gu
Yongsan용산龍山
[note 1]
Gyeongwon Line
(Gyeongui–Jungang Line)
Yongsan Line
Honam Line
Honam KTX
1.53.2
Noryangjin노량진鷺梁津
Seoul Subway Line 92.65.8Dongjak-gu
Daebang
(Sungae Hospital)
대방
(성애병원)
大方
-1.57.3Yeongdeungpo-gu
Singil신길新吉
Seoul Subway Line 50.88.1
Yeongdeungpo영등포永登浦
[note 2]
Gyeongbu HSR1.09.1
Sindorim신도림新道林
Seoul Subway Line 2
Sinjeong Branch
(Seoul Subway Line 2)
1.510.6Guro-gu
Guro구로九老
Gyeongin Line
(Seoul Subway Line 1)
1.111.7
Gasan Digital Complex
(Mario Outlet)
가산디지털단지
(마리오아울렛)
加山디지털團地
Seoul Subway Line 72.414.1Geumcheon-gu
Doksan독산禿山
-2.016.1
Geumcheon-gu Office금천구청衿川區廳
Gwangmyeong Line
(Seoul Subway Line 1)
1.217.3
Seoksu석수石水
-2.319.6Gyeonggi-doAnyang
Gwanak관악冠岳
1.921.5
Anyang안양安養
2.423.9
Myeonghak
(Sungkyul Univ.)
명학
(성결대앞교)
鳴鶴
2.226.1
Geumjeong금정衿井
Gwacheon Line
(Seoul Subway Line 4)
Ansan Line
(Seoul Subway Line 4)
1.427.5Gunpo
Gunpo군포軍浦
-2.229.7
Dangjeong
(Hansei Univ.)
당정
(한세대)
堂井
1.631.3
Uiwang
(Korea Nat'l Univ. of Transportation)
의왕
(한국교통대학교)
義王
Seoul Subway Line 1
Nambu Hwamulgiji Line
4.233.9Uiwang
Sungkyunkwan Univ.성균관대成均館大
-2.936.8Suwon
Hwaseo화서華西
2.639.4
Suwon수원水原
[note 2]
Gyeongbu HSR
Suin–Bundang LineSuin-Bundang Line
2.141.5
Seryu세류細柳
-2.944.4
Byeongjeom
(Hanshin Univ.)
병점
(한신대)
餅店
Byeongjeomgiji Line
(Seoul Subway Line 1)
4.348.7Hwaseong
Sema세마洗馬
-2.451.1Osan
Osan Univ.오산대烏山大
2.753.8
Osan오산烏山
2.756.5
Jinwi진위振威
4.060.5Pyeongtaek
Songtan송탄松炭
3.864.3
Seojeongni
(Kookje College)
서정리
(국제대학)
西井里
2.266.5
PyeongtaekJije
(Korea Nat'l Univ. of Welfare)
평택지제
(한국복지대학)
平澤芝制
Suseo-Pyeongtaek HSR4.871.3
Pyeongtaek평택平澤
Pyeongtaek Line3.775.0
Seonghwan
(Namseoul Univ.)
