| FF / SF "Fifi" | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Naval fighter |
| Manufacturer | Grumman |
| Designer | |
| Primary users | United States Navy |
| Number built | 116[1] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1932–1934 |
| Introduction date | June 1933 |
| First flight | 29 December 1931 |
| Retired | 1940 |
| Developed into | Grumman XSBF |
TheGrumman FF "Fifi" (company designationG-5) is an American biplanefighter aircraft operated by theUnited States Navy during the 1930s.[2] It was the first carrier aircraft with retractable landing gear.[3] It was produced under license in Canada and known as theGoblin in Canadian service andDelfín (English: "Dolphin") in Spanish service.
TheFF-1 wasGrumman’s first complete aircraft design for the US Navy. The Navy had asked Grumman if their retractable landing gear made for theO2U-1 Scout planes could be retrofitted to the Navy's BoeingF4B-1 fighters; instead Grumman proposed a new fighter design.[4] The prototypeXFF-1 (serial number A8878) was built at Curtiss Field (later namedColumbia Field), New York to a contract placed on 22 April 1931, first flying on 29 December of that year.[4][2][5][6] The airplane was of two-seat design, with an enclosed cockpit, fuselage of all-metal construction, and wings covered largely with fabric. The XFF-1 was powered initially by a 616 hp (459 kW)Wright R-1820-E Cycloneradial engine, it achieved 195 mph (314 km/h) during service trials. Later the original engine was exchanged for a 750 hp (560 kW) Wright R-1820-F Cyclone and the XFF-1 reached a top speed of 201 mph (323 km/h), faster than any US Navy fighter in service at the time.[6]
A production order was placed for 27 two-seat FF-1 (G-5) on 19 December 1932. Meanwhile, Grumman had completed a second prototype (serial number A8940) to a two-seat scout configuration as the XSF-1 (G-6). Subsequently, 33 production SF-1s were ordered based on the two-seat configuration. They differed from the FF-1 principally in having revised internal equipment and in being powered by R-1820-84 Cyclones instead of the R-1820-78 model installed in the fighter version.[6] One XSF-2 was also completed, this having a Pratt & Whitney R-1535-72 two-row engine in place of the Cyclone.[2]
The distinctive retractable main landing gear design for the FF-1 had originated withGrover Loening's employment of Grumman's future founder,Leroy Grumman, who had hired both Grumman andJake Swirbul to work in his own aircraft firm in 1928 – after theLoening Aeronautical Engineering Company folded in the 1932–33 timeframe, Loening in turn contributed to theGrumman firm's later successes, with the Grumman-designed, manual crank-operated retractable main gear design used for a number of Loening's military aircraft designs being used on the FF-1, and laterGrumman F2F andF3F follow-on biplane fighter designs; culminating in theGrumman F4F Wildcat also using it, as well as the amphibious single-enginedGrumman JF andJ2F Duck multi-use biplane military aircraft.[7][8]
FF-1s were delivered to Fighter Squadron VF-5B of theUSS Lexington beginning in June 1933.[5] In service theFF-1 became familiarly known as the "Fifi".[6] Delivery ofSF-1s started on 30 March 1934, and they also served aboard theLexington, with Scout Squadron VS-3B.[6]
_(18355597905)_(cropped).jpg)
Both theFF-1 andSF-1 were withdrawn from first-line US Navy squadrons in late 1935 and 1936. The 25 remaining FF-1s were sent to the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia where they were modified and redesignated FF-2s. The FF-2s had their upper cowling guns removed and replaced by a single .30-cal machine gun in the starboard side of the fuselage in the same configuration as the SF-1. They were flown by Naval Reserve Air Bases activities across the United States. SF-1s were also used by the Naval Reserve. The last FF-2 was stricken from the Naval Record in 1942.[9]
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TheCanadian Car and Foundry Co acquired a manufacturing license for theG-23, an improved FF-1, of which it completed a total of 52, some of which were assembled from US-built components. Thirty-four were acquired by the Spanish Republican government in 1937 by presenting forged Turkish credentials. This batch was built primarily to bypass the US embargo placed on belligerents during theSpanish Civil War.[3] Referred to as the GE-23Delfin (en:'Dolphin') by theSpanish Republican Air Force, the aircraft fought in the conflict, but were outclassed by opposing fighters and losses were high. A victory against aHeinkel He 59B was the only recorded "kill" by a Grumman biplane fighter.[1] Eleven survived to serve in theEjército del Aire Español, nicknamedPedro Rico for its rotundity.[1]
Although initially rejected as a fighter by theRoyal Canadian Air Force as outdated and too slow, with the advent of war, the last 15 of the CC&F production batch were taken on strength asGoblin Is. The aircraft type served with the RCAF from 17 September 1940 until 21 April 1942. "A" Flight of No. 118 RCAF Sqn was equipped with Goblins at Rockcliffe inOttawa, and subsequently became No. 118 (Fighter) Sqn., later stationed atDartmouth, Nova Scotia, where the Goblins for a time constituted the sole fighter force on the east coast.
Prior to RCAF use, single examples were delivered to Nicaragua, Japan, and Mexico.
The sole G-23 purchased by the Nicaraguan government saw limited service before being relegated to a scrap yard at Zololtan Air Field in 1942, destined to remain there until 1961 when it was purchased and shipped to the US. In 1966,Grumman restored the aircraft before passing it to the US Navy where it remains as one of the displays at theNaval Aviation Museum atPensacola, Florida.[10]
The Japanese example was purchased as an example of Grumman's undercarriage. However, by the time it was delivered, better designs were already in use.[11]
The Mexican example was intended to be a pattern aircraft to allow a production line to be set up there, but this never occurred.[12]
Canada
Japan
Mexico
Nicaragua
Spanish Republic
United StatesData fromThe Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft[2] andAmerican Combat Planes
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Related development
Related lists
The unusual manually-retractable main landing gear design for all of Grumman's U.S. Navy fighters up to and through the F4F, as well as for the amphibious Grumman J2F utility biplane, was originally created in the 1920s by Leroy Grumman for Grover Loening.[dead link]
FM 2 Wildcat landing gear test you can see the mechanic in the cockpit hand cranking the gear up.[dead link]
