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Gurgaon district

Coordinates:28°15′N77°10′E / 28.250°N 77.167°E /28.250; 77.167
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

District in Haryana, India
Gurgaon district
Gurugram district
Clockwise from top-left: Buildings inGurgaon, Highway near Gurgaon Phase 2, New Road nearPataudi,Damdama Lake, Sheesh Mahal inFarrukhnagar
Location in Haryana
Location in Haryana
CountryIndia
StateHaryana
DivisionGurgaon
HeadquartersGurgaon
Tehsils1. Gurgaon, 2. Sohna, 3. Pataudi, 4. Farukh Nagar 5. Manesar 6. Wazirabad 7. Badshahpur 8. Kadipur 9. Garhi Harsaru
Government
 • CommissionerRamesh Chand Bidhan,IAS[1]
 •  Commissioner of PoliceKala Ramchandran,IPS[2]
Area
 • Total
1,258 km2 (486 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
1,514,432
 • Density1,204/km2 (3,118/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Literacy84.4%
 • Sex ratio853
Languages
 • OfficialHindi
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
Major highwaysNH 48, NH 148A, NH 248A, NH 919, SH 15A, SH 26, MDR 132, MDR 133, MDR 136, MDR 137
Lok Sabha constituenciesGurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)
Vidhan Sabha constituencies1. Pataudi, 2. Badshahpur, 3. Gurgaon and 4. Sohna
Websitegurugram.gov.in

Gurgaon district, officially known asGurugram district,[3] is one of the 22districts of Haryana in northern India. The city ofGurgaon is the administrative headquarters of the district. The population is 1,514,432. It is one of the southern districts of Haryana. On its north, it is bounded by the district ofJhajjar and theUnion Territory of Delhi.Faridabad district lies to its east. To its south lie the districts ofPalwal andNuh. To the west liesRewari district.

History

[edit]
See also:Mewat andHistory of Haryana

According toMahabharata (900 BCE), the area was granted by the eldestPandava king,Yudhishthira, to their teacher,Dronacharya. Later, it passed into the hands of theMaurya Empire and to invaders like theParthians and theKusanas, and theYaudheya (after they expelled Kushanas from the area betweenYamuna andSatluj). Yodheyas was subjugated by kingRudradaman I of theIndo-Scythians and later by theGupta Empire and then byHunas, who were in turn overthrown byYashodharman ofMandsaur and then byYashovarman ofKannauj. The area was also ruled byHarsha (590 - 467 CE) andGurjara-Pratihara (mid 7th century CE to 11th century). TheTomara dynasty, who founded Dhillika in 736 CE, who were earlier tributaries of Partiharas, overthrew Partiharas. Tomaras were defeated by was defeated by defeated by Vigraharaja IV who were in turn were overthrown in 1156 CE by kingVisaladeva Chauhan ofChauhan Dynasty.

After the defeat,Prithviraj Chauhan conquered the area of Gurgaon, Nuh, Bhiwani and Rewari in 1182 CE. However he later lost it to theGhurids underMuhammad Ghori following theSecond Battle of Tarain. Following the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in his turn in 1192 CE, the area came underQutb ud-Din Aibak (1206 CE) ofDelhi Sultanate who defeated and killed Prithviraj's son Hemraj who had invadedMewat area fromAlwar.Meo - who were mostly Hindu during those times - killedSayyid Wajih-ud-Din who had been sent byQutb ud-Din Aibak to subjugate the Meos. The Meos were later conquered and pacified by a nephew of Aibak calledMiran Hussain Jang who led theDelhi Sultanate army which conquered theMewat region sometime between 1207-1210. Many Meo converted toIslam, allegedly some in forced conversions. Those Meo who remained Hindus were obliged to pay the non-Muslimmilitary exemption tax known as theJizya. In 1249 CE,Balban killed 2000 rebellious Meos. Meo rebels took away large numbers of horses from Balban's army in 1257-58 CE. In 1260 CE,Balban retaliated by overrunning theMewat area once again and killing 250 Meo prisoners and slaughtering 12,000 women, children and surviving men.

