.jpg){kind=icon}
Aguardian angel is a type ofangel that is assigned to protect and guide a particular person, group or nation. Belief intutelary beings can be traced throughout all antiquity. The idea of angels that guard over people played a major role inAncient Judaism. InChristianity, thehierarchy of angels was extensively developed in the 5th century byPseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. Thetheology of angels and tutelary spirits has undergone many changes since the 5th century. The belief is that guardian angels serve to protect whichever personGod assigns them to. TheMemorial of the Holy Guardian Angels is celebrated on 2 October.
The idea of a guardian angel is central to the 15th-century bookThe Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage by Abraham of Worms, a GermanCabalist. In 1897, this book was translated into English bySamuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (1854–1918), a co-founder of theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, who styled the guardian angel as the Holy Guardian Angel.
Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), the founder of the esoteric religionThelema, considered theHoly Guardian Angel to be representative of one's truest divine nature and the equivalent of theGenius of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, theAugoeides ofIamblichus, theAtman ofHinduism, and theDaimon of theancient Greeks. Following the teachings of the Golden Dawn, Crowley refined their rituals which were intended to facilitate the ability to establish contact with one's guardian angel.
In Zoroastrianism they are also known as Arda Fravaš - Holy Guardian Angels. Each person is accompanied by a guardian angel,[1] which acts as a guide throughout life. They originally patrolled the boundaries of the ramparts of heaven,[2] but volunteer to descend to earth to stand by individuals to the end of their days.[non-primary source needed]
The guardian angel concept is present in the books of theHebrew Bible, and its development is well marked. These books described God's angels as his ministers who carried out his behests, and who were at times given special commissions, regarding men and mundane affairs.[3]
In Genesis 18–19, angels not only acted as the executors of God's wrath against the cities of the plain, but they deliveredLot from danger; in Exodus 32:34, God said to Moses: "my angel shall go before thee." The story ofTobias concerns the angelArchangel Raphael guiding and aiding its primary character. Psalm 91:11 reads: "For He will command His angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways" (Cf. Psalm 33:8 and 34:5 — 34:7 and 35:6 in Protestant Bibles).[non-primary source needed]
The belief that angels can be guides and intercessors for men can be found inJob 33:23–26, and inDaniel 10:13 angels seem to be assigned to certain countries. In this latter case, the "prince of the kingdom of Persia" contends with Gabriel. The same verse mentions "Michael, one of the chief princes".[non-primary source needed]
Inrabbinic literature, the rabbis expressed the notion that there are indeed guardian angels appointed by God to watch over people.
Rashi on Daniel 10:7 "Our Sages of blessed memory said that although a person does not see something of which he is terrified, his guardian angel, who is in heaven, does see it; therefore, he becomes terrified."[4]
Lailah is an angel of the night in charge of conception and pregnancy. Lailah serves as a guardian angel throughout a person's life and at death, leads the soul into theafterlife.[5]
According to RabbiLeo Trepp, in lateJudaism, the belief developed that, "the people have a heavenly representative, a guardian angel. Every human being has a guardian angel. Previously the termMalakh (angel) simply meant messenger of God."[6]
Chabad believes that people might indeed have guardian angels. For Chabad, God watches over people and makes decisions directly with their prayers and it is in this context that the guardian angels are sent back and forth as emissaries to aid in this task. Thus, they are not prayed to directly, but the angels are part of the workings of how the prayer and response comes about.[7]
In the view of RabbiAdin Steinsaltz:
The nature of the angel is to be, to a degree, as its name in Hebrew signifies, a messenger, to constitute a permanent contact between our world of action and the higher worlds. An angel's missions go in two directions: it may serve as an emissary of God downward… and it may also serve as the one carries things upwards from below... The angel cannot reveal its true form to man, whose being, senses and instruments of perception belong only to the world of action — it continues to belong to a different dimension even when apprehended in one form or another... The angel who is sent to us from another world does not always have a significance or impact beyond the normal laws of physical nature. Indeed it often happens that the angel precisely reveals itself in nature, in the ordinary common-sense world of causality.[8]
In Judaism, there are references to angels with specific protective functions. An example of this can be seen in the birth protection rituals practiced among others byAshkenazi Jews in parts ofAlsace, Switzerland and Southern Germany. Pregnant women and newborn children would be given textamulets bearing the names of the angels Senoi, Sansenoi and Semangelo. These angels were supposed to protect pregnant women and newborn children fromLilith. This can be traced back to the story of Lilith, in which God sends three angels to bring Lilith back toAdam. They are unsuccessful in this task, but Lilith admits to having been created to harm children. She promises to spare children who carry the name or likeness of the three angels with them.[9]
