Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand Rōpū Kākāriki o Aotearoa, Niu Tireni (Māori) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Co-leaders | |
| Founded | 26 May 1990; 35 years ago (26 May 1990) |
| Preceded by | Values Party |
| Headquarters | Level 5, 108 The Terrace, Wellington Central,Wellington |
| Youth wing | Young Greens of Aotearoa New Zealand |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-left[11] toleft-wing[13] |
| National affiliation | Alliance (1991–1997) |
| Regional affiliation | Asia Pacific Greens Federation[14] |
| International affiliation | Global Greens[15] |
| Colours | Green |
| Slogan | The Time Is Now[16] |
| House of Representatives | 15 / 123 |
| Regional councillors | 4 / 132 |
| Local councillors | 9 / 718 |
| Website | |
| greens | |
TheGreen Party of Aotearoa New Zealand (Māori:Rōpū Kākāriki o Aotearoa, Niu Tireni),[17] commonly known asGreen orthe Greens, is agreenpolitical party in New Zealand.[1][12] Like manygreen parties around the world, it has four pillars (ecological wisdom,social justice,grassroots democracy, andnonviolence).[18] The party's ideology combinesenvironmentalism withsocial democratic economic policies,[1] including well-funded and locally controlled public services within the confines of asteady-state economy.[19] Internationally, it is affiliated with theGlobal Greens.[15]
The Green Party traces its origins to theValues Party, founded in 1972 as the world's first national-level environmentalist party. The current Green Party was formed in 1990. From 1991 to 1997, the party participated in theAlliance, a grouping of five left-wing parties. It gained representation in Parliament at the1996 election.
Historically, the Green Party had two co-leaders, one male and one female. In May 2022, Green Party members voted to change the co-leadership model to one requiring that a leader be female and that a leader beMāori.[20]Marama Davidson has been the female co-leader since 2018.Chlöe Swarbrick became co-leader in March 2024, succeedingJames Shaw, who had been elected as male co-leader in 2015.
It is the third largest party in theHouse of Representatives, with 15 MPs.[21] In 2020, the party agreed to cooperate with theSixth Labour Government and received twoministerial portfolios in return.[22] The Green Party contests many local government elections throughout New Zealand. Green Party representativeCelia Wade-Brown served asMayor of Wellington from 2010 to 2016, and in 2019,Aaron Hawkins was elected as theMayor of Dunedin. InAuckland, the Green Party campaigns with theLabour Party, under theCity Vision political banner.[23]
The Green Party was founded to counter what it sees as threats to the natural environment.Environmental issues remain its main focus. In recent times, it has expressed concerns aboutmining ofnational parks,[24]fresh water,[25]peak oil[26] and the release ofgenetically engineered organisms.[27] The party strongly supports efforts to addressclimate change based on scientific evidence, by transitioning away from the burning of fossil fuels to renewable energy production,[28] as well as makingcarbon pricing more transparent and bringing the agricultural sector into theEmissions Trading Scheme.[29]
The Green Party has spoken out in support ofhuman rights[30] and against military operations conducted by the United States and other countries inAfghanistan andIraq.[31] The party has also expressed sympathy for thePalestinians and criticised theIsraeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories.[32][33]
The party is also known for its advocacy on numerous social issues, such as thelegalisation of marriage equality,[34] the right to seek asylum and increasing therefugee quota,[35] andgender equality.[36]
The party acceptsTe Tiriti o Waitangi (theMāori language version of the treaty) as the founding document of New Zealand and recognisesMāori astangata whenua.[37]
In itseconomic policies, the Green Party stresses factors such assustainability,taxing the indirect costs of pollution, andfair trade. It also states that measuring economic success should concentrate onmeasuring well-being rather than analysingeconomic indicators.[38] The party wants the eventual introduction of auniversal basic income.[39]
The party has previously campaigned onlegalising cannabis[40] and "remov[ing] penalties for any person with a terminal illness, chronic or debilitating condition to cultivate, possess or use cannabis and/or cannabis products for therapeutic purposes, with the support of a registered medical practitioner".[41] In the 2017–2020 term of the Sixth Labour Government, medicinal cannabis was legalised,[42] but legalisation of recreational cannabis use wasrejected in a 2020 referendum.[43]
The Greens rely heavily on the well-educated, urban demographic for theirvoter base. Green voters have various priorities but are likely to have a high regard for the environment and environmental issues. However, research indicates very few people who vote Green do so purely for environmental concerns.[44]
The Green Party traces its origins to theValues Party,[45] the world's first national-level environmentalist party.[46][47] The Values Party originated in 1972 atVictoria University of Wellington.[45][48] While it gained a measure of public support in several elections, the thenfirst-past-the-post electoral system meant that the party did not win any seats in theHouse of Representatives. Some of the founding members of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, notablyJeanette Fitzsimons,Rod Donald andMike Ward, had been active members of the Values Party at the outset of theGreen movement in the 1970s.
