Guru Angad | |
|---|---|
ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ | |
 Miniature painting depiction of Guru Angad | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | Lehna (1504-03-31)31 March 1504 |
| Died | 29 March 1552(1552-03-29) (aged 47) |
| Spouse | Mata Khivi |
| Children | Baba Dasu (1521–1598) Baba Dattu (1524–1575) Bibi Amro (1529–1601) Bibi Anokhi (1531–1608) |
| Parent(s) | Mata Ramo and Baba Pheru Mal |
| Known for | Standardising theGurmukhi Script |
| Other names | Second Master Second Nanak |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Sikhism |
| Religious career | |
| Based in | Khadur |
| Period in office | 1539–1552 |
| Predecessor | Guru Nanak |
| Successor | Guru Amar Das |
Guru Angad (31 March 1504 – 29 March 1552;[2]Punjabi:ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ,pronounced[gʊɾuːəŋgəd̯ᵊ]) was the second of the tenSikh gurus ofSikhism. After meetingGuru Nanak, the founder ofSikhism, becoming a Sikh, and serving and working with Nanak for many years, Nanak gave Lehna the name Angad ("my own limb"),[3] and chose Angad as the second Sikh Guru.[4][5][6]
After the death of Nanak in 1539, Angad led the Sikh tradition.[7][8] He is remembered in Sikhism for adopting and formalising theGurmukhi alphabet.[9][5] He began the process of compiling the hymns of Nanak and contributed 62 or 63Saloks of his own.[5] Instead of his own son, he chose his discipleAmar Das as his successor and the third Guru of Sikhism.[7][8]
Angad was born on 31 March 1504 with the birth name of Lehna (also transliterated as Lahina) in the village ofMatte-di-Sarai (now Sarainaga) inMuktsar district of thePunjab region.[10][9][4][11] He was the son of a small but successful trader named Pheru Mal.[11] His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi and Daya Kaur).[2] His grandfather was named Baba Narayan Das Trehan.[11] Like all the Sikh Gurus, Lehna came fromKhatri caste and specifically the Trehangotra (clan).[12][13]
At age 16, Lehna married a Khatri girl namedKhivi in January 1520. They had two sons, Datu (b. 1535) and Dasu (b. 1542), and one or two daughters, Amro (b. 1526) and Anokhi (b. 1535), depending on the primary sources.[2][11] The entire family of his father had left their ancestral village in fear of the invasion ofBabur's armies. After this the family settled atKhadur Sahib, a village by theRiver Beas near what is nowTarn Taran.
Before becoming a disciple of Guru Nanak and following the Sikh way of life as Angad, Lehna was a religious teacher of Khadur and apriest at atemple dedicated to the goddessDurga.[4][5][2][11] His family had also been worshipers of Durga.[11] He also embarked on many religious pilgrimages.[11] On one of these pilgrimages, he happened to pass by the settlement ofKartarpur, that had been established by Nanak, on the way to his ultimate destination.[11] It is said that a dialogue then occurred there between Lehna and Nanak, in-which the former was left with a deeply positive impression of the latter.[11] Thereafter, Lehna remained at Kartarpur for six years serving his newfound spiritual master.[11]
Lehna in his late 20s sought out Guru Nanak, became his disciple, and displayed deep and loyal service to hisGuru for about six to seven years in Kartarpur and renounced the Hindu way of life.[2][14]
Several stories in the Sikh tradition describe reasons why Lehna was chosen by Guru Nanak over his own sons as his choice of successor. One of these stories is about a jug which fell into mud, and Nanak asked his sons to pick it up. Nanak's sons would not pick it up because it was too dirty or menial a task. Then he asked Lehna, who however picked it out of the mud, washed it clean, and presented it to Nanak full of water.[15] Lehna was selected as the successor of Guru Nanak on 14 June 1539 but his formal installation ceremony occurred later that year on 7 September 1539.[11] Nanak touched him and renamed him Angad (fromAng, or part of the body) and named him as his successor and the second Guru on 7 September 1539.[2][16]
After Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad unable to bear the separation from Nanak retired into a room in a disciple's house in a state ofVairagya.Baba Buddha later discovered him after a long search and requested him to return for Guruship.[17] TheGurbani uttered at the time, "Die before the one whom you love, to live after he dies is to live a worthless life in this world".[17]
Angad later left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). Post succession, at one point, very few Sikhs accepted Guru Angad as their leader while the sons of Nanak claimed to be the successors. Angad focused on the teachings of Nanak, and building the community through charitable works such aslangar.[18]
The secondMughal Emperor of IndiaHumayun visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost theBattle of Kannauj, and thereby the Mughal throne toSher Shah Suri.[19] According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib atKhadur Sahib, Angad was sitting and teaching children.[20] The failure to greet the Emperor immediately angered Humayun. Humayun lashed out but the Guru reminded him that the time Humayun needed to fight, he had lost his throne and ran away. Now, the time that Humayun did not need to fight he sought to attack a person engaged in prayer.[21] In the Sikh texts written more than a century after the event, Angad is said to have blessed the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will regain the throne.[18]