Samael was identified as the guardian angel and prince ofRome and the archenemy ofIsrael. By the beginning ofJewish culture in Europe, Samael had been established as a representative ofChristianity, due to his identification with Rome.[10][11]
In theNew Testament the concept of guardian angel may be noted. Angels are everywhere the intermediaries between God and man; and Christ set a seal upon the Old Testament teaching: "See that you despise not one of these little ones: for I say to you, that their angels in heaven always see the face of my Father who is in heaven." (Matthew 18:10). Guardian angels work both for single persons and for communities of people.Revelation 2:1–29 andRevelation 3:1–22 refers of theangels of the seven churches of Asia who work in the role of their guardians.[12]
According toSaint Jerome, the concept of guardian angels is in the "mind of the Church". He stated: "how great the dignity of the soul, since each one has from his birth an angel commissioned to guard it".[3]
The first Christian theologian to outline a specific scheme for guardian angels wasHonorius of Autun in the 12th century. He said that every soul was assigned a guardian angel the moment it was put into a body.Scholastic theologians augmented and ordered the taxonomy of angelic guardians.Thomas Aquinas agreed with Honorius and believed that it was thelowest order of angels who served as guardians, and his view was most successful in popular thought, butDuns Scotus said that any angel is bound by duty and obedience to the Divine Authority to accept the mission to which that angel is assigned. In the 15th century, theFeast of the Guardian Angels was added to the official calendar of Catholic holidays.
In his 31 March 1997Regina Caeli address,Pope John Paul II referred to the concept of guardian angels and concluded the address with the statement: "Let us invoke the Queen of angels and saints, that she may grant us, supported by our guardian angels, to be authentic witnesses to the Lord's paschal mystery".[13]
In his 2014 homily for theFeast of Holy Guardian Angels, 2 October,Pope Francis told those gathered for daily Mass to be like children who pay attention to their "traveling companion". "No one journeys alone and no one should think that they are alone", the Pope said.[14] During the Morning Meditation in the chapel of Santa Marta, the Pope noted that oftentimes, we have the feeling that "I should do this, this is not right, be careful." This, he said, "is the voice of" our guardian angel.[15] "According to Church tradition we all have an angel with us, who guards us..." The Pope instructed each, "Do not rebel, follow his advice!" The Pope urged that this "doctrine on the angels" not be considered "a little imaginative", as it is rather one of "truth": it is "what Jesus, what God said: 'I send an angel before you, to guard you, to accompany you on the way, so you will not make a mistake'".[15]
Pope Francis concluded with a series of questions so that each one can examine their own conscience: "How is my relationship with my guardian angel? Do I listen to him? Do I bid him good day in the morning? Do I tell him: 'guard me while I sleep'? Do I speak with him? Do I ask his advice?" Each one of us can do so in order to evaluate "the relationship with this angel that the Lord has sent to guard me and to accompany me on the path, and who always beholds the face of the Father who is in heaven."[16] He reiterated this in a homily on 2 October 2018: "Listen to the inspirations, which are always from the Holy Spirit – but the angel inspires them. But I want to ask you a question: Do you speak with your angel? Do you know the name of your angel? Do you listen to your angel?"[17] The Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments discourages assigning names to angels beyond those revealed in scripture: Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael.[18]
TheOpus Sanctorum Angelorum is a public association of the Catholic Church that Christians can join as members in order to promote "devotion to the holy angels and a covenant bond with them through a consecration approved by the Church, so that the holy angels may lead us more effectively to God."[19][20] Within the Opus Sanctorum Angelorum is theConfraternity of the Holy Guardian Angels that one becomes eligible for after entering a two year formation period.[20]
According to Aquinas, "On this road man is threatened by many dangers both from within and without, and therefore as guardians are appointed for men who have to pass by an unsafe road, so an angel is assigned to each man as long as he is a wayfarer." By means of an angel, God is said to introduce images and suggestions leading a person to do what is right.[21]
Father Giovangiuseppe Califano recounted how, one day, a newly appointed bishop confessed toPope John XXIII "that he could not sleep at night due to an anxiety which was caused by the responsibility of his office". "The pope told him, 'You know, I also thought the same when I was elected pope. But one day, I dreamed about my guardian angel, and it told me not to take everything so seriously.'"[22] Pope John attributed the idea of callingSecond Vatican Council to an inspiration from his guardian angel.[23]