At the 1989 local-body elections, multiple candidates stood for local government positions under the "Green" label. It saw the election of New Zealand's first Green city councillor,Stephen Rainbow, in Wellington.[49] He was joined the next year by councillor Merrin Downing, who left theCitizens' Association to join the Greens.[50]
In May 1990, remnants of the Values Party merged with a number of other environmentalist organisations to form the modern Green Party.[51] This sparked a resurgence of support, with the new group winning 6.85% of the vote (but no seats) in the1990 election.
The following year, the Greens became co-founding members of theAlliance, a five-party grouping that also consisted of theDemocrats,Liberals,Mana Motuhake andNewLabour Party.[52] Immediately prior to this there had been limited co-operation between the parties running joint candidates in several local-body by-elections in Auckland. One candidate, Ruth Norman, was from the Greens and was elected to theAuckland Regional Council.[53] At the Alliance's inaugural party conference in November 1992 party members electedJeanette Fitzsimons from the Greens as a co-deputy leader of the Alliance.[54]
The Greens contested the1993 and1996 elections as part of the Alliance.[45] Membership of the Alliance was a controversial decision with a sizeable minority in the party remaining opposed to it. Consequently the party was plagued in the following few years by persistent calls for departure from the Alliance.[55] Over time the issue became a more divisive issue internally until eventually a splinter party (theProgressive Green Party) was set up by members who were unhappy at the direction of the Alliance, which they believed was too left-wing and too focused on social justice type issues, detracting focus from environmental issues.[56][57]
Until the 1995 annual conference inTaupō, the Greens had no elected leaders. At that conference, Jeanette Fitzsimons was elected unopposed as female co-leader, and Rod Donald defeated Joel Cayford and Mike Smith in a three-way contest to become male co-leader.[58]
After New Zealand adopted themixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system in 1996, the Alliance gained entry to Parliament, bringing three Greenlist MPs with them: Jeanette Fitzsimons, Rod Donald andPhillida Bunkle.[59]
In 1997, feeling that membership of the Alliance had subsumed their identity, the Greens took the decision to stand candidates independently of the Alliance at the next election.[45] While most of the Green party members left the Alliance, some decided, instead, to leave the Green Party and stay in the Alliance (including Bunkle, who would later be appointedMinister of Customs in theLabour-Alliance coalition government). Conversely, some of the Alliance party members, who joined the Alliance via other parties, decided to leave the Alliance and join the Green Party, notablySue Bradford andKeith Locke, who both joined the Alliance via NewLabour.[60]
In the1999 election, the Greens gained 5.16% of theparty vote and seven seats in Parliament. Fitzsimons also won the electorate seat ofCoromandel; it is believed that this is the first time a Green candidate won a first-past-the-post parliamentary election.[61] During the ten days it took to count special votes and confirm Fitzsimons' election,Labour concluded a coalition agreement with the Alliance which excluded the Greens. However, the party supported the government onconfidence and supply in return for some input into the budget and legislation. This led to the Greens gaining a $15 million energy efficiency and environmental package in the new government's first budget.[62] Over the term, the Greens developed a good working relationship with the government and also had some input into policy, notably Sue Bradford's amendments to theEmployment Relations Act 2000.[citation needed]
In the2002 election, the Greens polled 7.00%, increasing their strength in Parliament to nine seats, although they lost the Coromandel electorate.[63][64] The electoral campaign featured strong tensions between the Greens and Labour. The Greens sharply criticised Labour for its plans to allow a moratorium on genetic engineering to expire, and believing that Labour would require their support to form a government, intended to make the extension of this moratorium a non-negotiable part of any deal.[65] After the election, however, Labour and their coalition partner, the Jim Anderton-ledProgressive Coalition, instead opted to rely on support fromUnited Future, at that time a party with conservative Christian overtones.
