Northeasternmost province of the Netherlands
Province in Netherlands
Groningen (/ˈ ɡ r oʊ n ɪ ŋ ə n GROH -ning-ənUK also/ˈ ɡ r ɒ n ɪ ŋ ə n GRON -ing-ən[ 5] [ 6] Dutch: [ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)] ⓘ Gronings :Grunn ;West Frisian :Grinslân [ˈɡrẽːslɔ̃ːn] province of theNetherlands . It borders onFriesland to the west,Drenthe to the south, theGerman state ofLower Saxony to the east, and theWadden Sea to the north. As of January 2023, Groningen had a population of about 596,000,[ 7] 2 (1,141 sq mi).
Historically the area was at different times part ofFrisia , theFrankish Empire , theHoly Roman Empire , and theDutch Republic , the precursor state of the modern Netherlands. In the 14th century, the city ofGroningen became a member of theHanseatic League .
The provincial capital and the largest city in the province is thecity of Groningen (231,299 inhabitants[ 8] René Paas has been theKing's Commissioner in the province. Acoalition ofGroenLinks , theLabour Party ,ChristianUnion ,People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ,Democrats 66 , andChristian Democratic Appeal forms the executive branch. The province is divided into 10 municipalities.
The land is mainly used foragriculture . There areseaports inDelfzijl andEemshaven . TheGroningen gas field , one of the world's largest, was discovered in 1959. The province is home to theUniversity of Groningen andHanze University of Applied Sciences .
1652 map of the city ofGroningen and the surroundingfortifications Canadian soldiers during theBattle of Groningen in April 1945 Groningen was originally a part ofFrisia . It became a part of theFrankish Empire around 785.Charlemagne assigned the Christianization of this new possession toLudger .
In the 11th century, the city of Groningen was a village inDrenthe that belonged to theBishopric of Utrecht , while most of the province was in thePrince-Bishopric of Münster .
During the Middle Ages, central control was remote, and the city of Groningen acted as acity-state , exerting a dominating influence on the surroundingOmmelanden . In the 14th century, Groningen became one of the towns within theHanseatic League .[ 9]
Shortly before 1498,Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor gave Groningen and Friesland toAlbert III, Duke of Saxony , who could however not establish permanent control. In 1514/15 Groningen came to the Duchy ofGuelders , and in 1536 as theLordship of Groningen to theHabsburg Netherlands .
In 1594, Groningenwas conquered from the Spanish by theRepublic of the Seven United Provinces , precursor state of the Netherlands, to which it belonged henceforth.
DuringWorld War II , the Netherlands were occupied byNazi Germany . In April 1945, the2nd Canadian Division fought in theBattle of Groningen , which resulted in the liberation of the city and in the death of 130, the capture of 5,212, and the fleeing of 2,000 German soldiers. In May 1945, another 3,000 German soldiers were captured in the Battle of Delfzijl by the5th Canadian Division , after which all of the northern provinces were liberated.[ 10]
East Groningen was the scene of a particularly fierceclass struggle in the 19th and 20th centuries. Perhaps not coincidentally, Groningen boasts the only municipality (Beerta ) where theCommunist Party of the Netherlands has ever had amayor (Hanneke Jagersma ).[ 11]
