Green conservatism is a combination ofconservatism withenvironmentalism. Environmental concern has been voiced by both conservative politicians and philosophers throughout the history of conservatism. The distinguishing feature of green conservatism is the adherence to market-based policies to address environmental concerns, rather than centralised planning.[citation needed] Individual and local empowerment is preferred over top down control. Where solutions to problems are global, such as climate change, green conservatives believe the government's role "is to empower individuals, entrepreneurs, and philanthropists to collaborate and come up with innovations that will solve climate change."[1]
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TheNational Ecologic Party had ties to theAssemblies of God, the largest evangelical denomination present in Brazil, and upheld green conservatism but it has now changed its name toPatriota and renounced its green and pro-ecologist policies in favor of its conservative and nationalist policies; it has maintained and strengthened its religious opposition to abortion,same-sex marriage and other left-wing policies.[2][3]
In Canada, the term "green conservatism" was popularized in 2006 byPreston Manning, formerfederal opposition leader and founder of theReform Party of Canada. Specifically, Manning started developing the idea as a way to find common ground between younger and older voters. He has specifically talked about usingwater pricing in theOil Sands to make oil producers more efficient.[4][5] In 1988, then-graduate student Stephen Harper, writing in the Blue Book, which influenced the Reform Party principles, argued for an environmental policy that supports and protects the environment but reduces bureaucratic control. Harper argued that the Reform Party was aware of environmental exploitation found within "socialist, capitalist, and social democratic patterns."[6] Canadian idealist and philosopherGeorge Parkin Grant, writing in theRed Tory Manifesto, argued that Tories support environmental incentives as a way to oppose "captains of industry who were destroying the environment for a crude and short-sighted notion of profit".[7]
In 2006, Progressive Conservative Prime MinisterBrian Mulroney, was honoured as "the greenest prime minister in Canadian history". He brought in the Canada-U.S. acid rain treaty, added eight new national parks and brought in the Environmental Protection Act. Then-PM Stephen Harper argued that "He [Mulroney] didn't produce grandiose schemes and unworkable arrangements and the kind of problems we got into with Kyoto."[8]
TheCoalition Avenir Québec's party leaderFrançois Legault advocates a 'pragmatic' approach on the issues that would balance between the "milltant" approach of the environment movement but "create wealth, to reduce thewealth gap" between Quebec and other Canadian provinces.[9] In 2019,Benoit Charette, the Quebec Environmental minister, denounced remarks made by people stating that they would no longer have children to protect the environment as "too alarmist". However, Charette pointed to "the management of residual materials and the issue of plastic and glass water bottles directly" as a way to tackle environmental issues realistically.[10]
TheEcologist Green Party of Mexico (PVE), founded in 1993, won 47 seats in the2015 Mexican legislative election.
In 2008, the PVEM initiated an advertising campaign in favor of reintroducing thedeath penalty in Mexico.[11] This led to theEuropean Green Party's withdrawal of recognition of the PVEM as a legitimate green party.[12]
During an interview, PVE candidateGamaliel Ramírez verbally attacked an openly gay candidate for Guadalajara mayor and called for criminal laws against homosexuality to be established. In the following days, Ramírez issued a written apology after the party expressed disappointment at his remarks.[13]
One of the first uses of the termgreen conservatism was by former United StatesRepublicanHouse SpeakerNewt Gingrich, in a debate on environmental issues withJohn Kerry, according toHuman Events.[14] Around this time, the green conservative movement was sometimes referred to as thecrunchy con movement, a term popularized byNational Review magazine and the writings ofRod Dreher.[15]
In the United States, theRepublican Party is generally considered as theconservative party. Green conservatism manifested itself as a movement in groups such asConservAmerica and theAmerican Conservation Coalition,[16] which seek to strengthen the Republican Party's stance on environmental issues and support efforts to conserve natural resources and protect human and environmental health.[17]
TheIndependent Greens of Virginia (or Indy Greens) call themselves "common sense conservatives". The party, over the last decade, has run many conservative greens for local, state, and federal office. In 2004, the party gave its ballot line toConstitution Party nomineeMichael Peroutka for president, and in 2008, once again placed the Constitution Party nomineeChuck Baldwin on the ballot as its presidential candidate. The Indy Greens call for balancing the federal budget and paying off the federal debt.[18]
The Republican Party had long supported the protection of the environment in the first half of 20th Century. Republican PresidentTheodore Roosevelt was a prominent conservationist whose policies eventually led to the creation of the modernNational Park Service.[19] Republican PresidentRichard Nixon was responsible for establishing theEnvironmental Protection Agency in 1970.[20]
In 2007, California Republican GovernorArnold Schwarzenegger, with the support of 16 other states,sued thefederal government and theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency for the right to set vehicle emission standards higher than thefederal standard,[21] saying that theClean Air Act entitles states to do so.
