| Gungu | |
|---|---|
| Rugungu | |
| Native to | Uganda |
| Region | Buliisa District |
| Ethnicity | Gungu people |
Native speakers | 49,000 (2002 census)[1] |
Early form | Pre-Rugungu |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | rub |
| Glottolog | gung1250 |
JE.101[2] | |
Gungu is aBantu language spoken by the Gungu (or Bagungu) people in westernUganda.
Casali and Diprose tentatively argue that thelabialized (Cʷ) andpalatalized (Cʲ) sequences may be sequences of CuV and CiV, respectively.[3]
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | pal. | plain | lab. | pal. | plain | lab. | pal. | plain | lab. | pal. | plain | lab. | pal. | ||||
| Nasal | -nas | m⟨m⟩ | mʷ⟨mw⟩ | mʲ⟨my⟩ | n⟨n⟩ | nʷ⟨nw⟩ | nʲ⟨ni̱⟩ | ɲ⟨ny⟩ | ɲʲ⟨nyi̱⟩ | ŋ⟨ngh⟩ | ŋʲ⟨nghy⟩ | |||||||
| +nas | m̩m⟨mm⟩ | m̩mʷ⟨mmw⟩ | m̩mʲ⟨mmy⟩ | n̩n⟨nn⟩ | n̩nʷ⟨nnw⟩ | n̩nʲ⟨nni⟩ | ɲ̩ɲ⟨nny⟩ | ɲ̩ɲʷ⟨nnyw⟩ | ||||||||||
| Stop/ Affricate | -voice | -nas | p⟨p⟩ | pʷ⟨pw⟩ | pʲ⟨py⟩ | f⟨f⟩ | t⟨t⟩ | tʷ⟨tw⟩ | tʲ⟨ty⟩ | c⟨t͡ʃ⟩ | t͡ʃʷ⟨cw⟩ | t͡ʃʲ⟨cy⟩ | k⟨k⟩ | kʷ⟨kw⟩ | kʲ⟨ky⟩ | |||
| +nas | mp⟨mp⟩ | m̩pʷ⟨mpw⟩ | m̩pʲ⟨mpy⟩ | n̩f⟨nf⟩ | n̩t⟨nt⟩ | ⁿtʷ⟨ntw⟩ | ⁿtʲ⟨nty⟩ | ⁿt͡ʃ⟨nc⟩ | n̩t͡ʃʷ⟨ncw⟩ | ŋk⟨nk⟩ | ŋkʷ⟨nkw⟩ | ŋkʲ⟨nky⟩ | ||||||
| +voice | -nas | b⟨bb⟩ | bʷ⟨bbw⟩ | bʲ⟨bby⟩ | v⟨v⟩ | d⟨d⟩ | dʷ⟨dw⟩ | dʲ⟨dy⟩ | d͡ʒ⟨j⟩ | d͡ʒʷ⟨jw⟩ | d͡ʒʲ⟨jy⟩ | g⟨g⟩ | gʷ⟨gw⟩ | gʲ⟨gy⟩ | ||||
| +nas | mb⟨mb⟩ | m̩bʷ⟨mbw⟩ | m̩bʲ⟨mby⟩ | ⁿv⟨nv⟩ | n̩d⟨nd⟩ | ⁿdʷ⟨ndw⟩ | ⁿdʲ⟨ndy⟩ | ⁿd͡ʒ⟨nj⟩ | n̩d͡ʒʷ⟨njw⟩ | ŋg⟨ng⟩ | ŋ̩gʷ⟨ngw⟩ | ŋ̩gʲ⟨ngy⟩ | ||||||
| Fricative | -voice | -nas | s⟨s⟩ | sʷ⟨sw⟩ | sʲ⟨sy⟩ | h⟨h⟩ | hʷ⟨hw⟩ | hʲ⟨hy⟩ | ||||||||||
| +nas | ⁿs⟨ns⟩ | n̩sʷ⟨nsw⟩ | n̩sʲ⟨nsy⟩ | |||||||||||||||
| +voice | -nas | β⟨b⟩ | βʲ⟨by⟩ | z⟨z⟩ | zʷ⟨zw⟩ | zʲ⟨zy⟩ | ||||||||||||
| +nas | n̩z⟨nz⟩ | ⁿzʷ⟨nzw⟩ | ⁿzʲ⟨nzy⟩ | |||||||||||||||
| Tap | ɾ⟨r⟩ | ɾʷ⟨rw⟩ | ɾʲ⟨ry⟩ | |||||||||||||||
| Approximant | ʋ⟨b̯⟩ | ʋʷ⟨b̯w⟩ | l⟨l⟩ | lʷ⟨lw⟩ | lʲ⟨ly⟩ | j⟨y⟩ | jʷ⟨yw⟩ | w⟨w⟩ | ||||||||||