Satellite image of Groningen The land is flat and 80% of it is used for agriculture Wheat field nearNieuw-Beerta in theOldambt Mudflat hikers during low tide on theWadden Sea nearPieterburen Groningen is situated at53°15′N 6°44′E / 53.250°N 6.733°E /53.250; 6.733 Netherlands . To the west is the provinceFriesland , to the south is the provinceDrenthe , to the east the German districts areLeer andEmsland in the stateLower Saxony , and to the north theNorth Sea ,Ems , andDollart . Thenorthernmost point of the Netherlands is onRottumerplaat [ 12] 53°33′18″N 6°28′41″E / 53.55500°N 6.47806°E /53.55500; 6.47806 easternmost point of the Netherlands is inBad Nieuweschans [ 12] 53°10′49″N 7°13′40″E / 53.18028°N 7.22778°E /53.18028; 7.22778
Groningen is the7th largest province of the Netherlands. It has a total area of 2,955 km2 (1,141 sq mi), with 2,316 km2 (894 sq mi) of land and 639 km2 (247 sq mi) of water. About 80% of the land or 1,876 km2 (724 sq mi) is used foragriculture . The rest of the land is: 9% or 158 km2 (61 sq mi) ofbuilt-up or semi built-up area, 6% or 144 km2 (56 sq mi) of nature, 3% or 66 km2 (25 sq mi) of infrastructure, and 2% or 43 km2 (17 sq mi) of recreational area.[ 13]
The land in Groningen is flat. A large area of the province is below sea level.[ 14] Sellingen of 14.6 m (48 ft) above sea level is the highest point.[ 15]
TheGroningen gas field nearSlochteren is the8th largest [ 16] natural gas field in the world. Since 1986, the exploitation of this gas fieldhas caused earthquakes in the region withmagnitudes up to 3.6.[ 17]
In theWadden Sea of Groningen, aUNESCO World Heritage Site since 2009,[ 18] Simonszand and the natural reserveRottum consisting of the three uninhabited islandsRottumeroog , Rottumerplaat, andZuiderduintjes . The national parkLauwersmeer (IUCN category II) is located on the border between Groningen and Friesland.
The province of Groningen is also calledStad en Ommelanden City and Surrounding Lands ", referring to the eponymous city ofGroningen as well as the "surrounding lands " ofFivelingo ,Hunsingo ,Oldambt ,Westerkwartier , andWesterwolde .[ 19]
The province (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or NUTS level 2) is divided into threeCOROP regions (NUTS level 3): East Groningen, Delfzijl and surroundings, and the rest of Groningen. The COROP regions are used for statistical purposes.[ 20]
The province is also divided into tenmunicipalities , each with its own local government. Currently,Groningen is the most populated and most densely populated municipality,[ 21] [ 22] [ 22]
Municipality Population[ 21] Total Area[ 22] Population density[ 21] [ 22] COROP Region Eemsdelta Delfzijl and surroundings Groningen 233,273 2 (76.43 sq mi)2 (3,260/sq mi)Rest of Groningen Het Hogeland Rest of Groningen Midden-Groningen Rest of Groningen Oldambt 38,277 2 (114.27 sq mi)2 (440/sq mi)East Groningen Pekela 12,176 2 (19.38 sq mi)2 (640/sq mi)East Groningen Stadskanaal 31,754 2 (46.31 sq mi)2 (700/sq mi)East Groningen Veendam 27,417 2 (30.38 sq mi)2 (930/sq mi)East Groningen Westerkwartier Rest of Groningen Westerwolde East Groningen
The province of Groningen has anoceanic climate (Köppen climate classification : Cfb).