At the time of theTimurid conquests in India and the invasion ofTimur in 1398 CE,Sonpar Pal, titledBahadur Nahar, of the Hindu Jadugotra, was the prominent king of the area who constructed the fort calledKotla Bahadur Nahar nearKotla lake at the village ofKotla, Nuh. Under the patronage of Delhi sultanFiruz Shah Tughlaq, Sonpar Pal converted toIslam with the new nameRaja Nahar Khan and became the founder of theKhanzada Rajputs after submitting to Timur. In 1421 CE,Khizr Khan, theSayyid dynasty king of Delhi, defeated Raja Nahar Khan's converted sonJalal Khan ofMewat and Kotla fort. When, in 1425, converted grandsons of Bahadur Nahar named Jalal Khan and Abdul Qadir (Jallu and Qaddu) revolted, they were defeated by Sultan of DelhiMubarak Shah (1421– 1434 CE), who overranMewat and killed Abdul Qadir. Jalal Khan continued the nativeMewati rebellion against theDelhi Sultanate afterMubarak Shah was forced to deal withJasrat Khokhar who had conquered thePunjab.

In 1527,Hasan Khan Mewati, a descendant of Sonpar Pal, sided withRajput kingRana Sanga and they were defeated by the invading Mughal forces ofBabur at theBattle of Khanwa whereHasan Khan Mewati was killed by theMughals, and his sonNihad Khan, ruled Mewat as a vassal of the Mughals.Aurangzeb sentJai Singh I to crush the revolting Khanzada Mewati chiefIkram Khan. After the death of Aurangzeb,Bahadurgarh andFarrukhnagar in the north were under theBaloch nawabs who were grantedjagir in 1713 CE by the Mughal kingFarrukhsiyar.

The central area of Badshapur was under HinduJat kingHathi Singh Kuntal while the south including Nuh was under anotherJat king ofBharatpur State, MaharajaSuraj Mal.

DuringMaratha Empire the area was conquered by theirChristianFrench generals in the late 18th century and they granted Farukhnagar toBegum Samru and Jharsa (Badshahpur) to her European husbandWalter Reinhardt Sombre. Southern areas, including Nuh, stayed under the Bharatpur kingRanjit Singh and their vassal relatives, one of whom wasNahar Singh.[4][5][6]

Gurgaon district wasconquered by the British in 1803.[7] On 30 December 1803, theDaulat Scindia signed theTreaty of Surji-Anjangaon with the British after theBattle of Assaye and Battle ofLaswari and ceded to the British, Hisar, Panipat, Rohtak, Rewari, Gurgaon, Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar.[8]: 73 

During the 1947Partition of India, majority of the Muslim population fled to the newly created state ofPakistan meanwhile non-Muslim population ofWest Punjab in modernPakistan migrated and settled in this region. Many Hindus and Sikhs fromWest Punjab came and settled in this region in 1947.

On 1 November 1966, whenHaryana was carved out of Punjab as a separate state, Gurgaon was already an existing district of the newly formed state of Haryana.[9]

Geography

[edit]

This district contains many small hill ranges which are part of theAravali andMangar Bani ranges.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901182,978—    
1911159,558−1.36%
1921148,627−0.71%
1931162,464+0.89%
1941186,775+1.40%
1951201,727+0.77%
1961259,655+2.56%
1971348,151+2.98%
1981471,695+3.08%
1991606,791+2.55%
2001874,695+3.72%
20111,514,432+5.64%
source:[10]

According to the2011 census, Gurgaon district has apopulation of 1,514,432,[11] roughly equal to the nation ofGabon[12] or the US state ofHawaii.[13] This gives it a ranking of 328th in India (out of a total of640).[11] The district has a population density of 1,241 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,210/sq mi) .[11] Itspopulation growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 73.93%.[11] Gurgaon has asex ratio of 853females for every 1000 males,[11] and aliteracy rate of 84.4%. Scheduled Castes make up 13.07% of the population.[11]

