GDF2 (also known as BMP9) induces and maintains the response embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) have to a neurotransmitter calledacetylcholine, and regulatesiron metabolism by increasing levels of a protein calledhepcidin.[3][4]
GDF8 is now officially known asmyostatin and controls the growth ofmuscle tissue.[14]
GDF9, like GDF3, lacks one cysteine relative to other members of the TGF-β superfamily. Its gene expression is limited to theovaries, and it has a role inovulation.[15][16]
GDF10 is closely related toBMP3 and has a roles in head formation and, it is presumed, in skeletalmorphogenesis.[17][18] It is also known as BMP-3b.
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^Rankin C, Bunton T, Lawler A, Lee S (2000). "Regulation of left-right patterning in mice by growth/differentiation factor-1".Nat Genet.24 (3):262–5.doi:10.1038/73472.PMID10700179.S2CID6787053.
^Levine A, Brivanlou A (2006). "GDF3, a BMP inhibitor, regulates cell fate in stem cells and early embryos".Development.133 (2):209–16.doi:10.1242/dev.02192.PMID16339188.
^Chen C, Ware S, Sato A, Houston-Hawkins D, Habas R, Matzuk M, Shen M, Brown C (2006). "The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling pathway in the pre-gastrulation mouse embryo".Development.133 (2):319–29.doi:10.1242/dev.02210.PMID16368929.
^O'Keeffe G, Dockery P, Sullivan A (2004). "Effects of growth/differentiation factor 5 on the survival and morphology of embryonic rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones in vitro".J Neurocytol.33 (5):479–88.doi:10.1007/s11068-004-0511-y.PMID15906156.S2CID25940876.
^Buxton P, Edwards C, Archer C, Francis-West P (2001). "Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and skeletal development".J Bone Joint Surg Am. 83-A Suppl 1 (Pt 1): S23–30.PMID11263662.
^Francis-West P, Parish J, Lee K, Archer C (1999). "BMP/GDF-signalling interactions during synovial joint development".Cell Tissue Res.296 (1):111–9.doi:10.1007/s004410051272.PMID10199971.S2CID21942870.
^Chang C, Hemmati-Brivanlou A (1999). "Xenopus GDF6, a new antagonist of noggin and a partner of BMPs".Development.126 (15):3347–57.doi:10.1242/dev.126.15.3347.PMID10393114.
^McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ (May 1997). "Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member".Nature.387 (6628):83–90.doi:10.1038/387083a0.PMID9139826.S2CID4271945.
^Cunningham N, Jenkins N, Gilbert D, Copeland N, Reddi A, Lee S (1995). "Growth/differentiation factor-10: a new member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily related to bone morphogenetic protein-3".Growth Factors.12 (2):99–109.doi:10.3109/08977199509028956.PMID8679252.
^Zimmers T, Jin X, Hsiao E, McGrath S, Esquela A, Koniaris L (2005). "Growth differentiation factor-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 induction after kidney and lung injury".Shock.23 (6):543–8.PMID15897808.