성환
(남서울대)
成歡
-9.484.4Chungcheongnam-doCheonan
Jiksan직산稷山
5.489.8
Dujeong두정斗井
3.893.6
Cheonan천안天安
Janghang Line
Anseong Line (Closed)
3.096.6
Sojeong-ri소정리小井里NoSeoul Subway Line 1 Service
-10.8107.4Sejong City
Jeonui전의全義
7.5114.9
Jeondong전동全東
7.7122.6
Seochang서창瑞倉
Osong Line3.5126.1
Jochiwon조치원鳥致院
Chungbuk Line3.2129.3
Naepan내판內板
-5.6134.9
Bugang부강芙江
4.9139.8
Maepo매포梅浦
4.6144.4
Sintanjin신탄진新灘津
7.5151.9DaejeonDaedeok-gu
Hoedeok회덕懷德
5.6157.5
Daejeonjochajang대전조차장大田操車場
Honam Line4.1161.6
Daejeon대전大田
Gyeongbu HSR
Daejeon Line
Daejeon Subway Line 1
4.7166.3Dong-gu
Secheon세천細川
-7.6173.6
Jeungyak
(Closed)
증약增若
-Chungcheongbuk-doOkcheon-gun
Okcheon옥천沃川
8.0182.5
Gapung
(Closed)
가풍加豊
-
Iwon이원伊院
8.3190.8
Jitan지탄池灘
5.6196.4
Simcheon심천深川
4.4200.8Yeongdong-gun
Gakgye각계覺溪
3.8204.6
Yeongdong영동永同
7.0211.6
Mireuk
(Closed)
미륵彌勒
-
Hwanggan황간黃澗
14.6226.2
Chupungnyeong추풍령秋風嶺
8.5234.7
Sinam신암新岩
6.0240.7Gyeongsangbuk-doGimcheon
Jikjisa직지사直指寺
5.5246.2
Gimcheon김천金泉
Gyeongbuk Line7.6253.8
Daesin대신大新
-9.7263.5
Apo아포牙浦
5.7269.2
Gumi구미龜尾
Daegyeong LineDaegyeong Line7.5276.7Gumi
Sagok사곡沙谷
Daegyeong LineDaegyeong Line4.6281.3
Yangmok약목若木
-8.2289.5Chilgok-gun
Waegwan왜관倭館
Daegyeong LineDaegyeong Line6.5296.0
Yeonhwa연화蓮花
-6.2302.2
Sindong신동新洞
3.7305.9
Jicheon지천枝川
7.4313.3
Seodaegu서대구西大邱
[note 3]

Daegyeong LineDaegyeong Line
5.6318.9DaeguSeo-gu
Daegu대구大邱
Daegyeong LineDaegyeong Line
Daegu Subway Line 1
4.2323.1Buk-gu
Dongdaegu동대구東大邱
Gyeongbu HSR
Daegu Line
Daegyeong LineDaegyeong Line
Daegu Subway Line 1
3.2326.3Dong-gu
Gomo고모顧母
-5.5331.8Suseong-gu
Gacheon가천佳川
Daegu Line1.6333.4
Gyeongsan경산慶山
Daegyeong LineDaegyeong Line5.2338.6Gyeongsangbuk-doGyeongsan
Samseong삼성三省
-7.1345.7
Namseonghyeon남성현南省峴
7.4353.1Cheongdo-gun
Cheongdo청도淸道
8.7361.8
Singeo신거新巨
5.6367.4
Sangdong상동上東
4.8372.2Gyeongsangnam-doMiryang
Miryang밀양密陽
Gyeongbu HSR9.4381.6
Muwol
(Closed)
무월無月
--
Mijeon미전美田
Mijeon Line11.0392.6
Samnangjin삼량진三浪津
Gyeongjeon Line1.5394.1
Wondong원동院洞
-9.1403.2Yangsan
Mulgeum물금勿禁
9.2412.4
Hwamyeong화명華明
Busan Subway Line 29.4421.8BusanBuk-gu
Gupo구포龜浦
Gyeongbu HSR
Busan Subway Line 3
3.4425.2
Sasang사상沙上
Gaya Line
Busan Subway Line 2
5.1430.3Sasang-gu
Busanjin부산진釜山鎭
Donghae Line
Busan Subway Line 1
9.6439.9Busanjin-gu
Busan부산釜山
Gyeongbu HSR
Busan Subway Line 1
1.8441.7Dong-gu

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Only theHonam line KTX stops here, not Gyeongbu HSR KTX.
  2. ^abOnly the KTX using conventional line between Seoul and Daejeon stops here
  3. ^KTX trains via Seodaegu partially uses conventional Gyeongbu line before merging with Gyeongbu HSR.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdNakano, Akira (3 September 2007)."Korea's Railway Network the Key to Imperial Japan's Control".The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved22 July 2021.'From Korea's point of view, the Imperial Japanese Army brought railways with it, beginning a period of deprivation and oppression. Japan thought the Korean Peninsula was strategically crucial to its military and laid railways as tools to control the peninsula. The Russo-Japanese War was, in a way, a war over railways.' Chung [Jae Jong] went on to explain that the great powers viewed railways as key to expanding their areas of influence because of the ease with which military personnel and goods could be transported in bulk.