Religion

[edit]
Religion in Gurugram district (2011)[14]
ReligionPercent
Hinduism
 
93.03%
Islam
 
4.68%
Sikhism
 
1.00%
Christianity
 
0.64%
Other or not stated
 
0.65%
Religion in Gurugram District
Religious
group		2011[14]
Pop.%
Hinduism1,408,80193.03%
Islam70,8424.68%
Sikhism15,0971%
Christianity9,7250.64%
Others9,9670.66%
Total Population1,514,432100%
Religious groups in Gurgaon District (British Punjab province era)
Religious
group		1881[15][16][17]1891[18]1901[19]1911[20][21]1921[22]1931[23]1941[24]
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Hinduism[a]439,26468.44%455,04568.03%499,37366.92%421,88565.59%460,13467.47%493,17466.63%560,53765.83%
Islam198,61030.94%209,93131.38%242,54832.5%217,23733.78%216,86031.8%242,35732.74%285,99233.59%
Jainism3,7770.59%3,6980.55%3,9090.52%2,9210.45%2,7620.4%2,6650.36%2,6130.31%
Sikhism1270.02%1020.02%990.01%3420.05%9240.14%5000.07%6370.07%
Christianity700.01%1520.02%2780.04%7820.12%1,3160.19%1,4630.2%1,6730.2%
Zoroastrianism00%10%10%90%60%40%40%
Buddhism00%00%00%10%00%00%00%
Judaism——00%00%00%10%00%20%
Others00%00%00%00%00%00%00%
Total population641,848100%668,929100%746,208100%643,177100%682,003100%740,163100%851,458100%
Note:British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historicPunjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.
Religion in theTehsils of Gurgaon District (1921)[22]
TehsilHinduismIslamSikhismChristianityJainismOthers[b]Total
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Gurgaon Tehsil91,07281.33%19,33617.27%430.04%6250.56%9040.81%00%111,980100%
Firozpur Jhirka Tehsil23,51023.92%74,12675.42%60.01%00%6430.65%00%98,285100%
Nuh Tehsil50,53845.08%61,45854.81%80.01%90.01%1060.09%00%112,119100%
Palwal Tehsil107,94881.93%23,25417.65%580.04%3130.24%1810.14%60%131,760100%
Rewari Tehsil124,86484.79%21,18314.39%530.04%2960.2%8590.58%10%147,256100%
Ballabgargh Tehsil62,20277.17%17,50321.72%7560.94%730.09%690.09%00%80,603100%
Note:British Punjab province era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historicPunjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.
Religion in theTehsils of Gurgaon District (1941)[24]
TehsilHinduism[a]IslamSikhismChristianityJainismOthers[c]Total
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Gurgaon Tehsil113,61480.84%24,87817.7%3120.22%7270.52%9410.67%710.05%140,543100%
Firozpur Jhirka Tehsil25,77720.83%97,50078.79%140.01%40%4480.36%00%123,743100%
Nuh Tehsil61,87041.9%85,46257.88%120.01%1810.12%1240.08%00%147,649100%
Palwal Tehsil130,23481.58%28,75418.01%1830.11%2690.17%1860.12%150.01%159,641100%
Rewari Tehsil151,76383.31%29,27716.07%610.03%990.05%8410.46%1340.07%182,175100%
Ballabgargh Tehsil77,27979.09%20,12120.59%550.06%1770.18%730.07%20%97,707100%
Note1:British Punjab province era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historicPunjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Note2:Tehsil religious breakdown figures for Christianity only includes local Christians, labelled as "Indian Christians" oncensus. Does not includeAnglo-Indian Christians orBritish Christians, who were classified under "Other" category.

Languages

[edit]

At the time of the2011 Census of India, 65.60% of the population identified their first language asHindi, 23.28%Haryanvi, 2.35%Punjabi, 2.20%Bengali and 1.33%Bhojpuri.[25]

Political and administrative divisions

[edit]

Assembly constituencies

[edit]

There are 4Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in this district:Gurgaon,Sohna,Pataudi andBadshahpur.[26] All 4 of these are part ofGurgaon Lok Sabha constituency.[27]

Sub-Divisions

[edit]

The Gurgaon district is headed by an IAS officer of the rank ofDeputy Commissioner (DC) who is the chief executive officer of the district. The district is divided into 4 sub-divisions, each headed by aSub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM):Gurgaon,Sohna,Pataudi andBadshahpur[28]

Revenue tehsils

[edit]

The above 4 sub-divisions are divided into 5 revenuetehsils, namely, Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi,Farrukhnagar &Manesar and 4 revenue sub-tehsils namelyWazirabad, Badshahpur, Kadipur andGarhi Harsaru. Gurgaon district also comprises 4Rural development blocks - Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi and Farrukhnagar.