Although the Greens no longer had any input into the budget, they maintained a close working relationship with the government, and the Greens remained involved in the legislation process. Often the government needed to rely on Green votes in theHouse to pass progressive legislation not approved by United Future.[citation needed] The government won praise from political commentators for juggling the two diametrically-opposed parties.
While the moratorium on genetic modification has now expired, the Greens remain heavily involved in attempts to prevent any GM releases under the new regulatory framework, and genetic engineering remains a major topic for the party.[66][67]
In the2005 election, the Greens won 5.30%, returning six of their MPs to Parliament. Despite expressing clear support for aLabour-led government during the campaign,[68][69] they were excluded from the resulting coalition, due to a refusal by United Future and NZ First to work with the Greens in cabinet.[70] They were, however, able to negotiate a cooperation agreement which saw limited input into the budget and broad consultation on policy.[71] Both co-leaders were appointed as government spokespeople outside cabinet, with Fitzsimons responsible for Energy Efficiency, and Donald responsible for theBuy Kiwi Made campaign. However, Rod Donald died the day before Parliament was due to sit and the position of government spokesperson on Buy Kiwi Made was filled bySue Bradford.[72]Nándor Tánczos took up the vacant list position[73] and the co-leader position remained vacant until a new co-leader,Russel Norman was elected at their 2006annual general meeting. The other contenders for the position were Nándor Tánczos,David Clendon and former MPMike Ward.[74]Bradford also introduced, in 2005, themembers' bill that would become theCrimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007. The bill sought to outlaw the legal defence of "reasonable force" for parents prosecuted for assault against children. It led to widespread debate and accusations that MPs supporting the bill were fostering a 'nanny state' approach. Despite this, the Bill became law after it passed its third reading on 16 May 2007 with an overwhelming majority of 113 votes for and 7 votes against.[75]
In the2008 election, the Greens increased their share of the vote to 6.72%, enough for 9 MPs, even though there was a swing throughout the country to theNational Party. This initially gave the Greens two extra MPs, but counting the special votes brought in a third.[76] They became the third largest parliamentary party in New Zealand, and signed amemorandum of understanding with the governingNational Party.