Climate data forNieuw-Beerta (1981–2010 averages) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.7 5.6 9.2 13.9 17.3 20.0 22.7 22.7 18.8 13.6 8.5 4.7 13.5 Daily mean °C (°F) 2.3 2.7 5.3 8.7 12.2 14.9 17.4 17.4 14.2 9.8 6.0 2.4 9.5 Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.2 −0.2 1.4 3.5 6.9 9.4 12.1 12.1 9.9 6.3 3.3 −0.1 5.4 Averagerelative humidity (%) 90 89 85 80 80 82 82 81 85 88 92 92 86 Mean monthlysunshine hours — — 134.3 187.2 222.4 208.4 215.8 189.9 149.3 120.1 60.3 59.6 — Percentagepossible sunshine — — 36 45 45 41 42 42 39 37 23 25 — Source:Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute [ 23]
Historical population Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1899 299,602 — 1930 392,436 +0.87% 1942 430,271 +0.77% 1950 459,819 +0.83% 1960 474,657 +0.32% 1965 497,472 +0.94% 1970 517,305 +0.78% 1975 536,106 +0.72% 1980 553,709 +0.65% 1985 561,119 +0.27% 1990 553,862 −0.26% 1995 557,995 +0.15% 2000 562,646 +0.17% 2005 575,072 +0.44% 2010 576,668 +0.06% 2015 582,649 +0.21% 2020 585,866 +0.11% Source:CBS [ 24] [ 25] [ 26] [ 27]
On 1 January 2023, the province of Groningen had apopulation of 596,075 and apopulation density of 257/km2 (670/sq mi), which make it the9th most populous province and8th most densely populated province of the Netherlands.[ 13] [ 28]
On 1 January 2013, 92.2% of the total provincial population was born in the Netherlands; and of the 7.8% that was born abroad, the ten most common foreign countries of origin are the neighbourGermany (1.09%), the former colonies and dependenciesIndonesia (0.60%),Netherlands Antilles andAruba (0.55%),Suriname (0.54%), and other countriesTurkey (0.41%),Soviet Union (0.36%),China (0.32%),Poland (0,26%),Yugoslavia (0.26%), andUnited Kingdom (0.18%).[ 29]
In 2015, 18.7% of the population belonged to theProtestant Church in the Netherlands while 4.9% wasRoman Catholic , 1.3% wasMuslim and 6.7% belonged to other churches or faiths. Over half (68.4%) of the population identified as non-religious.
TheUniversity Medical Center is a major employer in Groningen Sea port ofDelfzijl in 2012 The city of Groningen is the economic center of the province.[ 31] Hanseatic League .[ 9] [ 31] University Medical Center Groningen with 12,141 employees,[ 32] University of Groningen with 5,591 employees,[ 33] Municipality of Groningen with 3,063 employees,[ 34] Education Implementation Service (DUO) with 2,000 employees,[ 35] Gasunie with 1,748 employees.[ 36]
The other economically important area is theEms delta with the sea ports ofDelfzijl andEemshaven .[ 31] [ 37] [ 38] Farmsum , with factories ofAkzoNobel ,Lubrizol , andTeijin Aramid .[ 39] GDF Suez [ 40] Vattenfall [ 41] gas-fired power plant in Eemshaven, andEssent [ 42]
TheGross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 25 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.2% of the Netherlands economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,300 € or 124% of the EU27 average in the same year.[ 43]
In 1959, theGroningen gas field nearSlochteren was discovered,[ 44] NAM started to exploit the field in 1963.[ 17] Dutch disease andinduced earthquakes .
In 2013, Groningen had alabor force of 268,000 people andunemployment rate of 9.6%, which is the second highest unemployment for a province in the Netherlands.[ 45]
A Gronings speaker, recorded in theNetherlands . Groningen is home to theLow Saxon dialect calledGronings Grönnegs /Grunnegs in Gronings regional language), In the eastern part of Friesland variations of the Groninger 'language' is spoken. Gronings has local nuances, for example, the people in the eastern part speak Gronings with more German influence.[citation needed Nowadays, many inhabitants of the province do not speak the dialect, especially in the city of Groningen where many outsiders have moved.
Traditionaldroge worst (dried sausage) from Groningen Traditional dishes and delicacies from Groningen areboerenkoolstamppot ,droge worst ,krentjebrij ,oudewijvenkoek ,poffert , andspekdik . Traditional alcoholic drinks areboerenjongens ,boerenmeisjes ,fladderak , andheet bier .