Economy

[edit]

A large number of industries and offices have been established in Gurgaon city, Manesar and Sohna Road.Cyber City on NH8 is a popular location where most Multi National Companies (MNC) have taken large office spaces. AllSpecial Economic Zones (SEZ)s in Haryana state are in Gurgaon, exceptSonipat[29]

Ecology

[edit]

Wildlife Safari

[edit]

See also:Leopards of Haryana

Gurugram Leopard and Deer Safari, alsoGurugram Wildlife Safari, will be established as anurban forest for Gurgaon city on 1,000 acres land in Aravall's foothills across several villages such asGairatpur Bas,Sakatpur, andSikhohpur. It will include construction of a greenfield 10-acre lake at the existing natural depression at Gairatpur Bas. Forests will be rejuvenated by plantiong the native trees. Safari will be developed, along the lines ofEtawah Safari Park, in compliance of TheMinistry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) regulations and guidelines. Safari and lake will support the wildlife, resident andmigratory birds, tourist facilities such as boat rides and picnic spots.[30][31]

Gairatpur Bas lake:
Lake near Gairatpur Bas (on theDelhi–Gurgaon ExpresswayNH-48) will be in the natural depression which drains into Badshahpur drain and finally intoNajafgarh drain (tail end ofSahibi River before it converges withYamuna on western gate ofDelhi's Red Fort). Gairatpur Bas lake collects the rainwater from Aravallis.Haryana Forests Department (HFD) has also been laying pipelines and making channels in the Aravallis around Gairatpur Bas depression to direct rainwater to the lake during rains. To make itperennial the treated water from Gurgaon's Behrampur Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Sector 72 will be supplied by a 3.5 km long pipe. Behrampur STP treats 17 cr ltr/day water, of which only 90 lakh ltr was in use, and remaining 16 cr ltr/day water was available for rejuvenating the wetlands of Aravali in Gurgaon and NCR.[30][31]

Significance - biodiversity and wetlands:
This area is rich inbiodiversity, falls within theNorthern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor stretching fromSariska Tiger Reserve to Delhi, has several nearby wildlife areas such asAsola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary,Mangar Bani,Aravali Biodiversity Park, etc. There are several wetlands in Aravallis in this area, some of those formed in the abandonedopen pit mines in and around the area and have significance for themigratory birds, includingDamdama Lake,Badkhal Lake, 10th century ancientSurajkund reservoir andAnangpur Dam.[32] Locals frequently spot the leopards around Gairatpur Bas, who rarely enter human habitations. According to the Haryana's Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, there were nearly 100 leopards, including 18 cubs, in theDelhi-Gurugaon-Faridabad Aravalli Forests (South Delhi Ridge) in Sept 2019.[33] Earlier in June 2019, Haryana Forests Dept had engagedWildlife Institute of India (WII), at cost of INR 40 lakh, to conduct leopard census both in Aravalli andShivalik areas of Haryana, as 2016 survey was held only in Shivalik hills.[34]

Funds:
In Sept 2019, Haryana's Forests Minister had announced that they will allocate INR 300 cr for the project.[33]

Concerns:
Activists have raised concerns that there is lack of transparency in the plan.[30] Activists and locals also have concerns about the freedom of leopards. If Safari has any barricades it will confine the movement of free ranging leopards, they must not be placed in any enclosures as they are"already facing a threat of losing their territory because of the ruin the Aravalli forest has been facing over the past two to three decades."[33]

Conservation:
Haryana's Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, assured that"Once the DPR is ready, we will be in a better position to comment what kind of safari it will be. We will not disturb the natural movement, feeding and breeding of leopards. We are working in consultation with wildlife experts of the country and under the guidance of the ministry of environment and forest."[33] Since[Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) has developed similar leopard safari nearJamnagar inGujarat underCorporate social responsibility (CSR),[35] there are suggestions to engage RIL for their partnership, expertise and CSR funding inpublic–private partnership (PPP) mode to set up similar sections such as the"Forest of India","Frog House","Insect Life","Dragon’s Land","Exotic Island","Wild Trail of Haryana" and"‘Aquatic Kingdom" and many more.