  2. ^abcd"[책갈피 속의 오늘]1901년 경부선 철도 기공 ".The Dong-a Ilbo. 2007-08-20. Retrieved2010-10-28.
  3. ^Kitayama, Toshikazu."京釜鉄道(ソール-プサン間)建設と日露戦争".北山敏和の鉄道いまむかし (in Japanese). Retrieved22 July 2021.
  4. ^abcdefgh"열차속도의 변천" (in Korean).Korail. Archived fromthe original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved2011-01-14.
  5. ^차량 기술현황 (in Korean).Woosong University. Archived fromthe original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved2011-01-07.
  6. ^abcde"History of train operation". Korea Railway Industry information Center. Archived fromthe original on March 31, 2012. RetrievedNovember 7, 2010.
  7. ^abc"Untitled Document"한국철도 열차운전속도 변천사 (in Korean). Rail Safety Information System. Retrieved2011-01-07.
  8. ^"History". Korea Railway Industry information Center. Archived fromthe original on July 22, 2011. RetrievedNovember 7, 2010.
  9. ^abcdefghijklmnCho, Nam-Geon; Chung, Jin-Kyu (2008)."High Speed Rail Construction of Korea and Its Impact"(PDF).KRIHS Special Report Series (in Korean).12. Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2011-05-29. Retrieved2010-08-30.
  10. ^"철마 110년, 영고의 자취 [12] 경제개발과 철도" (in Korean). Silvernet News. 2010-03-20. Retrieved2010-11-16.
  11. ^abcd"Electricity Almanac 2009"(PDF). Korea Electric Association. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-03-14. Retrieved2010-10-23.
  12. ^"Major Projects Overseas - I-K". JARTS. Archived fromthe original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved2010-08-26.
  13. ^D. Suh, Sunduck (2000)."RISK MANAGEMENT IN A LARGE-SCALE NEW RAILWAY TRANSPORT SYSTEM PROJECT ─ Evaluation of Korean High Speed Railway Experience ─"(PDF).IATSS Research.24 (2). IATSS.doi:10.1016/S0386-1112(14)60029-7. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved2010-08-30.
  14. ^"South Korea's growing network".Railway Gazette International. 2008-09-08. Archived fromthe original on 2012-12-05. Retrieved2010-08-29.
  15. ^"KTX 경부선 개통 - 에어부산 취항 2주년" (in Korean).The Dong-a Ilbo. 2010-10-28. Retrieved2010-11-01.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^"One year later, KTX faces rider shortfalls, complaints".JoongAng Daily. 2005-03-25. Retrieved2010-10-21.
  17. ^abcde"Booking".Korail. Archived fromthe original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved2010-10-28.
  18. ^Lee, Kyung Chul (August 2007)."Launch of Korean High-Speed Railway and Efforts to Innovate Future Korean Railway"(PDF).Japan Railway & Transport Review (48):30–35. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2011-06-13. Retrieved2010-10-23.
  19. ^광명역은 이렇게 죽으라고? (in Korean). Pride of Gwang Myeong. 2010-10-08. Archived fromthe original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved2010-11-03.
  20. ^경부고속철도 2단계 개통에 따른 열차운행 알림 (in Korean).Korail. 2010-10-06. Archived fromthe original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved2010-10-31.
  21. ^"Bullet trains coming to a town near you by 2020".JoongAng Daily. 2010-09-02. Retrieved2010-10-23.
  22. ^ab"'KTX가 뭐기에'…김천·구미 끝없는 대립".JoongAng Ilbo. 2010-07-18. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved2010-10-23.
  23. ^"[오늘의 세상] 서울~부산 KTX 22분 단축" (in Korean).The Chosun Ilbo. 2010-10-07. Retrieved2010-10-19.
  24. ^"KTX ready for big expansion in 2010".JoongAng Daily. 2009-12-31. Retrieved2010-08-29.
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