Democratic PresidentBill Clinton signed theKyoto Protocol but did not send it to the Senate for ratification following the passage of theByrd–Hagel Resolution, which effectively barred the United States from implementing the treaty. PresidentGeorge W. Bush publicly opposed ratification of the Kyoto Protocols on the grounds that they unfairly targeted Western industrialized nations such as the United States while favoring developingGlobal South polluters such as China and India.
In 2000, the Republican Party adopted as part of its platform support for the development of market-based solutions to environmental problems. According to the platform, "economic prosperity and environmental protection must advance together, environmental regulations should be based on science, the government's role should be to provide market-based incentives to develop the technologies to meet environmental standards, we should ensure that environmental policy meets the needs of localities, and environmental policy should focus on achieving results processes."[22]
TheGeorge W. Bush administration,[23] along with several of thecandidates that sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2008,[24][25][26] supported increased Federal investment into the development of clean alternative fuels, increasednuclear power, as well as fuels such asethanol, as a way of helping the U.S. achieveenergy independence, as opposed to supporting less use of carbon dioxide-producing methods of generating energy.John McCain, who ran unsuccessfully for president in2008, supported thecap-and-trade policy, a policy that is quite popular among Democrats but much less so among other Republicans.[27]
In Japan, the Environmental Green Political Assembly, or Midori no Kaigi, emerged from the conservative reformistSakigake Party. It combined a conservative ideology with an ecologist platform, forcing out a number of non-ecologist members to join theDemocratic Party'sRyoun-kai [ja] faction. It showed poor performance at the polls, and was dissolved in 2004, merged into the conservativeLiberal Democratic Party.
The Austrian environmental movement (USB) was founded in 1973, out of this, the Electoral community for citizens' initiatives and environmental protection (WBU) has emerged. The WBU was thereby a grouping with bourgeois, liberal and conservative sides, which also did not shy away from the right-wing extremist spectrum.[28]
The United Greens of Austria (VGÖ) was founded in 1982, this represented the bourgeois wing of the movement.[29] By former members VGÖ later the Civil Green Austria (BGÖ) was founded.
TheFree Party Salzburg (FPS) claims to be the only party that advocates that no genetically modified seed funds may be spread and has advocated against genetic engineering. It calls for a ban on glyphosate and it "deals with the green issues in Salzburg".[30]
Thesecond Kurz government of the Republic of Austria that was in office from 7 January 2020, to 11 October 2021, introduced a governing program that combines typically green political concepts such asenvironmental protection but also typically conservative positions on topics such asintegration,migration and economic policy.[31]
In Denmark, theConservative People's Party advocates conservative policies, while being a part of the green bloc ofFolketinget. They opposed the Danish 2016 Agriculture Reform due to environmental concerns.
Génération Écologie is an ecologically focused political party in France. It has been nicknamed 'The Blues' due to its association with a number of conservative political groups.
Antoine Waechter, a former presidential candidate ofLes Verts, foundedMouvement Ecologiste Indépendant after Les Verts adopted left-wing positions. Mouvement Ecologiste Indépendant adheres to centrist politics and so it may include some members who lean towards green conservatism.
The governingGreens in the state ofBaden-Württemberg under Minister-PresidentWinfried Kretschmann have been described as more conservative than their federal counterparts.[32] Indeed, Kretschmann identifies as a green conservative[33] and has been associated witheconomically liberal viewpoints.[34]
The Green Action Future (GAZ), the predecessor party of the ÖDP, was perceived and criticized in opinion leaders such asDer Spiegel as clearly conservative.[35]
In Germany, theEcological Democratic Party (ÖDP) was formed by more right-wing defectors fromDie Grünen in 1982. It combined a focus on environmental protection with a promotion of theright to life (opposition to abortion,euthanasia and capital punishment); it differs from The Greens by being less supportive of immigration and restrictions on state powers in criminal justice issues, not focusing on gay and lesbian rights, and having a differing view on feminism. While having never gained seats in federal or state legislatures in Germany, it made a name for itself by its involvement in the opposition to a Czech nuclear reactor inTemelin, across the border fromBavaria. It led an initiative for a popular referendum to abolish the Bavarian Senate (that state's upper house) which was successful. The party won a seat in the2014 EU Parliament election and remains active.
