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Gross national income

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromGross national product)
Total domestic and foreign economic output
Not to be confused withGross domestic product orModified gross national income (GNI*).
"GNP" redirects here. For other uses, seeGNP (disambiguation).
"Gross National Product" redirects here. For the satirical group, seeGross National Product (comedy group).
Map of countries by income groups, based on their gross national income (GNI) per capita, 2023, according to World Bank[1]
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Thegross national income (GNI), previously known asgross national product (GNP), is the total amount offactor incomes earned by the residents of a country. It is equal togross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes received from non-resident by residents, minus factor income paid by residents to non-resident.[2]: 44 

In contrast to GDP, GNI is not a concept of value added, but a concept of income. GNI is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to theBudget of the European Union.[3] In February 2017, Ireland's GDP became so distorted from thebase erosion and profit shifting ("BEPS") tax planning tools of U.S. multinationals, that theCentral Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, IrishModified GNI (or "GNI*"). In 2017, Irish GDP was 127% of Irish GNI and 162% of Irish Modified GNI.[4]

GNI contrast withnet national income : NNI = GNI -Depreciation[5]

TheAtlas method can be applied to correct for fluctuatingexchange rates.[6]

History and name change

[edit]

The modern concept of GNP, along with GDP, was first developed bySimon Kuznets for a 1934U.S. Congress report. Countries like the US and the UK originally preferred GNP as a measure of economic activity while other like Norway preferred GDP.[7] Overtime communication harmonize around GDP included in the US which switched in 1991.

GNP was defined in the 1953 SNA as :

"the market value of product before deduction of provisions of consumption of fixed capital, attributable to factors of production supplied by normal residents of the given country"

Despite framing GNP as a concept of production, the attribution of the value was defined by the income earned by the owner of the factor of production.

In the 1993 revision to the SNA, the GNP definition was reframed from the point of view of the residents receiving income rather than the point of view of the factor of production. To reflect this, GNP was renamed GNI; the "national" part was kept as it is embedded in economic usage, even though the same concept of residence is used to define both GDP and GNI.[8]

GNP continues to be used in theNational income and product accounts to refer to GNI calculated for expenditure data.

Type of income included in GNI

[edit]

GNI includes thesalaries and wages ofcross-border commuters and seasonal workers working overseas but does not includeremittance sent by workers to their families overseas. This explains whyFrance GNI is higher than its GDP as a lot of French residents work inLuxembourg,Monaco, orSwitzerland. In comparison,India GNI is lower than its GDP despite being the larger receiver of remittances.

GNI also includes the propriety income: rent, interest, and "profit". The "profit" included both distributed income of corporations (dividends) and reinvested earnings onforeign direct investment, those areprofit retained by the corporation. Like in theIMF balance of payments manual they are treated as if they were distributed to foreign direct investors in proportion to their ownership of theequity of the enterprise and then reinvested by them using additions in equity.

The GNI ofEU countries also included subsidies received from the EU and excludedtariffs as the EU receives those.

GNI contrasts with Gross national disposable income which includes all current transfer income like international cooperation and remittance.

Comparison of GNI and GDP

[edit]

GNI=GDP+Money flowing from foreign countries−Money flowing to foreign countries{\displaystyle \mathrm {GNI} =\mathrm {GDP} +{\text{Money flowing from foreign countries}}-{\text{Money flowing to foreign countries}}}