Gungu has 14 vowel phonemes. The mid vowels are variants of the open-mid vowels. Vowels before prenasalized consonants and after labialized and palatalized consonants are always long but are written short. The close and mid vowels are considered "hard", and the others are considered "soft." Gungu has a form of vowel harmony, in which the mid vowels generally only appear in words with the "hard" close vowels.[4]
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
| Close | i⟨i̱⟩ | iː⟨i̱i̱⟩ | u⟨u̱⟩ | uː⟨u̱u̱⟩ | ||
| Near-close | ɪ⟨i⟩ | ɪː⟨ii⟩ | ʊ⟨u⟩ | ʊː⟨u⟩ | ||
| Mid | (e⟨e⟩) | (eː⟨ee⟩) | (o⟨o⟩) | (oː⟨oo⟩) | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ⟨e⟩ | ɛː⟨ee⟩ | ɔ⟨o⟩ | ɔː⟨oo⟩ | ||
| Open | ä⟨a⟩ | äː⟨aa⟩ | ||||
Gungu has eight diphthongs.
| Front Hard | Front Soft | Back Hard | Back Soft | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mid | ei̯⟨ei̱⟩ | ɛɪ̯⟨ei⟩ | oi̯⟨oi̱⟩ | ɔɪ̯⟨oi⟩ |
| Open | äi̯⟨ai̱⟩ | äɪ̯⟨ai⟩ | äu̯⟨au̱⟩ | äʊ̯⟨au⟩ |
Tone is only marked on Gungu verbs indicating the recent past. This tense is marked with a plus symbol (+).[5]
| Capital | Lowercase | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| A | a | /ä/ |
| Aa | aa | /äː/ |
| B | b | /β/ |
| B̯ | b̯ | /ʋ/ |
| Bb | bb | /b/ |
| C | c | /t͡ʃ/ |
| D | d | /d/ |
| E | e | /e/,/ɛ/ |
| Ee | ee | /eː/,/ɛː/ |
| F | f | /f/ |
| G | g | /g/ |
| H | h | /h/ |
| I | i | /ɪ/ |
| II | ii | /ɪː/ |
| I̱ | i̱ | /i/ |
| I̱I̱ | i̱i̱ | /iː/ |
| J | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| K | k | /k/ |
| L | l | /l/ |
| M | m | /m/ |
| N | n | /n/ |
| Ngh | ngh | /ŋ/ |
| Ny | ny | /ɲ/ |
| O | o | /o/,/ɔ/ |
| Oo | oo | /oː/,/ɔː/ |
| P | p | /p/ |
| R | r | /ɾ/ |
| S | s | /s/ |
| T | t | /t/ |
| U | u | /ʊ/ |
| Uu | uu | /ʊ/ |
| U̱ | u̱ | /u/ |
| U̱U̱ | u̱u̱ | /uː/ |
| V | v | /v/ |
| W | w | /w/ |
| Y | y | /j/ |
| Z | z | /z/ |
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