Current status:
As of August 2019 was that the GDMA will lay the water pipe by March 2020 provided DPR is approved by the GoH. By October 2019, forests officials had surveyed the area and sent two separate Detailed Project Reports (DPR) toGovernment of Haryana (GoH) for approval - once each for the wildlifie safari by forests department and for water pipeline byPHED Haryana and GDMA (Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority).[30]

Wetland, flooding and water conservation

[edit]

Gurgaon area has several natural lakes formed by the streams draining theAravali hills in the area. To avoid the flooding variouscheck dams, called "bund" or "bundh", were built.[36]

Deforestation, ruined state of some of the check dams and obstruction to theephemeral streams due to random urbanisation and encroachments have led to flooding. This can be prevented by rejuvenating thejohads (lakes) and existing check dams and also by constructing new check dams and artificial lakes. Following must be developed to prevent flooding and enable groundwater recharge, water for wildlife which includesleopards of Haryana, eco tourism and boating, etc.[36]

Summary of plan
  • Summary of action plan: Following must be done:[36]
    • Badshapur drain needs to be deepened
    • Additional lakes needs must be built between Teekli-Badshahpur and Ghata-Kadarpur
    • Existing lakes at Bhondsi and Damdama and stream draining into these need to be rejuvenated i.e. deepened and widened
    • Existing check dams at Ghamroj, Ghat, Gairatpur Bas, Kadarpur, Jharsa, Ghasola, etc must be rejuvenated.
    • New check dams, such as at Pandala.
Detailed action plan
  • Bhondsi-Ghamroj-Damdama catchment:
    It lies on the eastern and south side of the Aravalli on the south of Gurugaon.
    • Bhondsi lake, deepen and widen to rejuvenate this lake inside the Bharat Yatra Kendra (BYK)ashram of former prime ministerChandra Shekhar and rejuvenate all the channels from hills to this lake, it must be large enough to arrest the overflow from Ghamroj and other nearby villages.[36]
    • Ghamroj lake: greenfield lake construction and rejuvenate existing bund and channel to arrest the water from the eastern and south side of the Aravalli on the south of Gurugaon.[36]
    • Damdama Lake, rejuvenate the lake and build more upstream check dams,[36] and construct ponds for the wildlife on top of Aravalli which must be supplied by the solar powered silent pumps.
  • Badshapur-Teekli-Gairatpur Bas catchment:
    It lies ion the Aravalli south of Gurugaon. Pandala and Gairatpur Bas streams confluence at Teekli and through the Badshapur (sec 66) drain flow throughKhandsa (sec 37) andGadoli (sec 37B) toDaultabad (sec 103) and Honda Chowk flooding all these areas. This requires rejuvenation of existing streams and bunds and construction of new ones at the following location.[36]
    • Teekli-Badshapur greenfield lake: a large greenfield lake must be constructed between Teekli and Badshahpur to arrest the water from Aravalli south of Gurugaon.[36]
    • Pandala, Haryana, greenfield bund and channels[36]
    • Gairatpur Bas, rejuvenate existing bund and channels, construct new if needed.[36]
    • Teekli, rejuvenate existing bund and channels, construct new if needed.[36]
  • Ghata-Kadarpur catchment:
    • Ghata-Kadarpur lake: greenfield lake between upstream Ghata and Kadarpur to arrest the water from Aravali hills which arrives via the Gold Course and rejuvenate downstream lakes/johads at Jharsa and Ghasola.[36]
    • Ghata, Haryana,
    • Kadarpur,
    • Jharsa, rejuvenate check dams and streams
    • Ghasola (sec 49),rejuvenate check dams to prevent flooding at Ghata-Kardarpur.

Deforestation and illegal encroachments

[edit]

Due to the rapid urbanisation in and around Gurgaon, there is rampant illegal deforestation and encroachments by people in violation of rules,[36] often in cahoots with corrupt officials.[citation needed] In February 2021, authorities from the town ofSohna demolished 15 illegally-built structures inAravali Retreat, after an order from theNational Green Tribunal directed the Haryana government to enforce protection of the Aravali range.[37]