Comparison of GNI (Atlas method). GNI and GDP
2023 World Bank (millions of current US$)
CountryGNI (Atlas method)[9]GNI[10]GDP[11]
aa - cbb - cc
 United States26894542.7−466392.327525100.0164165.027360935.0
 China18899260.21104478.217663711.9−131070.117794782.0
 Japan4859877.5646932.44416932.4203987.24212945.2
 Germany4559133.2103052.14634489.3178408.24456081.0
 India3630236.780317.83497821.6−52097.43549918.9
 United Kingdom3266989.6−73042.83296697.0−43335.43340032.4
 France3072463.741559.73078891.347987.23030904.1
 Italy2244584.9−10266.32250908.4−3942.82254851.2
 Canada2162632.622547.12109385.7−30699.92140085.6
 Russia2084758.063336.61994419.8−27001.62021421.5
 Brazil1962339.3−211326.42110557.0−63108.62173665.7
 South Korea1835475.7122682.91744702.631909.81712792.9
 Australia1681999.5−41827.81652506.4−71320.81723827.2
 Spain1556447.5−24247.21569858.0−10836.81580694.7
 Mexico1554336.1−234550.71744711.4−44175.41788886.8
 Indonesia1352588.3−18582.81335866.4−35304.81371171.2
 Netherlands1084789.7−33335.01111451.5−6673.31118124.7
 Saudi Arabia1059856.0−7726.91073418.45835.51067582.9
 Turkey994012.3−114010.11096809.4−11213.01108022.4
 Switzerland842132.1−42808.3857292.6−27647.8884940.4
 Poland723682.0−87547.1777106.5−34122.6811229.1
 Sweden649619.656351.9616804.923537.2593267.7
 Belgium644688.212471.7646019.913803.3632216.6
 Argentina584110.0−56481.4626338.1−14253.3640591.4
 Norway565538.280024.9505660.420147.1485513.3
 Israel536857.826956.3508979.3−922.2509901.5
 Thailand515549.3604.3502920.8−12024.2514945.0
 United Arab Emirates507149.02975.6503253.8−919.6504173.5
 Austria502931.2−13102.9514443.6−1590.5516034.1
 Philippines496166.259019.8485154.648008.2437146.4
 Bangladesh493932.056516.6454873.517458.1437415.3
 Egypt439247.243321.1378607.7−17318.4395926.1
 Denmark436283.032084.2418427.514228.7404198.8
 Nigeria432496.769681.8355832.5−6982.4362815.0
 Ireland423058.9−122570.6421766.9−123862.6545629.5
 Singapore417722.2−83705.3420675.1−80752.4501427.5
 Iran417389.015884.5401036.3−468.3401504.5
 Hong Kong415973.133918.5416242.134187.5382054.6
 Vietnam412944.1−16772.8407254.0−22463.0429717.0
 Malaysia410754.511105.6387578.2−12070.6399648.8
 South Africa407575.929794.3372625.7−5155.9377781.6
 Pakistan360729.322360.9332603.5−5765.0338368.5
 Colombia357640.3−5899.9361333.8−2206.4363540.2
 Romania317743.0−33259.6341578.5−9424.1351002.6
 Chile310627.6−24905.7318450.1−17083.2335533.3
 Finland298118.3−2068.9299653.1−534.1300187.2
 Czech Republic294826.0−36032.4315842.0−15016.4330858.3
 Portugal276490.3−10589.7281729.0−5351.1287080.0
 Iraq254601.23758.4252096.71253.9250842.8
 New Zealand253873.8408.1247095.5−6370.2253465.7
 Peru240295.2−27308.1253910.6−13692.7267603.2
 Greece233934.8−4271.5236451.9−1754.4238206.3
 Algeria226263.4−13636.1236495.6−3403.9239899.5