Before his death, Guru Angad, following the example set by Guru Nanak, nominatedGuru Amar Das as his successor. Amar Das was born into a Hindu family and had been reputed to have gone on some twenty pilgrimages into theHimalayas, toHaridwar on riverGanges. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met asadhu, or ascetic, who asked him why he did not have aguru (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and Amar Das decided to get one.[7] On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of Angad who had married his brother's son, singing a hymn by Nanak.[22] Amar Das learnt from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met Angad in 1539, adopting Angad as his spiritual Guru, who was much younger than his own age.[7]
Amar Das displayed relentless devotion and service to Guru Angad. Sikh tradition states that he woke up in the early hours to fetch water for Angad's bath, cleaned and cooked for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoted much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.[7] Angad named Amar Das as his successor in 1552.[8][22][23] Angad died on 29 March 1552.[2]
Guru Angad is credited in the Sikh tradition with theGurmukhi script, which is now the standard writing script for Punjabi language in India,[24] in contrast to Punjabi language in Pakistan where now a Perso-Arabic script calledShahmukhi is the standard.[25] The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.[24]
Angad standardised and made improvements to the scripts of the region to create the Gurmukhi script.[26][27] Examples of possible forerunners of the script including at least one hymn written in acrostic form by Guru Nanak,[28] and its earlier history is yet to be fully determined.[29]
Angad also wrote 62 or 63Saloks (compositions), which together constitute about one percent of theGuru Granth Sahib, the primary scripture of Sikhism.[30] Rather than contribute hymns, Angad's importance was as a consolidator of Nanak's hymns.[28] Angad would also supervise the writing down of Nanak's hymns by Bhai Paira Mokha and scrutinize the resulting compilation, preparing the way for a Sikh scripture, as well as the beginning of a vernacular Punjabi literature, as tradition holds that he may have also commissioned an account of Nanak's life from earlier disciples.[28] The collection of hymns would also be increasingly important for the expanding community.[28]
Whilst the creation of the Gurmukhi script is commonly attributed to the second guru of the Sikhs, Guru Angad, according to Mangat Bhardwaj the Gurmukhi script or its antecedents pre-date the development of Sikhism by several centuries.[31] Sikh scholars themselves, such asKahn Singh of Nabha (1930),G. B. Singh (1950), Piara Singh Padam (1954), and G. S. Sidhu (2004), have documented Gurmukhi prior to the arising of Sikhism.[31] The glyphs and symbols employed in Gurmukhi pre-date Sikhism and it is more likely that Guru Angad standardized the pre-existing scripts around 1530–1535 to create the standard Gurmukhi script under the purview of Guru Nanak.[31]
Guru Angad is notable for systematising the institution oflangar in all Sikhgurdwara premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a communal seating.[9][32] He also set the rules and training method for volunteers (sevadars) who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.[9]
Angad visited other places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He established new centres and thus strengthened its base.[9]
Angad, being a great patron ofwrestling,[33] started aMallAkhara (wrestling arena) system where physical exercises, martial arts, and wrestling was taught as well as health topics such as staying away from tobacco and other toxic substances.[34][35] He placed emphasis on keeping the body healthy and exercising daily.[35] He founded many suchMall Akharas in many villages including a few inKhandur.[36] Typically the wrestling was done afterdaily prayers and also included games and light wrestling.[37]
It is said that Guru Angad commissioned the compiling of a biography covering the life of his predecessor, Guru Nanak.[11] However, the identity of the work and whether or not it ever existed or even survives to the present-day, is debated.[11] Some believe theBhai Bala Vali tradition of the Janamsakhi literature was the biography on Nanak ordered by Angad.[11]
In-contrast to his predecessor, Guru Angad only left a small number of written works that he authored. Somesalok poetry found in the Guru Granth Sahib was authored by Angad.[38]
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Guru Angad became a Sikh sometime after Guru Nanak settled at Kartarpur. He was a Khatri of the Trehan got, from the village of Matta di Sarai, in the Ferozepur district, who, on his marriage to Khivi, the daughter of a Khatri, moved to her village of Khadur where he became priest of the temple of Durga. He met the Guru with a group of villagers and decided to join him in Kartarpur. He and his family moved to be with him. He is said to have been born in 1504, but neither the date of his conversion nor that of his installation is known. He became Guru on the death of the first Master in 1539 and died in 1552.
LAHINA (1504–1552). A Trehan Khatri of Khadur who became a disci- ple of Nanak. He was later renamed Angad and succeeded Nanak as the Second Guru of the Sikhs in 1539.
| Preceded by | Sikh Guru 7 September 1539 – 26 March 1552 | Succeeded by |
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