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Group of 77

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coalition of developing countries
Group of 77[1]
AbbreviationG77
Named afterNumber of founding Member States
Formation15 June 1964; 61 years ago (1964-06-15)
Founded atGeneva, Switzerland
TypeIntergovernmental
PurposeTo provide a forum for developing nations to promote their economic interests
HeadquartersUnited Nations Headquarters
MethodsCollective bargaining,lobbying, reports and studies
FieldsInternational politics
Membership134 member states
Chair of the Group of 77
 Uruguay
AffiliationsUnited Nations
WebsiteG77.org

TheGroup of 77 (G77) at theUnited Nations (UN) is a coalition ofdeveloping countries, designed to promote its members' collectiveeconomic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations.[1][2]: 79  The group consists of a diverse set of states with a commonSouth-South ideology.[3] There were 77 founding members of the organization headquartered inGeneva, but it has since expanded to 134 member countries.[2]: 79–80 Iraq holds its chairmanship for 2025, succeedingUganda.

The group was founded on 15 June 1964, by 77non-aligned nations in the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at theUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).[4] The first major meeting was inAlgiers in 1967, where theCharter of Algiers was adopted and the basis for permanent institutional structures was begun under the leadership ofRaúl Prebisch who had previously worked atECLA.[5] There areChapters of the Group of 77 in Geneva (UN),Rome (FAO),Vienna (UNIDO),Paris (UNESCO),Nairobi (UNEP) and theGroup of 24 inWashington, D.C. (International Monetary Fund andWorld Bank).

Policies

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The group was credited with a common stance againstapartheid and for supporting globaldisarmament.[6] It has been supportive of theNew International Economic Order.[7]: 30 [8]

Regarding environmental matters, the G77's position is that the developed countries bear historical responsibility forgreenhouse gas emissions, pointing also to the disparity inper capita emissions between the developing and developed countries.[9]: 53  As a result, the G77 often resists binding commitments to reduce its emissions.[9]: 53  The G77 has been subject to criticism for its lacklustre support, or outright opposition, to pro-environmental initiatives, which the group considers secondary toeconomic development andpoverty eradication initiatives.[7]: 30  In turn, the G77 has criticized the wealthier nations for their insufficient attention to poverty eradication, including at the1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[7]: 30–31 

Members

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Group of 77 countries as of 2013

As of 2023, the group comprises all of theUN member states (along with the UN observerState of Palestine), excluding the following countries:

  1. Members of theCouncil of Europe, except forAzerbaijan.
  2. Members of theCommonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area, except forTajikistan.
  3. Members of theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, except for all its (four) Latin American members.
  4. Twomicrostates inOceania:Palau andTuvalu.

Current founding members

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Source:[10]

  1.  Afghanistan[a]
  2.  Algeria
  3.  Argentina
  4.  Bangladesh
  5.  Benin[b]
  6.  Bolivia
  7.  Brazil
  8.  Burkina Faso[c]
  9.  Burundi
  10.  Cambodia
  11.  Cameroon
  12.  Central African Republic
  13.  Chad
  14.  Chile
  15.  Colombia
  16.  Congo
  17.  DR Congo
  18.  Costa Rica
  19.  Dominican Republic
  20.  Ecuador
  21.  Egypt[d]
  22.  El Salvador
  23.  Ethiopia
  24.  Gabon
  25.  Ghana
  26.  Guatemala
  27.  Guinea
  28.  Haiti
  29.  Honduras
  30.  India
  31.  Indonesia
  32.  Iran
  33.  Iraq
  34.  Jamaica
  35.  Jordan
  36.  Kenya
  37.  Kuwait
  38.  Laos
  39.  Lebanon
  40.  Liberia
  41.  Libya
  42.  Madagascar
  43.  Malaysia
  44.  Mali
  45.  Mauritania
  46.  Mexico[e]
  47.  Morocco
  48.  Myanmar[f]
  49.    Nepal
  50.  Nicaragua
  51.  Niger
  52.  Nigeria
  53.  Pakistan
  54.  Panama
  55.  Paraguay
  56.  Peru
  57.  Philippines
  58.  Rwanda
  59.  Saudi Arabia
  60.  Senegal
  61.  Sierra Leone
  62.  Somalia
  63.  Sri Lanka[g]
  64.  Sudan
  65.  Syria
  66.  Tanzania[h]
  67.  Thailand
  68.  Togo
  69.  Trinidad and Tobago
  70.  Tunisia
  71.  Uganda
  72.  Uruguay
  73.  Venezuela
  74.  Vietnam
  75.  Yemen