 Kazakhstan217777.6−43643.6235418.9−26002.2261421.1
 Kuwait198885.237113.0194323.832551.6161772.2
 Hungary190073.7−22315.2206408.0−5980.9212388.9
 Ukraine174919.0−3838.0184268.05511.0178757.0
 Ethiopia142605.3−21092.6163284.5−413.4163697.9
 Morocco142288.81179.4138989.9−2119.5141109.4
 Slovakia123675.8−9117.8129363.5−3430.1132793.6
 Ecuador118390.5−454.4116176.1−2668.7118844.8
 Kenya116406.48965.9105674.4−1766.1107440.6
 Dominican Republic109970.1−11474.2116006.7−5437.6121444.3
 Oman100047.1−8145.4100551.0−7641.5108192.5
 Guatemala98164.7−3885.8100245.8−1804.7102050.5
 Bulgaria92955.1−8629.398154.8−3429.6101584.4
 Uzbekistan86005.4−4883.890128.1−761.090889.1
 Puerto Rico80926.1−36976.281550.7−36351.6117902.3
 Panama80479.7−2902.780057.3−3325.183382.4
 Ghana79823.53453.175420.4−950.076370.4
 Croatia79658.8−3030.082762.173.382688.8
 Tanzania79293.0134.877758.4−1399.979158.3
 Angola78319.3−6403.777036.1−7686.884723.0
 Sri Lanka77922.9−6434.081623.4−2733.484356.9
 Ivory Coast77059.7−1729.175606.1−3182.778788.8
 Costa Rica72207.0−14291.079835.0−6662.986497.9
 Belarus71440.1−417.369257.3−2600.171857.4
 Lithuania71291.2−6545.275164.4−2672.077836.4
 Azerbaijan67529.1−4827.169157.1−3199.172356.2
 Democratic Republic of the Congo67082.2699.064288.3−2095.066383.3
 Uruguay66854.0−10386.871856.3−5384.677240.8
 Serbia66392.7−8794.571011.8−4175.375187.1
 Myanmar65964.11149.163663.6−1151.464815.0
 Slovenia64938.3−3278.567196.3−1020.568216.8
 Turkmenistan59682.1−205.259381.9−505.559887.3
 Luxembourg59083.3−26671.758922.1−26832.985755.0
 Libya52179.31687.650562.070.350491.7
 Jordan50512.7−301.050351.8−461.850813.6
 Sudan47595.1−61731.9108427.0−900.0109327.0
 Uganda47399.0−1873.948300.2−972.749272.9
 Cameroon47320.1−625.546953.4−992.147945.5
 Tunisia46907.4−1622.247219.7−1309.948529.6
 Bolivia44649.2−1200.744844.2−1005.645849.8
 Paraguay42537.6−418.641585.0−1371.342956.3
 Nepal42332.91424.841385.1477.040908.1
 Bahrain42014.0−1191.040659.8−2545.243205.0
 Latvia41337.1−2290.042515.0−1112.143627.1
 Estonia37217.0−3527.939377.3−1367.640744.8
 Iceland31424.8404.831707.5687.531020.0
 El Salvador31320.4−2695.231874.0−2141.634015.6
 Honduras30718.6−3681.931872.8−2527.734400.5
 Cambodia30702.3−1070.530819.4−953.431772.8
 Senegal29421.1−1592.929981.0−1033.031014.0
 Papua New Guinea29337.9−1594.629106.1−1826.430932.5
 Zimbabwe29075.32537.026187.2−351.026538.3
 Cyprus28780.3−3449.328974.2−3255.432229.6
 Trinidad and Tobago27538.8−601.227093.9−1046.028139.9
 Zambia27196.3−966.327020.1−1142.628162.6
 Bosnia and Herzegovina26211.2−843.726986.0−68.927054.9
 Georgia25119.5−5416.028505.4−2030.130535.5
 Palestine21800.74404.420858.33462.017396.3
 Albania20773.7−2204.022674.9−302.822977.7
 Haiti20425.7574.819855.14.319850.8
 Botswana20389.2993.519153.4−242.419395.8
 Armenia20363.8−3848.423567.1−645.024212.1