Groninger Museum in Groningen in 2006Museumhuis Groningen is an umbrella organization for museums and other heritage organizations in the province of Groningen and has 58 members.[ 46] [ 47] Groninger Museum is the most visited museum in the province with 209,195 visitors in 2015. The other museums and heritage organizations with more than 25 thousand visitors in 2015 areFort Bourtange in Bourtange,Noordelijk Scheepvaartmuseum in Groningen,Ter Apel Monastery in Ter Apel,Fraeylemaborg in Slochteren,Nationaal Bus Museum in Hoogezand, andMuseumspoorlijn STAR in Stadskanaal.[ 48]
Euroborg is the home stadium ofFC Groningen FC Groningen from the city of Groningen is the only football club from the province in theEredivisie .[ 49] Euroborg has a capacity of 22,550 seats.[ 50] 2012–2013 competition , FC Groningen became 7th of the 18 teams.[ 51] SC Veendam played in theEerste Divisie , but filed for bankruptcy in 2013.[ 52]
The city of Groningen is also the base of basketball clubGasTerra Flames , volleyball clubLycurgus , andkorfball clubNic. [ 53]
The ice rink at the multi-sport centerKardinge in the city of Groningen is used for national speed skating championships, most recently the2013 KNSB Dutch Sprint Championships .[ 54]
This section needs to beupdated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2015 )
Seat of the provincial government in the city ofGroningen A provincial government in the Netherlands consists of aProvincial Council , the directly elected legislative branch, and aProvincial Executive , the executive branch. TheKing's Commissioner , who is appointed by the national government, is chairman of both branches.[ 55] Provincial Council of Groningen consists of 43 members and the Provincial Executive consists of the King's Commissioner and six deputies.[ 56]
René Paas , member of theChristian Democratic Appeal (CDA), has been the King's Commissioner since 18 April 2016.[ 57] Max van den Berg who was the King's Commissioner in Groningen from 2007 to 2016.[ 55]
In theprovincial elections of 2011 , the Labour Party became the largest party with nearly 25% of the votes and 12 seats in the Provincial Council. The next three largest parties are thePeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and theSocialist Party (SP) with 6 seats each, and theChristian Democratic Appeal (CDA) with 5 seats.[ 58] Party for the North (PvhN) continued as an independent under the name Free Mandate.[ 59] [ 60] [ 61]
Following the 2011 elections, the Provincial Executive was formed by a coalition of the Labour Party, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy,Democrats 66 (D66), andGreenLeft (GL).[ 62] ChristianUnion (CU).[ 63] [ 64]
2015 provincial election [ 65] Party Votes % Seats Socialist Party 39,093 16.19 8 Labour Party 29,711 12.30 6 Christian Democratic Appeal 27,160 11.25 5 Democrats 66 23,422 9.70 4 People's Party for Freedom and Democracy 22,089 9.15 4 Christian Union 21,124 8.75 4 Party for Freedom 19,340 8.01 3 Groninger Belang 15,869 6.57 3 GroenLinks 15,701 6.50 3 Party for the Animals 9,078 3.76 2 Party for the North 5,173 2.14 1 Other parties 13,719 5.68 0 Total 241,479 100 43
TheN7 expressway near the city of Groningen In the province of Groningen, there are three national roads (Dutch :rijkswegen ), which are maintained byRijkswaterstaat .[ 66] [ 67] A7 (E22 ) connects the city of Groningen with the provinces of Friesland andNorth Holland in the west and with Winschoten and Germany in the east. The motorway is interrupted for thering road of the city of Groningen, where it is the expressway N7.[ 68] A28 (E232 ) starts at the city of Groningen and runs south connecting it with the provinces of Drenthe,Overijssel ,Gelderland , andUtrecht .[ 69] [ 70] water boards .[ 66]
Groningen railway station in 2008Railways in the northern provinces of the Netherlands in 2006 (without theStadskanaal–Zuidbroek railway , which partially reopened in 2011) Public transport falls under the rules forgovernment procurement in the European Union . Tenders for regional bus and railway services are selected by the province of Groningen.Qbuzz is contracted for bus services in the period 2009–2015 andArriva for railway services in the period 2005–2020.[ 71] Nederlandse Spoorwegen operates the railway services fromGroningen railway station southward to Drenthe and beyond.