Other current members

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  1.  Angola
  2.  Antigua and Barbuda
  3.  Azerbaijan
  4.  Bahamas
  5.  Bahrain
  6.  Barbados
  7.  Belize
  8.  Bhutan
  9.  Botswana
  10. Brunei Darussalam
  11. Cabo Verde
  12.  China[i]
  13.  Comoros
  14. Côte D'Ivoire
  15.  Cuba
  16.  Djibouti
  17.  Dominica
  18.  Equatorial Guinea
  19.  Eritrea
  20.  Eswatini[j]
  21.  Fiji
  22. The Gambia
  23.  Grenada
  24.  Guinea-Bissau
  25.  Guyana
  26.  Kiribati
  27.  Lesotho
  28.  Malawi
  29.  Maldives
  30.  Marshall Islands
  31.  Mauritius
  32. Federated States of Micronesia
  33.  Mongolia
  34.  Mozambique
  35.  Namibia
  36.  Nauru
  37.  North Korea
  38.  Oman
  39.  Palestine[k]
  40.  Papua New Guinea
  41.  Qatar
  42.  Saint Kitts and Nevis
  43.  Saint Lucia
  44.  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  45.  Samoa
  46.  São Tomé and Príncipe
  47.  Seychelles
  48.  Singapore
  49.  Solomon Islands
  50.  South Africa
  51.  South Sudan
  52.  Suriname
  53.  Tajikistan
  54.  Timor-Leste
  55.  Tonga
  56.  Turkmenistan
  57.  United Arab Emirates
  58.  Vanuatu
  59.  Zambia
  60.  Zimbabwe

Former members

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  1.  Mexico was a founding member but left the Group after joining theOECD in 1994.
  2.  New Zealand signed the original "Joint Declaration of the Developing Countries" in October 1963 but pulled out of the group before the formation of the G77 in 1964 (it joined theOECD in 1973).
  3.  South Korea was a founding member but left the Group after joining theOECD in 1996.
  4.  Yugoslavia was a founding member; by the late 1990s, it was still listed on the membership list, but it was noted that it "cannot participate in the activities of G77." It was removed from the list in late 2003. It had presided over the group from 1985 to 1986.
    •  Bosnia and Herzegovina was the only former Yugoslavian state to be listed as a member on the G77 official website in 2007;[15] it was removed from the member list in February 2020.[16][17]
  5.  Cyprus was a founding member[10] but was no longer listed on the official membership list after it acceded to theEuropean Union in 2004. A document from 1975 states that Cyprus is not a member.[13]
  6.  South Vietnam was a founding member, whileNorth Vietnam never joined separately.[10][13]
  7.  South Yemen joined separately from founding memberNorth Yemen sometime between 1967 and 1975.[10][13]
  8.  Malta was admitted to the Group in 1976 but was no longer listed on the official membership list after it acceded to theEuropean Union in 2004.
  9.  Palau joined the Group in 2002 but withdrew in 2004, having decided that it could best pursue its environmental interests through theAlliance of Small Island States.
  10.  Romania was classed as a Latin American country for the purposes of the G77, having joined in 1976.[18][19] The G77 was divided into geographical regions, and because there was technically no European area, Romania was placed under the umbrella ofLatin America.[20] Romania left the G77 following its accession to theEuropean Union.[21]

China

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The Group of 77 lists China as one of its members.[22] The Chinese government provides consistent political support to the G77 and has made financial contributions to the Group since 1994, but it does not consider itself to be a member.[23] As a result, official statements of the G77 are delivered in the name ofThe Group of 77 and China orG77+China.[24]

Presiding countries

[edit]

The following is the chain of succession of the chairmanship of the G77:[25]

Presiding countries of the G77 since 1970. Colors show the number of times a country has held the position. Gray = never, Yellow = once, Orange = twice, Red = three times
Presiding countryYear
 India1970–71
 Peru1971–72
 Egypt1972–73
 Iran1973–74
 Mexico1974–75
 Madagascar1975–76
 Pakistan1976–77
 Jamaica1977–78
 Tunisia1978–79
 India1979–80
 Venezuela1980–81
 Algeria1981–82
 Bangladesh1982–83
 Mexico1983–84
 Egypt1984–85
 Yugoslavia1985–86
 Guatemala1987
 Tunisia1988
 Malaysia1989
 Bolivia1990
 Ghana1991
 Pakistan1992
 Colombia1993
 Algeria1994
 Philippines1995
 Costa Rica1996
 Tanzania1997
 Indonesia1998
 Guyana1999
 Nigeria2000
 Iran2001
 Venezuela2002
 Morocco2003
 Qatar2004
 Jamaica2005
 South Africa2006
 Pakistan2007
 Antigua and Barbuda2008
 Sudan2009
 Yemen2010
 Argentina2011
 Algeria2012
 Fiji2013
 Bolivia2014
 South Africa2015
 Thailand2016
 Ecuador2017
 Egypt2018
 Palestine2019
 Guyana2020
 Guinea2021
 Pakistan2022
 Cuba2023
 Uganda2024
 Iraq2025
 Uruguay2026

Group of 24

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Main article:Group of 24
G-24 countries:
  Member nations
  Observer nations