 Mali20055.6−849.319940.5−964.420904.9
 Benin19699.626.319549.8−123.519673.3
 Burkina Faso19697.5−627.119484.8−839.920324.6
 Gabon19393.8−1122.418421.3−2094.920516.1
 Guinea19271.1−4341.221019.3−2593.023612.3
 Malta18940.1−2016.919088.4−1868.620957.0
 Mozambique17880.1−2744.518787.4−1837.220624.6
 Jamaica17385.2−2038.118894.1−529.219423.4
 Mongolia17068.9−2803.317982.8−1889.419872.2
 Guyana16572.5−213.815206.3−1580.016786.3
 Niger16303.3−515.916182.4−636.816819.2
 Laos16195.4352.214685.7−1157.515843.2
 Nicaragua16015.9−1813.416935.0−894.217829.2
 Madagascar15926.5−105.215703.0−328.716031.7
 Brunei15825.3697.015322.3194.015128.3
 Moldova15192.2−1347.216749.2209.816539.4
 Republic of the Congo15080.9−240.214485.8−835.315321.1
 Tajikistan14584.52523.915143.83083.112060.6
 Mauritius14539.1141.914752.7355.614397.1
 North Macedonia13879.1−882.213952.0−809.214761.2
 Rwanda13853.0−244.713817.6−280.114097.8
 Malawi13395.3−689.113726.2−358.214084.3
 Bahamas13200.7−1137.813626.7−711.814338.5
 Chad12999.9−149.412956.6−192.713149.3
 Namibia12676.7325.611781.6−569.412351.0
 Kyrgyzstan12065.6−1922.013295.7−691.913987.6
 Somalia11137.4−542.411635.8−44.011679.8
 Kosovo10505.266.910636.2197.810438.4
 Mauritania10453.51.010443.3−9.310452.6
 Togo9323.2151.99210.739.49171.3
 Equatorial Guinea8988.7−3128.28682.0−3435.012116.9
 Montenegro7088.6−315.97477.572.97404.5
 Barbados6000.8−392.76126.6−267.06393.6
 Maldives5745.3−854.75777.2−822.86600.0
 Fiji5221.7−273.15113.3−381.55494.8
 Sierra Leone4921.81111.94395.3585.53809.8
 Eswatini4674.276.34289.4−308.54597.9
 Liberia3950.9−381.14058.0−274.04332.0
 Djibouti3921.8−176.84006.5−92.04098.5
 Suriname3342.8−439.63474.5−307.93782.4
 Burundi3032.6390.42648.05.82642.2
 Belize2955.1−326.43170.4−111.13281.5
 Timor-Leste2904.9661.82581.3338.22243.1
 Central African Republic2710.7155.22706.5151.02555.5
 Lesotho2700.2654.22393.9347.92046.0
 Cape Verde2561.8−25.42577.5−9.82587.3
 Gambia2308.4−31.52309.3−30.62339.9
 Saint Lucia2235.6−284.42304.5−215.42519.9
 Seychelles2029.0−112.52124.7−16.82141.5
 Guinea-Bissau1943.5−23.01993.627.11966.5
 Antigua and Barbuda1884.7−148.41940.1−93.02033.1
 Solomon Islands1680.048.71656.425.11631.3
 Comoros1362.910.51355.22.81352.4
 Grenada1236.5−83.91237.4−82.91320.3
 Vanuatu1224.798.41281.0154.71126.3
 Turks and Caicos Islands1224.0−178.11342.5−59.61402.1
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1043.8−22.21058.6−7.41066.0
 Saint Kitts and Nevis1020.9−56.11049.2−27.81077.0
 Samoa908.2−25.9922.4−11.7934.1
 Dominica651.2−2.8655.81.8654.0
 São Tomé and Príncipe573.9−29.4610.87.5603.2
 Kiribati497.8218.8467.5188.5279.0
 Federated States of Micronesia478.618.6504.344.3460.0
 Marshall Islands318.034.0324.840.8284.0
 Nauru282.3128.2262.4108.3154.1
 Palau257.3−5.8269.86.7263.0
 Tuvalu86.023.884.221.962.3