Metiria Turei was elected at the 2009 annual general meeting after former female co-leaderJeanette Fitzsimons stood down as an MP in February 2009.[77][78]
In the2011 election, the Green Party received nearly a quarter of a million party votes (247,372), equating to 11.06% of the total valid party votes nationwide, earning them 14 seats in the 50th Parliament. Preliminary results on election night showed them with 10.6% of the vote, equivalent to 13 seats, but special votes increased their support enough to gain an extra seat.[79] They remained the third largest parliamentary party in New Zealand.[80]
In the2014 general election, the Green Party's share of the party vote fell slightly to 10.70%. Despite this, they retained all of their 14 seats and remained the third largest party in Parliament.[60]
James Shaw was elected at the party's 2015 annual general meeting over fellow MPsGareth Hughes andKevin Hague, and party memberVernon Tava. He succeededRussel Norman, who resigned in November 2015 to work as Executive Director ofGreenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand.[81]
In their2017 election campaign launch on 9 July 2017, the Green Party proposed charging bottling companies a 10% tax for exporting water, with the revenue being split between local councils and Māori tribes or iwi. They also announced that they would ban new resource consents for bottling companies until the establishment of a new comprehensive commercial water pricing scheme.[82]
In July 2017, co-leader Metiria Turei criticised the populistNew Zealand First party and its leaderWinston Peters for alleged racism, particularlytowards immigration.[83] List MPBarry Coates penned an article in the left-wing "The Daily Blog" claiming that the Greens would call a snap election rather than be excluded from a prospective Labour and New Zealand First coalition government.[84] Turei and Coates' comments were fiercely criticised by both Peters and New Zealand First MPTracey Martin, who warned that this would affect post-election negotiations between the two parties. Fellow co-leader Shaw later clarified that Coates' remarks did not represent Green Party policy.[85][86]
On 16 July, in order to raise awareness of the inadequacies of the welfare system, Turei disclosed that she had committed benefit fraud in the past.[87] Turei also advocated for raising the domestic purposes benefit for families during the Green Party's electoral campaign. Her disclosure generated considerable interest from the media, politicians, and the New Zealand blogosphere.[88][89][90][91][92][93] On 7 August, Green MPsKennedy Graham and party whipDavid Clendon resigned as Green Party candidates due to their disagreement with Turei's actions and handling of the situation. They formally resigned from the Green Party's parliamentary caucus the following day after the party made moves to remove them "involuntarily."[94][95]
On 9 August, Turei resigned as co-leader and as a list candidate, stating that the media scrutiny on her family had become unbearable. James Shaw remained the Green Party's sole leader for the 2017 election.[96][97] Clendon stated that he would not be returning to the Green Party list despite Turei's resignation. Graham sought to return to the party list, but this was declined on 12 August by the Green Party Executive. Leader James Shaw indicated that there was considerable animosity within the party towards Clendon and Graham for their actions.[98][99]
On 17 August, it was reported that the Green Party had fallen by 11 points to 4% in the1News–Colmar Brunton Poll, below the 5%threshold needed to enter Parliament underNew Zealand's mixed-member proportional system. The party's sharp drop in the opinion poll was attributed to negative publicity around the Green Party's infighting and the ascension ofJacinda Ardern as leader of the centre-leftLabour Party, the Greens' nominal ally.[100][101] By contrast, the Roy Morgan opinion poll placed public support for the Green Party at 9%.[102]
The 2017 general election returned eight list MPs, with 6.3% of the party vote.[103] The Green parliamentary caucus' newest members wereChlöe Swarbrick, who became theyoungest member of the House, andGolriz Ghahraman, the firstrefugee member of the House.[104][105]
Following the election results, Party Leader Shaw stated that the Greens would not be seeking a coalition with the National Party. He added that the party was pursuing a coalition rather than a support agreement with the Labour and socially-conservative New Zealand First parties.[106] On 9 October, the Greens leader Shaw took part in negotiations with the Labour Party.[107]During the coalition-forming negotiations, NZ First leader Peters turned down Shaw's invitation for the two parties to negotiate directly on the grounds that the Greens and Labour had campaigned together under a memorandum of understanding during the 2017 election.[108][109]