The Group of 24 (G-24) is a chapter of the G-77 that was established in 1971 to coordinate the positions ofdeveloping countries on international monetary and development finance issues and to ensure that their interests were adequately represented in negotiations on international monetary matters. Every member of the G-24 is also a member of the G77.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The G77 continues to recognize thede jureIslamic Republic of Afghanistan.[11]
  2. ^Joined as Dahomey.
  3. ^Joined as Upper Volta.
  4. ^Joined as the United Arab Republic.
  5. ^Mexico was a founding member but left the Group after joining theOECD in 1994. Its rejoining the organization was approved in 2023.[12] Despite the approval, Mexico does not appear yet as a member on the official website of the organization.
  6. ^Joined as Burma.
  7. ^Joined as Ceylon.
  8. ^Joined as the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
  9. ^Officially considered as a member by the organization, yet not by China itself
  10. ^Joined as Swaziland.
  11. ^Joined as thePalestine Liberation Organization sometime between 1975 and 1998.[13][14]

References

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  1. ^abStaff writer (2024)."Group of 77 (G-77)". UIA Global Civil Society Database.uia.org. Brussels, Belgium:Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved29 January 2025.
  2. ^abShinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023).China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York:Columbia University Press.ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
  3. ^Lees, Nicholas (2023)."The endurance of the G77 in international relations: South–South ideology and voting at the United Nations 1970–2015".Japanese Journal of Political Science.24 (3):310–330.doi:10.1017/S1468109923000105.ISSN 1468-1099.
  4. ^"About the Group of 77".G77.Archived from the original on Jan 20, 2024.
  5. ^Prebisch, Raúl; Prebisch, Raul (October 1986)."El desarrollo económico de la América Latina y algunos de sus principales problemas".Desarrollo Económico.26 (103): 479.doi:10.2307/3466824.hdl:11362/10183.ISSN 0046-001X.JSTOR 3466824.
  6. ^Satpathy (2005).Environment Management. Excel Books India. p. 30.ISBN 978-81-7446-458-3.
  7. ^abcSatpathy, Ipseeta (2005).Environment Management. Excel Books India.ISBN 978-81-7446-458-3.
  8. ^Fitzmaurice, Malgosia; Ong, David M.; Merkouris, Panos (2010).Research Handbook on International Environmental Law. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 567–.ISBN 978-1-84980-726-5.
  9. ^abLewis, Joanna I. (2020). "China's Low-Carbon Energy Strategy". In Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan (eds.).Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State. Seattle:University of Washington Press.ISBN 978-0-295-74791-0.JSTOR j.ctv19rs1b2.
  10. ^abcd"Joint Declaration of the Seventy-seven Developing Countries Made at the Conclusion of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development".The Group of 77. 15 June 1964.Archived from the original on Dec 2, 2023.
  11. ^"About G77 - G77 3rd South Summit".G77 Third South Summit.
  12. ^"G77 + China aprueba la reincorporación de México – DW – 17/09/2023".dw.com (in Spanish). 17 September 2023. Retrieved18 September 2023.
  13. ^abcd"Prospects for the 7th Special Session of the UN General Assembly"(PDF).
  14. ^"A/RES/52/250".
  15. ^"The Group of 77 - Member States". Archived fromthe original on 2007-06-06.
  16. ^"The Group of 77 - Member States". Archived fromthe original on 2020-02-14.
  17. ^"The Group of 77 - Member States". Archived fromthe original on 2020-02-19.
  18. ^Mark, James; Iacob, Bogdan C.; Rupprecht, Tobias; Spaskovska, Ljubica (August 29, 2019).1989. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1-108-42700-5 – via Google Books.
  19. ^Mark, James; Kalinovsky, Artemy M.; Marung, Steffi (February 11, 2020).Alternative Globalizations: Eastern Europe and the Postcolonial World. Indiana University Press.ISBN 978-0-253-04653-6 – via Google Books.
  20. ^Krause, Keith; Knight, W. Andy (November 7, 1995).State, Society and the UN System: Changing Perspectives on Multilateralism. United Nations University Press.ISBN 978-92-808-0885-8 – via Google Books.
  21. ^Badie, B. (August 21, 2012).Diplomacy of Connivance. Springer.ISBN 978-1-137-00643-1 – via Google Books.
  22. ^"The Member States of the Group of 77".The Group of 77 at the United Nations.
  23. ^"七十七国集团（Group of 77, G77）".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. July 2016.中国不是77国集团成员，但一贯支持其正义主张和合理要求，与其保持良好合作关系，在经社领域一般以"77国集团加中国"的模式表达共同立场。中国自1994年开始每年向其捐款，2014年起捐款每年5万美元。
  24. ^"Statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China by HE Mr. Horacio Sevilla Borja, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Ecuador to the United Nations, at the opening session of the 4th Prepcom established by General Assembly resolution 69/292: Development of an international legally binding instrument under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (New York)".G77. 10 July 2017.Archived from the original on Dec 11, 2023.Mr. Chair, I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.
  25. ^"Presiding Countries of the Group of 77 in New York".The Group of 77 at the United Nations.

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