GNI (Atlas method) nominal

[edit]

Nominal,Atlas method – millions of currentUS$ (top 15)[12]

Rank20232022202120202019201820172016201520142013
1 United States26,894,543 United States25,526,912 United States23,684,736 United States21,445,453 United States21,734,159 United States20,709,155 United States19,224,810 United States18,433,936 United States18,124,086 United States17,725,039 United States17,023,066
2 China18,899,260 China18,206,073 China16,883,573 China14,843,775 China14,512,889 China13,385,455 China12,104,948 China11,387,927 China10,883,163 China10,246,590 China9,193,838
3 Japan4,859,878 Japan5,324,575 Japan5,487,896 Japan5,169,146 Japan5,315,223 Japan5,300,391 Japan4,943,005 Japan4,887,582 Japan5,006,472 Japan5,656,061 Japan6,225,973
4 Germany4,559,133 Germany4,527,641 Germany4,329,964 Germany3,989,008 Germany4,105,522 Germany3,937,444 Germany3,617,063 Germany3,646,623 Germany3,740,019 Germany3,858,306 Germany3,807,840
5 India3,630,237 India3,394,542 India3,064,476 India2,661,734 United Kingdom2,890,071 United Kingdom2,792,597 United Kingdom2,752,284 United Kingdom2,818,536 United Kingdom2,890,071 United Kingdom2,879,862 France2,890,903
6 United Kingdom3,266,990 United Kingdom3,297,427 United Kingdom3,052,770 France2,651,967 India2,878,536 France2,764,774 France2,564,094 France2,608,889 France2,737,258 France2,874,055 United Kingdom2,744,028
7 France3,072,464 France3,078,221 France2,968,919 United Kingdom2,599,175 France2,861,603 India2,713,330 India2,439,594 India2,246,784 India2,097,598 Brazil2,457,007 Brazil2,571,101
8 Italy2,244,585 Italy2,261,746 Italy2,153,654 Italy1,928,007 Italy2,085,349 Italy2,045,243 Italy1,899,454 Italy1,938,263 Brazil2,084,247 Russia2,137,991 Russia2,179,425
9 Canada2,162,633 Canada2,075,404 Canada1,865,477 South Korea1,712,697 Brazil1,953,067 Brazil1,920,050 Brazil1,808,497 Brazil1,839,992 Italy2,004,023 Italy2,122,305 Italy2,142,306
10 Russia2,084,758 Russia1,879,408 South Korea1,821,293 Brazil1,686,363 Canada1,752,253 South Korea1,688,927 Canada1,567,890 Canada1,585,229 Russia1,725,234 India2,020,998 India1,941,117
11 Brazil1,962,339 South Korea1,868,327 Russia1,725,858 Canada1,669,281 South Korea1,750,992 Canada1,670,517 South Korea1,555,716 South Korea1,502,019 Canada1,698,849 Canada1,849,754 Canada1,852,426
12 South Korea1,835,476 Brazil1,774,307 Brazil1,689,214 Russia1,575,000 Russia1,655,618 Russia1,505,175 Russia1,352,319 Russia1,426,946 South Korea1,465,140 Australia1,531,471 Australia1,528,597
13 Australia1,681,999 Australia1,582,214 Australia1,470,331 Australia1,375,626 Spain1,431,194 Spain1,372,430 Australia1,267,317 Australia1,309,602 Australia1,441,971 South Korea1,428,957 Spain1,362,931
14 Spain1,556,447 Spain1,533,031 Spain1,426,623 Spain1,287,271 Australia1,392,624 Australia1,326,718 Spain1,263,572 Spain1,281,503 Spain1,321,902 Spain1,355,256 South Korea1,360,191
15 Mexico1,554,336 Mexico1,378,549 Mexico1,256,693 Mexico1,129,323 Mexico1,241,846 Mexico1,191,161 Mexico1,143,310 Mexico1,190,381 Mexico1,280,512 Mexico1,311,930 Mexico1,267,698

GNI (Atlas method) PPP

[edit]

PPP – millions ofinternational dollars (top 15)[13]