In October 2017, the Greens entered a confidence and supply arrangement with the Labour Party which gave them three ministers outside cabinet and one under-secretary role.[110] This marked the first time the Greens had been in government.[111] Party leader James Shaw was appointed Minister for Climate Change and Statistics and Associate Minister of Finance.Julie Anne Genter was madeMinister for Women and Associate Minister of Health and Transport.Eugenie Sage was made Minister of Conservation and Land Information and Associate Minister for the Environment.Jan Logie was appointed Parliamentary Undersecretary to theMinister of Justice with a focus on domestic and sexual violence issues.[112]
As a support partner of theLabour-New Zealand First coalition government, the Greens secured several policies and concessions including a proposedZero Carbon Act, areferendum on legalising personal cannabis use by 2020, establishing a proposedClimate Commission, a proposedGreen Transport Card to reduce public transportation costs, investing in rail and cycle infrastructure, light rail construction toAuckland Airport, increasing theDepartment of Conservation's funding, eliminating "excessive" benefit sanctions and thegender pay gap, a rent-to-own-scheme as part ofKiwiBuild, and re-establishing theMental Health Commission.[113]
In 2019, a number of Trans members resigned after a Green Party magazine published an article from a member concerned about the growing divide between women in the party and LGBTQIA+ members.[114]
In late August 2020, Shaw was criticised by members of the Green Party, the oppositionNational Party, school principals and teachers unions for allocating, in his role as Associate Minister of Finance, NZ$11.7 million from the Government's $3 billion COVID-19 "shovel-ready" recovery fund to the private "Green School New Zealand" inTaranaki. This funding boost contradicted the party's own policy of opposing giving government funds to private schools. Shaw had lobbied for the inclusion of the school in the "shovel-ready" fund, claiming that it would have boosted the local economy and created jobs. Former Green MPsCatherine Delahunty,Mojo Mathers andSue Bradford denounced Shaw's decision as a betrayal of the Green Party's policies and principles.[115][116][117][118] Shaw subsequently apologised to Green MPs during aZoom call, describing his action as an "error of judgment."[119][120] On 2 November, it was reported that the Government had reached an agreement with the school's owners, Michael and Rachel Perrett, for the NZ$11.7 million grant to be converted into a loan; a development that was welcomed by local principals.[121][122]
During the2020 New Zealand general election held on 17 October, the Greens returned to Parliament with 7.9% of the popular vote, giving them ten seats. In addition, Green MPChlöe Swarbrick won theAuckland Central electorate seat by 1,068 votes.[123][124][125][126]
Despite the Labour Party winning a parliamentary majority and not needing to form a coalition agreement with other parties, Labour and the Green parties undertook a series of discussions about areas of cooperation.[127] Green co-leader James Shaw had indicated that the Greens would be open to negotiating with Labour about itswealth tax policy as part of coalition negotiations.[128] Earlier, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern had ruled out supporting the Green's wealth tax policy during campaigning.[129] On 20 October,Newshub reported that Ardern was not seeking a formal coalition between Labour and the Green Party but was exploring a lower-level support arrangement.[130]
Following prolonged negotiations between the Green andLabour parties' leaderships, the Green Party accepted a deal on 31 October under which their co-leaders James Shaw andMarama Davidson would become ministers outside the Cabinet. Under this cooperation agreement, Shaw would remain Minister for Climate Change and become an associate minister for the environment (with responsibility for biodiversity) while Davidson would take the new role of Minister for the Prevention of Family and Sexual Violence and become an associate minister of housing (with responsibility for homelessness). In addition, Green MPs would fill one chair and one deputy chair role on twoselect committees.Stuff reported that these would likely be held by former ministers Eugenie Sage and Julie Anne Genter on the Environment Committee and Transport Committee, respectively.[131] During aZoom call, 85% of the 150 Green Party delegates voted to accept this cooperation agreement with Labour.[132][133]
