| Gregg shorthand | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | light-line semi-script alphabetic stenography |
| Creator | John Robert Gregg |
Period | 1888–present |
| Languages | English,Afrikaans,Bahasa Indonesia,Bahasa Malaysia,Catalan,Esperanto, French, German,Hebrew, Irish, Italian, Japanese,Mandarin Chinese,Polish,Portuguese, Russian, Spanish,Thai, andTagalog |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
Gregg shorthand is a system ofshorthand developed byJohn Robert Gregg in 1888. Distinguished by its phonemic basis, the system prioritizes the sounds of speech over traditional English spelling, enabling rapid writing by employing elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand's design facilitates smooth, cursive strokes without the angular outlines characteristic of earlier systems likeDuployan shorthand, thereby enhancing writing-speed and legibility.
Over the years, Gregg shorthand has undergone several revisions, each aimed at simplifying the system and increasing its speed and efficiency. These versions range from the Pre-Anniversary editions to the more recent Centennial version, with each adaptation maintaining the core principles while introducing modifications to suit varying needs and preferences.Its efficiency, once mastered, allows for speeds upwards of 280 words per minute. The system is adaptable to both right- and left-handed writers.
Gregg shorthand, invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888, is a form of shorthand that, like cursive longhand, primarily uses elliptical figures and lines that bisect them.[1] The advent of dictation machines, shorthand machines, handheld tape recorders, digital voice recorders, voice recording applications on smartphones, and the trend of executives drafting their own letters on personal computers has led to a gradual decline in shorthand usage in business and reporting contexts.[2]
Gregg shorthand is often compared withPitman shorthand due to their significant dominance over other English shorthand systems. While Pitman shorthand differentiates between similar sounds through line thickness and position,[3] Gregg shorthand maintains uniform line thickness and uses stroke length to distinguish between sounds.[4]
Initially, John Robert Gregg taught an adaptation of Duployan shorthand for English, a system that was predominant in France and characterized by uniform stroke thickness and attached vowel representation.[5] However, he found the angular outlines of Duployan-based systems to be detrimental to speed.[6]
Gregg shorthand is distinguished by its cursive strokes that blend smoothly, avoiding sharp angles, and its symbols are specifically designed for English, offering a better fit than the Duployan system. For example, Gregg shorthand has a unique symbol for the "th" sound (/θ/ and/ð/), in contrast to Duployan systems, which use a dotted "t," resulting in slower writing.[7]
Gregg shorthand is a system of phonography, or aphonemicwriting system, which means it records the sounds of the speaker, not theEnglish spelling.[4] For example, it uses thef stroke for the/f/ sound infunnel,telephone, andlaugh,[8] and omits allsilent letters.[4] The system is written from left to right and the letters are joined.Sh (=/ʃ/) (andzh =/ʒ/),Ch (=/tʃ/), andJ (orDzh, =/dʒ/) are written downward,[8] whilet andd are written upward.[4]X/ks/ is expressed by putting a slight backward slant on thes symbol, though a word beginningex is just written as if speltes (and, according toPre-Anniversary,ox is written as ifos).[9]W when in the middle of a word, is notated with a short dash under the next vowel.[10] Therefore, the digraphqu (=/kw/) is usually written ask with a dash underneath the next vowel.[10] In theAnniversary edition and before, ifz need be distinguished froms, a small tick drawn at a right angle from thes may be written to make this distinction.[11]
Many of the letters shown are alsobrief forms, or standard abbreviations for the most common words for increased speed in writing.[12] For instance, instead of writingkan for "can", the Gregg stenographer just writesk.[4] These brief forms are shown on the adjacent image. There are several others not shown, however. For instance, "please" is written inSimplified and before as simplypl,[13] and "govern" asgv.[14]
Phrasing is another mechanism for increasing the speed of shorthand writing. Based on the notion that lifting the pen between words would have a heavy speed cost, phrasing is the combination of several smaller distinct forms into one outline.[15] For example, "it may be that the" can be written in one outline, "(tm)ab(th)a(th)".[16] "I have not been able" would be written, "avnba" (note that to the eye of the reader this phrase written in shorthand looks like "I-have-not-been-able", and so phrasing is far more legible than a longhand explanation of the principle may lead one to believe).