Rank20232022202120202019201820172016201520142013
1 China34,388,534 China31,576,043 China28,620,862 China25,044,516 China24,232,656 China22,355,235 China20,567,696 China19,169,812 United States18,608,138 United States17,984,237 United States17,140,708
2 United States27,525,100 United States25,926,000 United States23,777,600 United States21,479,588 United States21,760,847 United States20,883,383 United States19,837,150 United States18,983,369 China18,129,539 China17,445,351 China16,241,642
3 India14,324,038 India12,858,238 India11,250,341 India9,639,773 India9,837,436 India9,131,972 India8,264,362 India7,706,181 India7,120,994 India6,732,248 India6,416,831
4 Japan6,554,254 Japan6,254,021 Japan5,866,681 Japan5,554,842 Japan5,616,185 Japan5,548,453 Japan5,456,930 Japan5,338,419 Japan5,404,453 Japan5,221,591 Japan5,194,308
5 Russia6,366,121 Russia5,884,375 Russia5,598,676 Germany4,952,942 Germany5,021,459 Germany4,730,328 Germany4,491,248 Germany4,268,496 Germany3,977,709 Germany3,883,390 Germany3,712,582
6 Germany6,092,387 Germany5,799,414 Germany5,351,636 Russia4,542,377 Russia4,434,791 Russia4,128,705 Russia3,705,398 Russia3,440,587 Russia3,428,610 Russia3,639,325 Russia3,611,853
7 Brazil4,325,589 Brazil4,055,711 France3,728,403 France3,370,362 France3,527,047 France3,197,838 France3,050,429 France2,924,693 Brazil2,932,875 Brazil3,107,798 Brazil3,077,182
8 France4,235,079 France3,984,079 Brazil3,669,595 Brazil3,289,682 United Kingdom3,332,513 Brazil3,098,566 United Kingdom3,009,162 Brazil2,846,198 France2,777,205 France2,719,730 France2,666,952
9 Indonesia4,221,517 Indonesia3,870,444 United Kingdom3,561,213 United Kingdom3,151,687 Brazil3,244,271 United Kingdom3,087,113 Brazil2,924,571 United Kingdom2,824,431 United Kingdom2,706,923 United Kingdom2,619,025 United Kingdom2,516,787
10 United Kingdom3,974,003 United Kingdom3,866,883 Indonesia3,434,771 Indonesia3,134,896 Indonesia3,166,892 Indonesia2,978,437 Indonesia2,766,769 Indonesia2,628,825 Indonesia2,538,121 Indonesia2,518,157 Indonesia2,448,797
11 Turkey3,729,107 Italy3,324,775 Italy2,988,508 Italy2,660,830 Italy2,797,692 Italy2,629,049 Italy2,531,220 Italy2,427,622 Mexico2,251,300 Mexico2,200,816 Italy2,183,587
12 Italy3,446,469 Turkey3,227,873 Turkey2,627,527 Mexico2,375,085 Mexico2,564,439 Mexico2,538,888 Mexico2,464,263 Mexico2,393,565 Italy2,225,429 Italy2,200,447 Mexico2,088,045
13 Mexico3,207,460 Mexico2,972,064 Mexico2,608,640 Turkey2,362,958 Turkey2,313,729 Turkey2,271,021 Turkey2,235,991 Turkey2,094,056 Turkey1,999,739 Turkey1,844,207 South Korea1,737,910
14 South Korea2,846,253 South Korea2,706,619 South Korea2,542,823 South Korea2,360,461 South Korea2,290,264 South Korea2,229,385 South Korea2,112,226 South Korea2,034,378 South Korea1,939,637 South Korea1,801,276 Saudi Arabia1,730,115
15 Spain2,535,604 Canada2,384,385 Canada2,114,747 Spain1,850,441 Spain2,065,307 Spain1,908,195 Spain1,843,464 Spain1,738,407 Spain1,621,469 Saudi Arabia1,777,122 Turkey1,688,340

Gross national product

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Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlikegross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. In fact it calculates income by the location of ownership and residence, and so its name is also the less ambiguousgross national income.

GNP is an economic statistic that is equal to GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments minus income earned within the domestic economy byoverseas residents.

GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".[14]

When a country's capital or labour resources are employed outside its borders, or when a foreign firm is operating in its territory, GDP and GNP can produce different measures of total output. In 2009 for instance, theUnited States estimated its GDP at $14.119trillion, and its GNP at $14.265 trillion.[15]

The termgross national income (GNI) has gradually replaced theGross national product (GNP) in international statistics.[12][13] While being conceptually identical, the precise calculation method has evolved at the same time as the name change.[16]

Use of GNP

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TheUnited States used GNP as its primary measure of total economic activity until 1991, when it began to use GDP.[17] In making the switch, theBureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) noted both that GDP provided an easier comparison of other measures of economic activity in the United States and that "virtually all other countries have already adopted GDP as their primary measure of production".[18] Many economists have questioned how meaningful GNP or GDP is as a measure of a nation's economic well-being, as it does not count mostunpaid work and counts much economic activity that is unproductive or actually destructive.[19]