SaintGemma Galgani, a Roman Catholic mystic, stated that she had interacted with and spoken with her guardian angel.[24] SaintPio of Pietrelcina was known to instruct his parishioners to send him their guardian angel to communicate a trouble or issue to him when they could not travel to get to him or another urgency existed.[25]
Of the Intercession and Invocation of Angels and Saints, printed in theLibrary of Anglo-Catholic Theology, held that "many learned Protestants think it probable that each of the faithful, at least, has a guardian angel. It seems certainly proved by Scripture.Zanchius says that all the Fathers held this opinion".[26] Building upon sacred scripture and the teachings of the Church Fathers,Richard Montagu, the AnglicanBishop of Norwich in the 17th century, stated that "It is an opinion received, and hath been long, that if not every man, each son of Adam, yet sure each Christian man regenerate by water and the Holy Ghost, at least from the day of his regeneration and new birth unto God, if not from the time of his coming into the world, hath by God's appointment and assignation an Angel Guardian to attend upon him at all assayes, in all his ways, at his going forth, at his coming home".[27]
Sergei Bulgakov writes that theEastern Orthodox Church teaches that:
each man has a guardian angel who stands before the face of the Lord. This guardian angel is not only a friend and a protector, who preserves from evil and who sends good thought; the image of God is reflected in the creature—angels and men—in such a way that angels are celestial prototypes of men. Guardian angels are especially our spiritual kin. Scripture testified that the guardianship and direction of the elements, of places, of peoples, of societies, are confided to the guardian angels of the cosmos, whose very substance adds something of harmony to the elements they watch over.[28]
As such, before the Eastern Orthodox liturgy of the Communion of the Faithful, aprayer asks "For an angel of peace, a faithful guide, a guardian of our souls and bodies, let us entreat the Lord. Amen."[29]
The Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer found inMartin Luther'sSmall Catechism include the supplication "Let your holy angel be with me, that the evil foe may have no power over me".[30] Donald Schneider, aLutheran priest, states thatMartin Luther may have based these prayers onPsalm 91, which includes a verse stating "For [God] will command his angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways. On their hands they will bear you up, lest you strike your foot against a stone".[31][better source needed]
John W. Hanner, aMethodist minister and theologian, wrote on the topic of guardian angels in hisAngelic Study, stating that:
Perhaps every Christian has a guardian angel. It may be that there is one angel to every Christian, or a score of them; or one may have charge of a score of Christians. Some of the ancient fathers believed that every city had a guardian angel, while others assigned one to every house and every man. None of us know how much we are indebted to angels for our deliverance from imminent peril, disease, and malicious plots of men and devils. Where the pious die, angels are to carry the soul to heaven, though it be a soul of aLazarus."[32]
In May and June 1743, Methodists experiencedpersecution inWednesbury andWalsall and the founder of the Methodist Church,John Wesley, was threatened with death by a mob who dragged him in the rain; however, "Wesley escaped unharmed" and he "believed that he had been protected by his guardian angel".[33]
InReformed Dogmatics,Heinrich Heppe states that someReformed theologians espoused the view of guardian angels, including Bucan, who taught:
That as a rule to eachelect person a certain particular good angel is appointed by God to guard him, may be gathered from Christ's words, Mt. 18. 10, where it is said 'Their angels do continually behold the face of my Father.' Also from Ac. 12.15 where the believers who had assembled in Mark's house said of Peter knocking at the door, 'It is his angel'. These believers were speaking according to the opinion received among the people of God."[34]
There is a similarIslamic belief in theMu'aqqibat. According to many Muslims, each person has two guardian angels, in front of and behind him, while the tworecorders are located to the right and left.[35][36][non-primary source needed]
The idea of a Holy Guardian Angel is central to the bookThe Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage by Abraham of Worms, a GermanChristian Cabalist who wrote the book onceremonial magic during the 15th century and which was later translated bySamuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, a co-founder of theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. He elaborated on this earlier work, giving it extensive magical notes. In Mathers' publication ofThe Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage, he writes:
If thou shalt perfectly observe these rules, all the following Symbols and an infinitude of others will be granted unto thee by thy Holy Guardian Angel; thou thus living for the Honour and Glory of the True and only God, for thine own good, and that of thy neighbour. Let the Fear of God be ever before the eyes and the heart of him who shall possess this Divine Wisdom and Sacred Magic.[37]
TheEnochian system of 16th-century occultistJohn Dee discusses the guardian angel. In this dialog between Dee and the angel Jubanladace on p. 18, Cotton Appendix XLVI 1, the angel says the following:
Dee: If I should not offend you, I would gladly know of what order you are or how your state is in respect ofMichael,Gabriel,Raphael orUriel.