The agreement was described by Ardern as "honouring the mandate provided to Labour to form a majority Government in our own right" while ensuring the Government "govern[s] for all New Zealanders and to reach as wide a consensus on key issues as possible."[134] Several former Green MPs, including former co-leaderRussel Norman,Sue Bradford, andCatherine Delahunty, criticised the cooperation agreement for giving the Greens a weak position to influence the policy process within the newly formed Labour Government.[135]
On 19 May, Ghahraman sponsored a motion on behalf of the Green Party calling for Members of Parliament to recognise the right of Palestinians to self-determination and statehood. The motion was supported by the Greens and theMāori Party but was opposed by the centre-rightNational andACT parties. The governing Labour Party also declined to support the Greens' motion, with the Speaker of the HouseTrevor Mallard criticising Ghahraman for sponsoring the motion despite knowing that it was going to be voted down.[136][137]
In June 2021, it was revealed the Green Party had received $54,000 in donations from Lindsay Fraser, whom theRoyal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RNZSPCA) has called the worst animal abuser in New Zealand history.[138]
In July 2021, Shaw'sco-leadership of the Greens was challenged by Dunedin climate activist and software developer James Cockle, who expressed dissatisfaction that the Greens were being seen as "Labour's little helper."[139] During a vote at the party's annual general meeting in August 2021, Shaw was overwhelmingly re-elected, winning 116 delegate votes with just four to Cockle.[140]
In January 2022,Radio New Zealand reported that several Green Party executive and policy branch members had resigned from the Party citing disagreement with the Green Party leadership's cooperation agreement with the governing Labour Party, taking issue with what they regarded as the Greens' perceived limited ability to hold the Government to account on policy differences. These former members also alleged Shaw was practising an autocratic leadership style and that the party executive was not holding the parliamentary caucus and leadership to account over policy decisions in government. In addition, several former Green leaders and MPs, including Bradford, Delahunty, and Norman, criticised the party's limited position within the Labour Government, the Government's alleged pro-business policies, and climate change position. In response to criticism, co-leaders Shaw and Davidson claimed that the party was democratic and making "progressive changes" in government.[141]
In early May 2022, the Green Party scrapped its male co-leadership requirement during a weekend special meeting to amend its constitution. Under these changes, the two new co-leaders now need to consist of one woman and one person of any gender (with leadership pathways fornon-binary and intersex individuals). In addition, at least one of the future co-leaders is required to be ofMāori descent.[142]
On 23 July, an annual general meeting was held online to decide on the party's leadership. While Davidson was re-elected unopposed, 32 of the 107 delegates voted to reopen nominations for Shaw's position, meeting the 25% threshold needed to remove him as co-leader and triggera leadership election under the party's rules.[143][144] Shaw was criticised by elements within the party including party member Travis Mischewski and former Green MP Delahunty for his perceived "moderate leadership" and inability to effect change within the Labour Government and tackle climate change.[145][146] On 25 July, Shaw confirmed that he would contest the co-leadership election.[147] That same day, fellow MPs Chlöe Swarbrick andElizabeth Kerekere confirmed that they would not be contesting the co-leadership position.[148][149]
On 10 September, Shaw was re-elected as Green Party co-leader by 142 (97%) of the 145 eligible delegates in the party's special election. Shaw was the only candidate to contest the 2022 co-leadership election.[150][151]
As part of the party's policy plan for the2023 general election it put forward the policy of a guaranteed minimum income for those out of work and those studying of$385 a week for individuals, $770 a week for couples, and $735 for single parents, all after tax. This would be phased in over 2 years and paid for via a wealth tax of 2.5% (two point five percent) on assets worth more than four million New Zealand dollars for couples and two million for singles, as well as a top rate of tax of 45% on incomes over $180,000 and a 33% corporate tax rate. Those with a salary under $125,000 would be granted a tax free threshold of $10,000.[152] The party stated this would result in "tax cuts of between $16 and $26 a week for 3.7 million New Zealanders" and anyone earning under $125,000 would pay less tax as part of its plan.[153]