The railway network in the Netherlands is maintained byProRail .[ 72] [ 73]
Groningen Airport Eelde is located inEelde in the province ofDrenthe Theinternational airport that serves Groningen isGroningen Airport Eelde , which is located inEelde in the province of Drenthe. The airport is co-owned by the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe and the municipalities of Groningen,Assen , andTynaarlo .[ 74] Antalya ,Faro ,Girona ,Gran Canaria ,Heraklion ,Kos ,Palma de Mallorca , andTenerife . Its winter destinations areInnsbruck andSalzburg .[ 75] London .[ 76] Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the nearest airport. Thegeneral aviation airports in the province areOostwold Airport inOostwold [ 77] Stadskanaal Airfield inStadskanaal .[ 78]
Science and education [ edit ] Main building of theUniversity of Groningen in the city of Groningen TheUniversity of Groningen in the city of Groningen was founded in 1614[ 79] university (universiteit ) in the province. On 1 September 2013, it had 29,407 students and 5,238full-time equivalent of staff members.[ 80] [ 81]
TheHanze University of Applied Sciences , theNHL University of Applied Sciences , and theStenden University of Applied Sciences in the city of Groningen are the province's publicly funded universities of applied sciences (hogescholen
TheDagblad van het Noorden Nieuwsblad van het Noorden Groninger Dagblad Drentse Courant [ 82] [ 83]
RTV Noord is a regionalpublic broadcaster of radio and television based in the city of Groningen, with Radio Noord and TV Noord.[ 84] market share of 28% (2012) and their TV station has 171,000 daily viewers and a market share of 26.7% (2012).[ 85] [ 86]
Politics Arts Wim Crouwel , graphic designerCornelis Dopper , conductor and composerAlbert Eckhout , painterEde Staal , singer-songwriterJozef Israëls , painterFreek de Jonge , cabaret artistGerrit Krol , writerWim T. Schippers , artist, comedian, and actorHendrik Willem Mesdag , painterWillem Frederik Hermans , writerJan Altink , painterScience Sports Other
^ "CBS Statline" .opendata.cbs.nl .^ Statistieken provincie Groningen - Gegevens over meer dan 100 onderwerpen! , AlleCijfers.nl^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat" . Retrieved18 September 2023 .^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab" .hdi.globaldatalab.org . Retrieved13 September 2018 .^ "Groningen" .The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . Retrieved1 May 2019 .^ "Groningen" Archived 1 May 2019 at theWayback Machine (US) and"Groningen" .Oxford Dictionaries UK English DictionaryOxford University Press . n.d. Retrieved1 May 2019 .^ "CBS StatLine" .opendata.cbs.nl .^ "CBS Statline" .opendata.cbs.nl .^a b Hanseatic city Archived 11 August 2014 at theWayback Machine , Toerisms Groningen. Retrieved on 27 January 2014.^ Groningen , Canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.^ (in Dutch) "Hanneke Jagersma burgemeeste Beerta ",Nieuwsblad van het Noorden ^a b (in Dutch) Uitersten , Oude stafkaarten verzamelen. Retrieved on 2 June 2014.^a b (in Dutch) Bodemgebruik; uitgebreide gebruiksvorm, per gemeente ,Statistics Netherlands , 2013. Retrieved on 14 April 2014.^ Groningen province ,University of Groningen , 2012. Retrieved on 14 April 2014.^ (in Dutch) Hasseberg (Gemeente Vlagtwedde) Archived 15 April 2014 at theWayback Machine ,RTV Noord , 2011. Retrieved on 14 April 2014.^ Rafael Sandrea,Global Natural Gas Reserves – A Heuristic Viewpoint Archived 4 March 2016 at theWayback Machine , IPC Petroleum Consultants, 2005. Retrieved on 14 April 2014. ^a b (in Dutch) Aardbevingen door gaswinning in Noord-Nederland ,Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute , 2013. Retrieved on 27 January 2014.^ The Wadden Sea ,UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved on 14 April 2014.^ Bernardus Mourik,Staatkundige historie van Holland ^ Indeling van Nederland in 40 COROP-gebieden Archived 5 January 2018 at theWayback Machine (in Dutch),Statistics Netherlands . Retrieved 25 March 2014.