| Greenwich Park | |
|---|---|
 View of theQueen's House at centre andCanary Wharf from Greenwich Park | |
  Greenwich Park Location in Greenwich | |
| Type | Public park |
| Location | London,SE10 |
| Coordinates | 51°28′38″N0°00′00″E / 51.4773°N 0.0000°E /51.4773; 0.0000 |
| Area | 74.5 hectares (184 acres) |
| Operated by | The Royal Parks |
| Public transit access |  Maze Hill Greenwich |
| Website | Official website |
Greenwich Park is a formerhunting park inGreenwich and one of the largest single green spaces in south-eastLondon. One of the eightRoyal Parks of London, and the first to be enclosed (in 1433), it covers 74 hectares (180 acres),[1] and is part of the GreenwichWorld Heritage Site. Surrounding the hilltopRoyal Observatory (opened in 1676) and straddling theGreenwich Prime Meridian, it commands elevated views over theRiver Thames, theIsle of Dogs and theCity of London.
The park is open year-round, and incorporates flower gardens as well as grassy spaces, a children's playground, cafés and other amenities, a bandstand, a boating lake, a pond, wooded areas, and a wildlife habitat called 'The Wilderness'. The park also contains Roman and Anglo-Saxon remains, and is listed Grade I on theRegister of Historic Parks and Gardens;[2] in 2020, it was awarded aNational Lottery grant to restore historic features and add new visitor facilities.[3] It hostedOlympic andParalympic equestrian events during the London2012 Summer Olympics, and accommodates runners prior to the start of the annualLondon Marathon.
The estate of some 200 acres (81 ha) was originally owned bySaint Peter's Abbey, Ghent, but reverted to the Crown in 1427 and was given byHenry VI to his uncleHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester.[4] He built a house by the river, Bella Court, and a small castle, calledGreenwich Castle or Duke Humphrey's Tower, on the hill. The former evolved first into the TudorPalace of Placentia and then into theQueen's House andGreenwich Hospital. Greenwich Castle, by now in disrepair, was chosen for the site of theRoyal Observatory byCharles II in 1675, on the advice ofSir Christopher Wren.
As a result of this decision, theGreenwich Prime Meridian crosses Greenwich Park, passing due north and south of the Royal Observatory. A stainless steel strip in the Observatory's courtyard marks the line; it is also marked on the wall of a path just north of the Observatory and there are wall plaques just outside the park, in Chesterfield Walk to the south and Park Vista to the north. In 1884 it was agreed to be the officialPrime Meridian of the world, a status it held for a century until it was superseded by the relatedIERS Reference Meridian, which runs parallel to the Greenwich Meridian some 102 metres to its east.[5]
In the 15th century the park was mostly heathland and probably used forhawking. In the next century,deer were introduced byHenry VIII for hunting, and a small collection of deer was maintained in an area to the south east.James I enclosed the park with a brick wall, 12 feet (3.7 m) high and two miles (3 km) long at a cost of £2000, much of which remains and defines the modern boundary. A small section of the boundary wall in the southwest corner of the park was formerly part ofMontagu House, one time residence ofCaroline of Brunswick, demolished in 1815,[6] though Queen Caroline's bath (c. 1806) is preserved inside the park. James I also commissioned the first modernice house in 1619 in the Park.[7]
In the 17th century, the park was landscaped, possibly byAndré Le Nôtre who is known at least to have designed plans for it.[8] The public were first allowed into the park during the 18th century.Samuel Johnson visited the park in 1763 and commented "Is it not fine?". From 1730 to 1857, around 250,000 Londoners would attend the bi-annual Greenwich fair (held on May Day and Whitsun); Observatory Hill and nearby One Tree Hill were used on public holidays for mass'tumbling'.[9][10]
In the 1830s a railway was nearly driven through the middle of the lower park on aviaduct but the scheme was defeated by intense local opposition. However, theLondon and Greenwich Railway was later extended beneath the ground via acut-and-covertunnel link betweenGreenwich andMaze Hill which opened in 1878 (the tunnel alignment is on the north side of the park's northern boundary wall, running beneath the gardens of the National Maritime Museum and Queen's House).
In 1888 the park got a station of its own whenGreenwich Park railway station was opened. The station was not successful, with most passengers preferring the olderGreenwich station, and in 1917 Greenwich Park station and the associated line closed.