In the 2023 general election, the Green Party's share of the party vote rose to 11.6% and it increased its number of seats by six to 15: three electorates and 12 list MPs. This is the highest number of Green MPs to ever be elected into Parliament thus far.[154][155] The party returned to opposition, as support partner Labour came second to National.[156]
In January 2024 Shaw announced that he would be resigning as co-leader of the Green Party and retiring from politics.[157][158] Amid shoplifting allegations, Golriz Ghahraman resigned in January 2024. She was replaced by Celia Wade-Brown.[159][160] On 21 February 2024, Fa'anānāEfeso Collins died during a charity run in Auckland.[161] He was replaced byLawrence Xu-Nan.[162][163] On 15 March 2024,Darleen Tana was stood down after allegations of migrant exploitation.[164] On 6 May 2024, James Shaw resigned from parliament and was replaced byFrancisco Hernandez.[165] In late September 2024, Swarbrick announced that the Greens would hold a special meeting on 17 October to decide whether to expel Tana from Parliament using the waka-jumping legislation.[166] In mid-October, Tana appealed the High Court ruling upholding the Green Party's proceedings to expel her from Parliament. In response, Swarbrick said that the appeal would not affect the special meeting scheduled for 17 October.[167] At that meeting 185 party delegates voted to support the use of the legislation by an overwhelming consensus.[168] On 22 October, House SpeakerGerry Brownlee revoked Tana's ability to attend Parliament and expelled her using theElectoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018. She ceased to be an MP immediately following this announcement.[169] In response to the ruling, Tana maintained her innocence but said she respected the speaker's decision due to the waka-jumping law.[170]
In early November 2024, the Greens' Copyright (Parody and Satire) Amendment Bill, which proposed allowing copyrighted works to be used for parody, satire andmemes, was pulled from Parliament's ballot.[171] On 20 November, Green MPTeanau Tuiono'smember's bill restoringNew Zealand citizenship to people born inWestern Samoa between 1924 and 1949 passed into law with unanimous support from all parties.[172]
In early May 2025, Swarbrick unveiled the Greens' alternative budget, which proposed investing $8 billion over the next four years in various green policies including creating a Ministry of Green Works and supporting sustainable infrastructure.[173] Other key Green Budget policies have included a newwealth tax, higher corporate taxes, a private jet tax, higher mining royalties and income tax rates.[174] In response, the ACT party described the Green Budget as a "reckless attack on family farming" while Prime Minister Luxon described the alternative budget as "clown show economics." On 18 May, Swarbrick defended the Green Budget as during an interview withTVNZ journalistJack Tame, saying that it had been "independently costed."[175]
In mid July 2025, the Greens' supported the National-led coalition government's proposed online casino legislation during its first reading, which would introduce 15 licenses for online casinos operating in New Zealand.[176] On 5 September 2025,Benjamin Doyle announced they would resign from Parliament, effective 3 October, citing safety concerns.Mike Davidson would enter Parliament to fill the vacancy.[177] In mid November 2025, co-leader Davidson announced that a Green government would revoke coal, gold and seabed mining consents approved under the National-led coalition government'sFast-track Approvals Act 2024.[178]
In the2013 local elections, the Greens won three city council and two regional council seats inWellington,[179] a council seat inDunedin,[180] and also enjoyed success inChristchurch andGisborne.[citation needed]
During the2016 local elections, Green Dunedin candidate Aaron Hawkins was re-elected to theDunedin City Council and was joined by the Green Party's first successful local or parliamentaryPasifika candidate, CouncillorMarie Laufiso.[181] During the2016 Wellington local election, four Green candidatesSue Kedgley, Iona Pannett, Sarah Free, and David Lee were elected onto theGreater Wellington Regional Council and the Lambton, Eastern, and Southern Wards of theWellington City Council.[182][183] Several Green candidates also contested seats on theAuckland Council, local boards, and licensing trusts during the2016 Auckland local body elections.[184][185][186]
In addition, Brent Barrett was elected toPalmerston North City Council.[187]
The2019 New Zealand local elections were the most successful local body elections ever for the party, culminating in 42 successful candidates.[188] Notably,Aaron Hawkins was electedMayor of Dunedin, becoming the first Green Party candidate to ever win a mayoralty in New Zealand.[189]