Thevowels in Gregg shorthand are divided into groups that very rarely require further notation. Thea is a large circle, and can stand for the sounds intrap/æ/,palm/ɑː/, andface/eɪ/.[17] Thee is a small circle, and can stand for the sounds indress/ɛ/,fleece/iː/,kit/ɪ/, andnurse/ɜːr/.[17]ī represents the sound inprice/aɪ/.[18] Theo is a small hook that represents the sounds ingoat/oʊ/,lot/ɒ/,thought/ɔː/, andnorth/ɔːr/.[19] Theu is a small hook that represents the sounds instrut/ʌ/,foot/ʊ/, andgoose/uː/.[20] It also expresses aw at the beginning of a word.[21] InAnniversary and before, short and long vowel sounds for e, a, o and u may be distinguished by a mark under the vowel, a dot for short and a small downward tick for long sounds.[22]
There are special vowel markings for certaindiphthongs.[18] The ow inhow/aʊ/ is just ana circle followed by au hook. Theio inlion/aɪ.ə/, or any diphthong involving a long i and a vowel, is written with a small circle inside a large circle.[23] Theia inpiano/i.æ/ andrepudiate/i.eɪ/ is notated as a large circle with a dot in its center.[23] InAnniversary and before, ifea need be distinguished fromia, it is notated with a small downward tick inside the circle instead of the dot.[23] Theu inunited/juː/ is notated with a small circle followed by anu hook above it.[18]
Due to the simple alphabet, Gregg shorthand is very fast in writing; however, it takes a great deal of practice to master it. Speeds of 280 WPM (where a word is 1.4 syllables) have been reached with this system before, and those notes are still legible to others who know the system.[24]
Some left-handed shorthand writers have found it more comfortable to write Gregg shorthand from right to left.[25]
Throughout its history, different forms of Gregg shorthand have been published. All the versions use the same alphabet and basic principles, but they differ in degrees of abbreviation and, as a result, speed. The 1916 version is generally the fastest and most abbreviated version. Series 90 Gregg has the smallest degree of abbreviation, but it is also generally the slowest standard version of Gregg. Though each version differs in its level of abbreviation, most versions have expert and reporting versions for writers who desire more shortcuts.
Many versions of this system were published.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Several of these versions were given names:Anniversary (published in 1929),Gregg Shorthand Simplified (1949),Diamond Jubilee (1963), andSeries 90 (1978). The last version wasCentennial, published in 1988.[33] Versions published before 1929 are often referred to as Pre-Anniversary. These versions are described below in this article. Besides the main editions, a number of simpler, personal-use editions were published from 1924 to 1968. These included "Greghand" in 1935, and "Notehand" in 1960 and 1968.[34]
Gregg Shorthand was first published in England 1888 by John Robert Gregg under the titleLight Line Phonography; however, it was in a very primal stage. Due to its rough-and-ready character and the fact that Pitman shorthand was well established there, it did not gain much success. Five years later, in 1893, a second edition of the manual with an improved version of the system was published in the USA, then in a third edition titledGregg Shorthand in 1897. The fourth edition, published in 1902, developed more shortcuts. The fifth edition, published in 1916, is the version most commonly referred to as "Pre-Anniversary" Gregg shorthand; this version has the largest number of brief forms, phrases, and shortcuts.
In 1929 another version of Gregg shorthand was published. This system reduced the memory load on its learners by decreasing the number of brief forms and removing uncommon prefixes. It was intended to have been published in 1928 on the 40th anniversary of the system, but it was published a year afterward due to a delay in its production.
Gregg Shorthand Simplified was published in 1949. This system drastically reduced the number of brief forms that needed to be memorized to only 181. Even with this reduction in the number of brief forms, one could still reach speeds upward of 150WPM. The system was simplified to directly address the need of business stenographers, who only needed to produce 100–120 WPM transcription. The creator of an advanced reporting version of Gregg Shorthand, Charles Lee Swem, wrote inThe National Shorthand Reporter, "An abbreviated, simplified edition of our system has been published and accepted for the purpose of training office stenographers, and not necessarily reporters." He also advised, "I do not believe any young student should hesitate to study Simplified for fear it will jeopardize his chances of becoming a reporter. It is fundamentally the same system as we reporters learned from the Anniversary edition. Once Simplified is learned, the change-over to the reporting style is comparatively simple and can be made by any writer."[35]
The Diamond Jubilee series was published through most of the 1960s and the 1970s (1963–1977). It was simpler than the Simplified version, and reduced the number of brief forms to 129. ForDiamond Jubilee students who wanted to increase speed for reporting, an edition of "Expert"Diamond Jubilee was available to push speeds upward.
Series 90 (1978–1987) was an even simpler version, which used a minimal number of brief forms and placed a great emphasis on clear transcription, rather than reporting speed. Although it introduced a couple of new abbreviations and reintroduced some short forms that were missing in Diamond Jubilee, it eliminated several other short forms, and was in the main simpler, longer, and slower than the previous editions. Shorthand was dwindling in popularity during this series' usage.
Published in 1988, this is the most recent series of Gregg shorthand. It was the only version since the Pre-Anniversary edition of 1916 to increase the complexity of the system from the previous one, having 132 brief forms.
The above versions of Gregg shorthand were marketed for professional use, such as business and court reporting.Gregg Shorthand Junior Manual, designed for junior high school students, was published in 1927 and 1929.Greghand, A Simple Phonetic Writing for Everyday Use by Everyone was published as a pamphlet in 1935. The 1960 and 1968 editions ofGregg Notehand focused on how to take effective classroom and personal notes using a simple form of Gregg shorthand.
Gregg shorthand has been adapted to several languages, includingAfrikaans,Esperanto,[36] French,[37] German,[38]Hebrew[citation needed], Irish, Italian, Japanese,Polish,[39]Portuguese,[40] Russian, Spanish,[41]Catalan,Thai, andTagalog. With a few customizations, it can be adapted to nearly any language. TheMandarin Chinese version slightly modified the original system, under the nameBeifang Suji (北方速記 Běifāng sùjì 'Northern Shorthand').
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