Villages

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Gurgaon District Administration".gurugram.gov.in. Retrieved15 May 2024.
  2. ^"Gurgaon District Administration".gurugram.gov.in. Retrieved15 May 2024.
  3. ^Kumar, Ashok (12 April 2016)."Gurgaon will now be called Gurugram".The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  4. ^Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1983Archived 19 March 2015 at theWayback Machine,Haryana Revenue Department, Chapter II, pp.35-45.
  5. ^Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1910"Archived 9 October 2016 at theWayback Machine,Haryana Revenue Department, Section B, pp.19-24.
  6. ^Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1883-84"Archived 28 April 2015 at theWayback Machine,Haryana Revenue Department, Chapter II, pp.19-25.
  7. ^Banerjee, Abhijit; Iyer, Lakshmi (January 2003). "Appendix Table 1: Districts of British India, With Dates and Mode of Acquisition by the British".History, Institutions and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India (BREAD Working Paper No. 003)(PDF). Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development. p. 39.
  8. ^Naravane, M.S. (2014).Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 65–66.ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.
  9. ^Paxton, J. (23 December 2016).The Statesman's Year-Book 1970-71: The one-volume Encyclopaedia of all nations. Springer. p. 360.ISBN 978-0-230-27099-2.
  10. ^"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India".www.censusindia.gov.in.
  11. ^abcdef"District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved30 September 2011.
  12. ^US Directorate of Intelligence."Country Comparison:Population". Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved1 October 2011.gujjars have many villages in gurgaon. Gabon 1,576,665
  13. ^"2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived fromthe original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved30 September 2011.Hawaii 1,360,301
  14. ^ab"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Haryana".censusindia.gov.in.Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  15. ^"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I." 1881.JSTOR saoa.crl.25057656. Retrieved26 December 2024.
  16. ^"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II". 1881. p. 14.JSTOR saoa.crl.25057657. Retrieved26 December 2024.
  17. ^"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III". 1881. p. 14.JSTOR saoa.crl.25057658. Retrieved26 December 2024.
  18. ^"The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory". 1891. p. 14.JSTOR saoa.crl.25318669. Retrieved26 December 2024.
  19. ^"Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34.JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved17 March 2024.
  20. ^"Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27.JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved17 March 2024.
  21. ^Kaul, Harikishan (1911)."Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved17 March 2024.
  22. ^ab"Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29.JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved17 March 2024.
  23. ^"Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277.JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved17 March 2024.
  24. ^abIndia Census Commissioner (1941)."Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". p. 42.JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved17 March 2024.
  25. ^"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana".Census of India.Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India..
  26. ^"District Wise Assembly Constituencies"(PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana website. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved28 March 2011.
  27. ^"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"(PDF). The Election Commission of India. p. 157.
  28. ^"District Gurugram - Administrative Setup".gurugram.gov.in. Retrieved23 February 2021.
  29. ^"एस ई जेड: भारत में विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र".sezindia.nic.in.
  30. ^abcdJha, Dhananjay (19 August 2019)."Govt plans 10-acre lake in foothills of Aravallis".Hindustan Times. Retrieved22 June 2022.
  31. ^ab"Gurgaon's 'city forest' may include a leopard safari".The Indian Express. 10 August 2019. Retrieved22 June 2022.
  32. ^"Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary".Department of Forest, Delhi Government. Archived fromthe original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved22 June 2022.
  33. ^abcdJha, Dhananjay (19 September 2019)."Proposal for leopard safari in Gurugram to be ready by next month".Hindustan Times. Retrieved22 June 2022.
  34. ^Prashar, Saurabh (30 June 2019)."Wildlife institute accepts Haryana Forest dept's proposal to conduct leopard census at cost of Rs 40L".The Indian Express. Retrieved22 June 2022.
  35. ^Pathak, Maulik (20 December 2020)."Reliance to build 'largest zoo in world' in Gujarat".The Times of India. Retrieved22 June 2022.
  36. ^abcdefghijklm"अरावली के बरसाती पानी का संरक्षण कर विकसित किए जा सकते हैं पर्यटन स्थल".Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). 27 July 2021. Retrieved22 June 2022.
  37. ^Pati, Ipsita (18 February 2021)."6 months after NGT order, bulldozers move into Raisina farmhouse colony".The Times of India.ISSN 0971-8257.Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved9 April 2024.
  1. ^ab1931-1941: IncludingAd-Dharmis
  2. ^IncludingBuddhism,Zoroastrianism,Judaism,Tribals, others, or not stated
  3. ^IncludingAnglo-Indian Christians,British Christians,Buddhism,Zoroastrianism,Judaism,Tribals, others, or not stated

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Source:"List of 90 Minority Concentration Districts"(PDF).www.minorityaffairs.gov.in. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 16 April 2022. Retrieved5 March 2025.
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28°15′N77°10′E / 28.250°N 77.167°E /28.250; 77.167

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