Ecologist Greece is a green conservative party.
On 11 September 2009,Georgios Karatzaferis, leader of the far-right nationalistPopular Orthodox Rally (Laos) party announced that Ecologists Greece leader Papanikolas would run on the statewide Laos ticket in the2009 Greek legislative election.[36]
TheGreen Party of Hungary was founded on 19 November 1989.[citation needed] But when Zoltán Medveczki became Party President in March 1993, the party gradually changed its political position from moderate to radical right-wing. The MZP adopted anti-liberal, anti-communist, anti-Semitic and pro-fascist elements (Ecofascism) to its program and also criticizedprivatization andmarket economy. Medveczki also founded and registered the party's paramilitary wing, the Alliance of National Green Youth.[37] It was dissolved in 2011.
The Hungarian political partyOur Homeland Movement has been described as green conservatism. In a 2019 interview toMandiner, party leaderLászló Toroczkai described MHM as "a unique green party in Europe", stating that "we are unwilling to accept that only anti-social and anti-human liberal parties can be green parties. We think that those who do not want to protect our environment, our forests, our beautifulGreat Plain,Lake Balaton, our rivers cannot really love their homeland". Thus, the party is sometimes referred to as supporting some form of green conservatism.[38]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(October 2022) |
TheGreens Greens was founded byMaurizio Lupi, a former member ofChristian Democracy and of theFederation of the Greens. In the 2004 provincial elections of Turin the Greens Greens supported the centre-right candidate Franco Botta. In the2005 Piedmontese regional election the Greens Greens supported the centre-right candidate Enzo Ghigo; the list got 23,761 votes and the 1.16% of the vote. In the2008 Italian general election Alessandro Lupi ran for the Chamber inThe People of Freedom's list, in the division Piedmont 1, but he was not elected. In the2010 Piedmontese regional election the Greens Greens supported the centre-right candidate Roberto Cota, winning the 1.76% of the vote and one seat. In the2014 Piedmontese regional election the party supported the candidate of Forza Italia Gilberto Pichetto Fratin, but it only gained 0.27% of the vote and no seats.
TheFive Star Movement, formed in 2009 and which entered government after the2018 Italian general election, has an inconsistent history regarding environmentalism. The name of the party originates from its five principles: public water access, sustainable transportation, sustainable development, the right to internet access, and environmentalism. The party has been difficult to classify on a traditional left-right political spectrum, as it incorporates positions and features of both sides. From 2009 to 2015, the party was generally seen as somewhat more left-leaning than right-leaning, owing primarily due to its strong performance among young Italians. However, from 2016 onwards, the party saw an influx of disillusioned right-leaning voters, and the party shifted accordingly, particularly on issues such as immigration.
In June 2018, M5S entered into government withLega Nord, a right-wing populist party. The Five Stars Movement claims to support better management of public water resources, promotes the development of renewable energy resources, opposes the construction of pipelines and disposal of household waste via incinerators, and promotes support for small farms against large agri-business in an effort to preserve Italy's natural landscape and local economies. This can be seen as a form of "green conservatism"; however, the M5S campaign in 2018 rarely featured discussion about the environment, and the party leadership has not signaled that environmentalism will be a priority over the 2018–2023 period that they are in power with Lega Nord.[39] In September 2018, M5S supported a deal to keep a highly-polluting steel mill inCastelbuono open, citing employment concerns that trumped environmentalism. The mill was transferred fromIlva toArcelorMittal. The deal was a violation of promises made in the 2018 election campaign to close the plant, which spewed dioxin into the local environment.[40]
In February 2004, after the breakdown of the four-party government, Indulis Emsis of theLatvian Green Party was appointed to form a new government and became the firsthead of government of a country anywhere in the world from aGreen party.[41]
Following the2014 Latvian parliamentary election, theUnion of Greens and Farmers became the third largest party in the country with 21 seats, 6 of which are held by theLatvian Green Party which is the second largest of the 4 parties which form the Union (in terms of the number of seats it holds).
Leading politicians of theLatvian Green Party have often supportednationalist andsocially conservative views,[42][43] leading to its expulsion from theEuropean Green Party on 10 November 2019.[44]
In the2016 Lithuanian parliamentary election, theLithuanian Farmers and Greens Union became the largest party in a surprise victory with 51 seats.