On 15 February 1894, a man died after a bomb explosion in Greenwich Park, close to the Observatory. The victim,Martial Bourdin, was a 26-year-old Frenchman with links to theanarchist Club Autonomie, and was carrying the device when it exploded prematurely. The incident inspiredJoseph Conrad'sThe Secret Agent.[11]
During the two World Wars,allotments were sited on the northern edge of the park, south of the Queen's House. Agreement for 139 plots for local families to grow vegetables was reached in March 1918, with tenants paying 7s 6d a year each for their plots. Tenants kept their allotments until February 1921 when the park returned to its former use. From 1939, the park was again used for wartime allotments.[12] DuringWorld War II anti-aircraft guns were positioned in the park's flower garden with some tree tops removed to clear the line of fire.[13]
During the London2012 Summer Olympics, Greenwich Park was the venue for theOlympic equestrian events and for the riding and running parts of themodern pentathlon events. It was also the venue for theParalympic equestrian events.[14] The use of Greenwich Park for Olympic equestrian events had earlier caused some tension between theLondon Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games 2012 (LOCOG) and some local area residents. A community action group, NOGOE (No to Greenwich Olympic Equestrian Events), believed Greenwich Park was not a suitable venue for the events and started an (ultimately unsuccessful) petition to get the equestrian events relocated; by February 2009 this had gathered over 12,000 signatures.[15] Olympic use of the park was approved by Greenwich Council in March 2010,[16] with test events held the following year.[17]
In 2021, a £12 million four-year project, 'Greenwich Park Revealed', was instigated to reveal, restore, protect and enhance the park's past and current features, enhance the park's biodiversity, and provide better access for people with disabilities.[3] Supported by a grant of £4,517,300 from theNational Lottery Heritage Fund and theNational Lottery Community Fund,[3][18] the project will remodel the area around the General Wolfe statue viewpoint,[19] restore the 'Grand Ascent' (a series of giant grass steps, north of the Wolfe statue),[8] restore other landscape features, replant tree avenues,[20] and add a £1.2m learning centre (designed by Architype),[21] a café and other visitor facilities.[22][23] Several archaeological investigations have been undertaken in parallel with the work, including 2021 and 2022 digs of a Saxon burial mound, a 2023 dig on the site of the 'Grand Ascent', a community excavation of aWorld War II air-raid shelter east of One Tree Hill, and exploration of the remains ofJohn Pond's Magnetic Observatory,[24] an enclosure built in 1817 to analyse Earth's magnetic field.[10]
The park is roughly rectangular in plan with sides 1000 metres by 750 metres and oriented with the long sides lying NNW to SSE. In what follows this direction is taken to be N to S for ease of exposition. It is located atgrid referenceTQ390772.
The park is on two levels, with a number of dips and gullies marking the transition between them. The lower level (closest to theNational Maritime Museum,Queen's House and, beyond them, theThames) lies to the north; from there a steep walk uphill reveals the southern part – a flat expanse that is, essentially, an enclosed extension of the plateau of Blackheath.
Roughly in the centre, on the top of the hill, is theRoyal Observatory and a statue of GeneralJames Wolfe (Simon Jenkins rated the view of theRoyal Hospital withCanary Wharf in the distance as one of the top ten in England).[25] At the northern edge is theNational Maritime Museum andQueen's House, and beyond thoseGreenwich Hospital. To the east isVanbrugh Castle. To the south isBlackheath and in the south-western corner is theRanger's House, looking out over the heath. To the west lie the architecturally fine streets of Chesterfield Walk andCroom's Hill.[26]
The Observatory is on the top of the hill. Outside is a statue of GeneralJames Wolfe (buried inSt Alfege Church, Greenwich) in a small plaza from which there are views across to the former Greenwich Hospital (theOld Royal Naval College, now theUniversity of Greenwich) and then towards the river, the skyscrapers ofCanary Wharf, theCity of London to the northwest andThe O2 Arena to the north.
On the lower level of the park there is a popular children's playground (north-east corner, close toMaze Hill railway station), an adjacent boating lake, and a small orchard ('The Queen's Orchard'). There is also a herb garden (close by entrance to Greenwich town centre).
On the upper level, there is an extensive flower garden with a large duck pond, a rose garden, a cricket pitch, tennis courts, a bandstand, Roman remains, an ancient oak tree (known asQueen Elizabeth's Oak, associated withQueen Elizabeth I)[27][28] many 17th-centurysweet chestnut trees with gnarled, swirling trunks, an enclosure ('The Wilderness') used to house wild deer,[29] and an avenue of cherry trees renowned for their spring blossoms.[30][31]
West of the Observatory is the garden of the formerAstronomer Royal, a peaceful secluded space which is good for picnics and also sometimes used by theatre groups (Midsummer Night's Dream, etc.). On the opposite side (southeast of the Wolfe statue) is the Pavilion Café. There is another, smaller café by the north-west gate, and a snack bar in the children's playground; in March 2024, as part of the 'Greenwich Park Revealed' programme, the Ignatius Sancho Café was opened in a refurbished building by the Vanbrugh Gate on the east side of the park.[32][33]
It is possible to park (pay and display) in areas along the main roads entering from Blackheath (though it can be busy).[34] Cycle routes criss-cross the park (as do runners, roller-bladers, dog-walkers, etc.). Until 2020, other road traffic (cars and motor-cycles) could use the park road linking Blackheath and Greenwich at peak periods on weekdays. After a trial closure, the road was permanently closed to through traffic in 2022.[35]
One of three start points for theLondon Marathon, the 'red start', is located just south of Greenwich Park, in Charlton Way, with runners held in the park before they start.[36] A London half marathon,Run to the Beat, passed through the park from 2008 to 2012; in 2013, the last running of the 13.1-mile event started and finished in the park.[37] Since 2018 the park has also accommodated some of the finish facilities ofThe Big Half, a half marathon run each September. A 2.62-miles charity 'mini marathon' for children is held each May,[38] and the park also hosts occasional commercially organised 5km and 10km running events.[a]
The park also staged the start of the final stage of the2006 Tour of Britain cycle race (3 September).
A cricket pitch is maintained in the southwest corner of the park, with an adjacent pavilion. Tennis courts are located to the north of the cricket pitch.
Greenwich Park was used for outdoor London scenes including representing theConstitution Hill thoroughfare in the 2009 filmThe Young Victoria starringEmily Blunt andRupert Friend.
.jpg)
![Henry Moore sculpture[40]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aThe_Henry_Moore_Sculpture_in_Greenwich_Park.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.svg){kind=logo}
.svg)