Jubanladace: Unto men, according unto their deserts, and the first excellency of their soul, God hath appointed a good Governor or Angel, from among the orders of those that are blessed. For every soul that is good, is not of one and the self same dignification. Therefore according to his excellency we are appointed as Ministers from that order, whereunto his excellency accordeth: to the intent that he may be brought, at last, to supply those places which were glorified by a former: and also to the intent, that the Prince of darkness might be counterposed in God's justice.[a]
Having studiedThe Book of Abramelin during his time with the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn,occult writerAleister Crowley adapted the concept of theHoly Guardian Angel fromRenaissance magic (seeabove) and made it central to the philosophy and practices ofThelema, popularizing it in the process.
In his earlier writings, Crowley states that the Holy Guardian Angel is the "silent self",[38] the equivalent of theGenius of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, theAugoeides ofIamblichus, theĀtman ofHinduism, and theDaimon of theancient Greeks.[39] In his late sixties, when composingMagick Without Tears, he states that the Holy Guardian Angel is not one's self, but rather a discrete and independent being, who may have been previously human.[40]
It should never be forgotten for a single moment that the central and essential work of the Magician is the attainment of the Knowledge and Conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel. Once he has achieved this he must of course be left entirely in the hands of that Angel, who can be invariably and inevitably relied upon to lead him to the further great step—crossing of theAbyss and the attainment of the grade of Master of the Temple.[41]
Guardian angels were often considered to be matched by a personal demon who countered the angel's efforts, especially in popularmedieval drama such asmorality plays like the 15th-centuryThe Castle of Perseverance. InChristopher Marlowe's playThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus,c. 1592, Faustus has a "Good Angel" and "Bad Angel" who offer competing advice (Act 2, scene 1, etc.).[42]
Guardian angels appear in literary works of themedieval andRenaissance periods. Later theAnglican Englishphysician andphilosopherSir Thomas Browne (1605–1682), stated his belief inReligio Medici (part 1, paragraph 33):
Therefore for Spirits I am so farre from denying their existence, that I could easily beleeve, that not onely whole Countries, but particular persons have their Tutelary, and Guardian Angels: It is not a new opinion of the Church of Rome, but an old one of Pythagoras and Plato; there is no heresie in it, and if not manifestly defin'd in Scripture, yet is it an opinion of a good and wholesome use in the course and actions of a mans life, and would serve as an Hypothesis to salve many doubts, whereof common Philosophy affordeth no solution:[43]
By the 19th century, the guardian angel was no longer viewed in Anglophone lands as an intercessory figure, but rather as a force protecting the believer from performing sin.[citation needed] A parody appears inLord Byron's 1819 poemDon Juan: "Her guardian angel had given up his garrison" (Canto I, xvii).[citation needed]
InCardinal Newman's 1865 poemThe Dream of Gerontius, the departed soul is met by his guardian angel.[44]J. R. R. Tolkien talks of a Guardian Angel in several letters to his children. He described the Guardian Angel as "God's very attention itself, personalised".[45]
 | This articlehas an unclearcitation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style ofcitation andfootnoting.(January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Luther's prayers are cast in the singular and the German has "let your holy angel." This could be a reference to one's guardian angel, and thus when the prayer is put in the plural the noun angel should logically be made plural also.
لَهُ مُعَقِّبَاتٌ مِنْ بَيْنِ يَدَيْهِ وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِ يَحْفَظُونَهُ مِنْ أَمْرِ اللَّهِ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُغَيِّرُ مَا بِقَوْمٍ حَتَّىٰ يُغَيِّرُوا مَا بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ ۗ وَإِذَا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ بِقَوْمٍ سُوءًا فَلَا مَرَدَّ لَهُ ۚ وَمَا لَهُمْ مِنْ دُونِهِ مِنْ وَالٍ
Media related toGuardian angels at Wikimedia Commons