Following the success of the Farmers and Greens Union at the 2016 election, chairmanRamūnas Karbauskis proposed a grand coalition in combination with a technocratic government focusing on economic growth, including both the centre-rightHomeland Union and the centre-leftSocial Democratic Party of Lithuania.[45] However, the Homeland Union declined to be part of a coalition in which it would not be needed for the parliamentary majority. Subsequently, the Farmers and Greens Union formed a government with only the Social Democrats.
The PortugueseEarth Party is a green conservative[46]political party in Portugal, founded on 12 August 1993.
In 1970, theConservative Government ofEdward Heath created the United Kingdom's first Department of the Environment.[47]
At the 1988 Conservative Party ConferenceMargaret Thatcher said, "It’s we Conservatives who are not merely friends of the Earth – we are its guardians and trustees for generations to come. The core of Tory philosophy and for the case for protecting the environment are the same. No generation has a freehold on this earth. All we have is a life tenancy – with a full repairing lease. This Government intends to meet the terms of that lease in full."[48]
In the early 21st century, the Conservative Party underDavid Cameron promised a green agenda which included proposals designed to impose a tax on workplace car parking spaces, a halt to airport growth, a tax on low fuel efficiency 4x4s and restrictions on car advertising. The measures were suggested by The Quality of Life Policy Group, which was set up by Cameron to help fight climate change.[49]Bright Blue, a liberalconservative think tank was established in 2014 and launched the Green Conservatism project to create conservative support for policies that address climate change in 2017.[50]
Cameron spoke of embracing 'green' issues, and had madeclimate change a key component of his speeches.[51] He called for an independent climate change commission to ensure that emissions reductions targets are met.[52] However, Cameron's claim of leading the "greenest government ever"[53] has been rejected byGreen Party MP Caroline Lucas, who argued in 2011 that Cameron had "shown little interest in green policy and the sustainability agenda."[54]
Zac Goldsmith, who was the Conservative candidate forLondon Mayor in 2016, describes himself as an environmentalist. He had received theGlobal Green Award for International Environmental Leadership in 2004.[55]
SirRoger Scruton, former professor of philosophy at Oxford and St Andrews, has spoken and written extensively on the need for a Green Conservatism drawing upon a love of place and heritage.
In 2019,Theresa May's Conservative government passed plans to become the first major economy to pass new laws that would reduce emissions tonet zero by 2050.[56]
The first significant Green conservative in Australia was Prime MinisterMalcolm Fraser. During his time in office (1975–1983) he legislated significant environmental-protection laws for theGreat Barrier Reef while leader of the centre-rightLiberal Party as early as the 1970s.[57]
Australian politics became more polemical around the year 2000.[citation needed] Once an uneasy alliance between theAustralian Labor Party (the traditional opposition to theLiberal Party) andThe Greens had formed, it caused many conservative voters to become suspicious of green politics and so interest in green conservatism waned.
In 2004 the conservativeFamily First Party aired a television advertisement labelling TheAustralian Greens as theExtreme Greens.[58] Since then, the continuously increasing anti-conservative dominance within The Greens has led to this label receiving broader use in the media.[59][60]Consequently, green conservatives are entering political parties other than The Greens instead.[citation needed]
As a result of the 2019 water crisis in regionalNew South Wales, the conservativeShooters, Fishers and Farmers Party began espousing some green policies to ensure the availability of fresh water in remote areas.[61] These mostly focused around the controversial Murray Darling Basin plan.[62] However, the party's policy on issues such asgreyhound racing conflict with those of manyanimal rights activists who are often present within green politics.
In the2022 Australian federal election, theTeal independents movement was seen as a response of typically conservative-leaning inner-city voters to inaction by the governing right-wingLiberal-National Coalition on climate change. This phenomenon saw centre-right Liberal Party MPs lose their seats to Teal independents inSydney,Melbourne andPerth, and to the Greens inBrisbane.[63]
TheConservative Party of New Zealand has an environmental policy focused around actions within the country that can help the local environment rather than being tied to international agreements.[64] In 2019, theNew Zealand National Party supported a New Zealand Labour Party bill that would aiming for net zero emission by 2050.[65]
The Liberal Party's decision to back Labor in the inner city [...] allows the Prime Minister to take a 'principled' stand against the 'extreme' Greens [...].
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