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Guilder is theEnglish translation of theDutch andGermangulden, originally shortened fromMiddle High Germanguldin pfenninc ("gold penny"). This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of theHoly Roman Empire for theFiorino d'oro (introduced in 1252 in theRepublic of Florence). Hence, the name has often been interchangeable withflorin (currency signƒ orfl.).
Theguilder is also the name of several currencies used in Europe and the former colonies of theDutch Empire.
The guilder or gulden was the name of several gold coins used during theHoly Roman Empire. It first referred to the Italian goldflorin, introduced in the 13th century. It then referred to theRhenish gulden (florenus Rheni) issued by several states of the Holy Roman Empire from the 14th century. The Rhenish gulden was issued by Trier, Cologne and Mainz in the 14th and 15th centuries.Basel minted its ownApfelgulden between 1429 and 1509.Bern andSolothurn followed in the 1480s,Fribourg in 1509 andZürich in 1510, and other towns in the 17th century.
TheReichsmünzordnung or imperial minting ordinance of theHoly Roman Empire first defined standards for theRhenish gulden (Rheinischer Gulden) in 1524. It also defined a silverGuldengroschen of equal value to thegulden.[1]: 363-367 : 364-365
The standards of theRhenish gulden has changed over the centuries, as follows:[2]: 19 [1]: 364-365
With increasingly standardized currencies in the early modern period,gulden orguilder became a term for various early modern and modern currencies, detached from actual gold coins. TheDutch guilder first emerged as the currency of theBurgundian Netherlands after the monetary reforms of 1435, underPhilip the Good.[2]: 20 [3] It remained the national currency of theNetherlands until it was replaced by theeuro, on 1 January 2002.
TheReichsmünzordnung of 1524 defined fixed standards for the goldRhenish gulden and theGuldengroschen of equal value. By 1551, however, both coins were valued at 72kreuzer, and a new guilder currency unit of 60 kreuzer was defined.[1]: 364-365 The latter gulden was then defined over the succeeding centuries as a currency unit worth a fraction of the silverReichsthaler.
In 1753,Austria-Hungary andBavaria agreed to the Conventions monetary standard which resulted into two differently valued gulden: theAustro-Hungarian florin of theAustrian Empire from 1754 to 1892, and theSouth German gulden of the Southern German states from 1754, until German unification in 1871. Currencies identical to theSouth German gulden include theBavarian gulden,Baden gulden & theWürttemberg gulden.
ADanzig gulden was in use from 1923 to 1939.
Other coin names that are derived from the gold of which they were once made:
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