GNI vs GDP

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While GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced in a given country, GNI measures income generated by the country's citizens, regardless of the geographic location of the income. In many states, those two figures are close, as the difference between income received by the country versus payments made to the rest of the world is not significant. According to theWorld Bank, the GNI of the US in 2016 was 1.5% higher than GDP.[20]

In developing countries, on the other hand, the difference might be significant due to a large amount of foreign aid and capital inflow. In 2016, the GNI[21] ofArmenia was 4.45% higher than GDP.[22] Based on theOECD reports, in 2015 alone, Armenia has received a total of US$409 million development assistance. Over the past 25 years,USAID has provided more than one billion USD to improve the living of the people in Armenia. GNI equals GDP plus wages, salaries, and property income of the country's residents earned abroad that also constitutes the higher GNI figure. According to theUN report on migration from Armenia in 2015–17, every year around 15–20 thousand people leave Armenia permanently,[23] and roughly 47% of those are working migrants that leave the country to earn income and sustain the families left in Armenia. In 2016 Armenian residents received in a total of around $150 million remittances.[24] Armenia's GNI, measured in US dollars, amounted to US$13.5 billion in 2021, according to the National Statistical Office. This is an 8.23% increase over the prior year. GNI in USD terms in Armenia has historically ranged from a record high of US$13.8 billion in 2019 to a record low of US$1.06 billion in 1992. Regarding interest rates on GNI expressed in USD, Armenia is ranked 119th out of the 155 monitored nations.[25]

Lists of GNI per capita

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See also

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References

[edit]
Library resources about
Gross national income
  1. ^"World Bank's Income Groups".Our World in Data. Retrieved8 October 2024.
  2. ^Todaro, Michael P.; Smith, Stephen C. (2012).Economic development (11 ed.). Addison-Wesley.ISBN 978-0-13-801388-2.
  3. ^"Monitoring GNI for own resource purposes".Eurostat Statistic Explained.Eurostat. Archived fromthe original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved2016-06-23.
  4. ^Joebges, Heike (January 2017)."CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland"(PDF). IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute,Hans-Böckler-Stiftung.
  5. ^"Net national income".OECD. Retrieved17 January 2025.
  6. ^"detailed methodology – World Bank Data Help Desk".The World Bank Atlas method. Retrieved10 August 2024.
  7. ^Vanoli, André (2005).A history of national accounting. Washington, DC: IOS Press.ISBN 978-1-58603-469-6.
  8. ^Fund, International Monetary,"VII. The primary distribution of income account",System of National Accounts, 1993, International Monetary Fund,ISBN 978-92-1-161352-0, retrieved2024-11-10
  9. ^"GNI. Atlas method (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved2024-10-08.
  10. ^"GNI (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved2024-10-08.
  11. ^"GDP (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved2024-10-08.
  12. ^abWorld Bank."GNI, Atlas method".data.worldbank.org. Retrieved2022-10-23.
  13. ^abWorld Bank."GNI, PPP (international $)".data.worldbank.org. Retrieved2022-10-23.
  14. ^Daly, Herman E. (1996),Beyond Growth. Beacon Press
  15. ^"Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States"(PDF). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 17 September 2010. p. 9. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 8 December 2010. Retrieved23 August 2018.
  16. ^"Glossary:Gross national income (GNI)".Eurostat Statistic Explained.Eurostat. Archived fromthe original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved2016-06-23.
  17. ^"BEA: Glossary "G"". Bureau of Economic Analysis. 5 September 2007. Archived fromthe original on June 4, 2007.
  18. ^"Gross Domestic Product as a Measure of U.S. Production"(PDF). August 1991.
  19. ^"Beyond GDP".The Economist.ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved2016-07-27.
  20. ^"BEA: The World Bank - US figures". the World Bank. 2017.
  21. ^"BEA: Armenia GNP". Macrotrends. 2019.
  22. ^"BEA: Armenia GDP". Macrotrends. 2019.
  23. ^"BEA: Migration Rate and Associated Issues in Armenia in 2016–2017". UN Armenia. 2017.
  24. ^"BEA: Inflow of Remittances by Balance of Payments". Central Bank of Armenia. 2019.
  25. ^"GNI (Current USD) in Armenia".
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