^a b c "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month].CBS Statline (in Dutch).CBS . 1 January 2021. Retrieved2 January 2022 .^a b c d "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020].StatLine (in Dutch).CBS . 24 July 2020. Retrieved19 September 2020 .^ (in Dutch) Nieuw Beerta, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981-2010 ,Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute . Retrieved on 25 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Volkstelling 1899; algemene uitkomsten per gemeente ,Statistics Netherlands , 1999. Retrieved on 25 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Volkstelling 1930; bewoners naar geslacht en geboorteplaats ,Statistics Netherlands , 2006. Retrieved on 25 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Bevolkingsontwikkeling; levendgeborenen, overledenen en migratie per regio ,Statistics Netherlands , 2013. Retrieved on 12 March 2014.^ "Population dynamics; birth, death and migration per region" . Retrieved8 September 2022 .^ (in Dutch) Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand ,Statistics Netherlands , 2014. Retrieved on 12 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Bevolking op 1 januari; leeftijd, geboorteland en regio ,Statistics Netherlands , 2013. Retrieved on 25 March 2014.^ Helft Nederlanders is kerkelijk of religieus Archived 14 July 2019 at theWayback Machine , CBS, 22 december 2016^a b c (in Dutch) Algemeen Archived 1 April 2019 at theWayback Machine , Economie.groningen.nl. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.^ Facts and figures Archived 6 February 2017 at theWayback Machine ,University Medical Center Groningen , 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2017.^ Key figures ,University of Groningen , 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2017.^ Concern en burgercontacten (in Dutch),Municipality of Groningen . Retrieved 28 January 2017.^ "Slechts 10 deelenemers aan cursus hoogtevrees DUO Archived 8 April 2014 at theWayback Machine " (in Dutch),RTV Noord ^ About us [permanent dead link Gasunie . Retrieved 28 January 2017.^ The ports , Groningen Seaports. Retrieved on 27 January 2014.^ Facts & Figures 2015 , Groningen Seaports. Retrieved 28 January 2017.^ (in Dutch) Over Chemie Park , Chemie Park Delfzijl. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.^ (in Dutch) Eemscentrale ,GDF Suez . Retrieved on 8 April 2014.^ Vattenfall Archived 27 May 2020 at theWayback Machine ,Vattenfall . Retrieved on 25 May 2020.^ (in Dutch) Eemshavencentrale Archived 4 May 2014 at theWayback Machine ,Essent . Retrieved on 16 April 2014.^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018" .Eurostat .^ Jane Whaley, "The Groningen Gas Field Archived 19 October 2013 at theWayback Machine ",GEO ExPro Magazine , 2009. Retrieved on 27 January 2014. ^ (in Dutch) Beroepsbevolking; kerncijfers provincie ,Statistics Netherlands , 2014. Retrieved on 26 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Over ons Archived 11 January 2014 at theWayback Machine , Museumhuis Groningen. Retrieved on 18 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Aangesloten organisaties Museumhuis Groningen februari 2014 Archived 18 March 2014 at theWayback Machine , Museumhuis Groningen, 2014. Retrieved on 18 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Bezoekcijfers erfgoedinstellingen Groningen Archived 21 August 2016 at theWayback Machine , Stichting Erfgoedpartners, 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.^ (in Dutch) "Stand Eredivisie 2013/2014 Archived 13 April 2014 at theWayback Machine ",Voetbal International ^ (in Dutch) Stadion Euroborg Archived 14 April 2014 at theWayback Machine ,FC Groningen . Retrieved on 13 April 2014.^ (in Dutch) "Stand Eredivisie 2012/2013 Archived 15 April 2014 at theWayback Machine ",Voetbal International ^ (in Dutch) "Reddingsactie niet gelukt; SC Veendam definitief failliet ",Algemeen Dagblad ^ (in Dutch) Home Archived 14 April 2014 at theWayback Machine , Energy Valley Topclub. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.^ (in Dutch) "Dit weekend NK Sprint Kardinge Archived 14 April 2014 at theWayback Machine ",OOG Radio en TV , 2013. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.^a b Provincial Council and Provincial Executive Archived 4 January 2014 at theWayback Machine , Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 28 January 2014.^ (in Dutch) Over Gedeputeerde Staten Archived 16 July 2017 at theWayback Machine , Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 28 January 2014.^ Mr.Drs. F.J. (René) Paas (in Dutch),Parlement & Politiek , 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.^ (in Dutch) Verkiezingsuitslagen Provinciale Staten 1918 - heden Archived 25 December 2013 at theWayback Machine , Electoral Council. Retrieved on 27 January 2014.^ (in Dutch) "Lijsttrekker breekt met Partij voor het Noorden ",Dagblad van het Noorden ^ (in Dutch) Fracties , Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 16 June 2014.^ (in Dutch) Provinciale staten , Kiesraad. Retrieved on 3 June 2014.^ (in Dutch) Collegeprogramma 2011-2015 , Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 28 January 2014.^ (in Dutch) Henk Staghouwer nieuwe gedeputeerde in Groningen: ChristenUnie vervangt GroenLinks , Groninger Internet Courant, 2013. Retrieved on 27 January 2014.^ (in Dutch) Leden Gedeputeerde Staten , Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 16 June 2014.^ (in Dutch) Verkiezingsuitslagen Provinciale Staten 1918 - heden Archived 25 December 2013 at theWayback Machine , Electoral Council. Retrieved 19 June 2016.^a b (in Dutch) Wat voor wegen zijn er in Nederland en wie is de wegbeheerder? Archived 15 March 2014 at theWayback Machine ,Rijksoverheid . Retrieved on 15 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Wegenoverzicht Archived 15 March 2014 at theWayback Machine ,Rijkswaterstaat . Retrieved on 15 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) A7 Archived 15 March 2014 at theWayback Machine ,Rijkswaterstaat . Retrieved on 15 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) A28 Archived 15 March 2014 at theWayback Machine ,Rijkswaterstaat . Retrieved on 15 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) N33 Archived 15 March 2014 at theWayback Machine ,Rijkswaterstaat . Retrieved on 15 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) ,Openbaar vervoer , Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 17 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Wat doet ProRail ,ProRail . Retrieved on 17 March 2014.^a b (in Dutch) Leeuwarden - Groningen , Sporenplan. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Bestuur & Management Team ,Groningen Airport Eelde . Retrieved on 17 March 2014.^ Destinations Archived 8 March 2014 at theWayback Machine ,Groningen Airport Eelde . Retrieved on 8 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) "Airport Eelde krijgt vlucht naar Londen Archived 7 April 2014 at theWayback Machine ",Dagblad van het Noorden ^ Home Archived 14 July 2012 at theWayback Machine ,Oostwold Airport . Retrieved on 8 March 2014.^ (in Dutch) Vliegveld Stadskanaal ,Stadskanaal Airfield . Retrieved on 8 March 2014.^ Who are we? ,University of Groningen , 2013. Retrieved on 28 January 2014.^ Key Figures ,University of Groningen , 2014. Retrieved on 6 April 2014.^ Faculties ,University of Groningen . Retrieved on 6 April 2014.^ "Dagblad van het Noorden " (in Dutch),Trouw ^ Abonneeverlies Dagblad van het Noorden vlakt af (in Dutch),RTV Noord , 2016 Retrieved 3 June 2016.^ Jaarverslag 2012 Archived 23 March 2014 at theWayback Machine (in Dutch),RTV Noord , 2013. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.^ RTV Noord (in Dutch), Omroep Reclame Nederland. Retrieved on 2 September 2014.^ Bereik regionale omroepen blijft dalen (in Dutch),Nu.nl
Map: Provinces of the Netherlands
International National Geographic Other
_-_Haubois%2c_1652.jpg)