In addition, Brent Barrett was re-elected to the Palmerston North City Council and was joined by a second Green candidate Renee Dingwall. Future Green MPTeanau Tuiono also ran for the position ofMayor of Palmerston North but was defeated by the incumbent Grant Smith.[187]
During the2022 New Zealand local elections, ten Green branded candidates were elected to local government positions.[190] Though Aaron Hawkins was defeated in his bid to bere-elected as Mayor of Dunedin, the Green-endorsedTory Whanau was elected asMayor of Wellington.[191][192]
Green councillorTamatha Paul waselected to theWellington City Council (WCC) and became the chair of its new environment and infrastructure committee.[193] In addition, Laurie Foon and Nīkau Wi Neera were elected to the WCC's Southern General Ward and Te Whanganui-a-Tara Māori ward.[194]
In addition, Yadana Saw, Thomas Nash, and Quentin Duthie were elected on the Green Party ticket to theGreater Wellington Regional Council.[195]
Green councillor Brent Barrett was re-elected for a third term on thePalmerston North City Council (PNCC).[196] In addition, Kaydee Zabelin was elected to the PNCC on the Green ticket.[197]
InOtago,Marie Laufiso was elected to theDunedin City Council as a councillor.[198] In addition, Alan Somerville was elected to the Dunedin Regional Constituency of theOtago Regional Council.[199] In July 2024, Laufiso resigned from the party over the ousting of Tana, becoming an independent city councillor.[200]
In February 2024, Green Party candidate Georgie Rogers was elected to the Pukehīnau/Lambton General Ward in theWellington City Council. The ward had been vacated byTamatha Paul, who had been elected to Parliament as a Green MP during the 2023 New Zealand general election.[201]
The party adopted a new constitution in 2022, named Te Waka Framework.[202] This is a te tiriti-based structure that is derived from the party's charter and commitment toTe Tiriti o Waitangi. The framework contains four sections: Te Waka, Ngā Haumi, Te Hāpai, and Ngā Tumu, and is based on the journey of awaka.[203]
| Te Waka | Te Waka covers the governance and policy development and includes areas such as Kaunihera (Council), Te Rōpū Pounamu, Policy Hub, and Kaumātua Kākāriki. |
|---|---|
| Ngā Haumi | Ngā Haumi are the administration and operation aspects of the party and covers the party office. |
| Te Hāpai | Te Hāpai covers membership engagement and representation. It is instructed by and answerable to the membership and includes provinces, branches, and networks. One of the decision making bodies of the party, Member Assembly, also falls under Te Hāpai, as well as Te Awa, the party's magazine. |
| Ngā Tumu | Ngā Tumu are the leaders of the party and include both parliamentary caucus and local government caucus. |
A province is a collection of branches which has sufficient sense of common identity defined by natural geographical boundaries.[204] Branches are a collection of members with anelectorate-based geographical area of responsibility.[204]
There are a number of identity or interest-based networks across the party.[205] These include:
| Election | Co-leaders | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | — | 124,915 | 6.9% | 0 / 97 |  |  3rd | No seats | |
| 1993 | 350,0631 | 18.2% | 0 / 99 | | 3rd | No seats | ||
| 1996 | Rod Donald | Jeanette Fitzsimons | 209,3471 | 10.1% | 3 / 120 | 3 |  4th | Opposition |
| 1999 | 106,560 | 5.1% | 7 / 120 | 4 | 5th | Confidence and supply | ||
| 2002 | 142,250 | 7.0% | 9 / 120 | 2 | 5th | Cooperation agreement[207] | ||
| 2005 | 120,521 | 5.3% | 6 / 121 | 3 | 4th | Cooperation agreement | ||
| 2008 | Russel Norman | 157,613 | 6.7% | 9 / 122 | 3 | 3rd | Opposition | |
| 2011 | Metiria Turei | 247,372 | 11.0% | 14 / 121 | 5 | 3rd | Opposition | |
| 2014 | 257,356 | 10.7% | 14 / 121 | | 3rd | Opposition | ||
| 2017 | James Shaw | — | 162,443 | 6.2% | 8 / 120 | 6 | 4th | Confidence and supply |
| 2020 | Marama Davidson | 226,754 | 7.8% | 10 / 120 | 2 | 3rd | Cooperation agreement | |
| 2023 | 330,883 | 11.6% | 15 / 123 | 5 | 3rd | Opposition | ||
| Source:Electoral Commission | ||||||||
The party has six equal status office holders that form their leadership group:
The co-leaders lead the caucus, the party co-convenors lead the party executive, and the policy co-convenors lead the policy committee. The leadership group facilitates high level discussion and co-ordination between the three committees.
| No. | Name | Portrait | Term of office | No. | Name | Portrait | Term of office | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rod Donald | .jpg) | 21 May 1995 | 6 November 2005† | 1 | Jeanette Fitzsimons | .jpg) | 21 May 1995 | 30 May 2009 | ||
| 2 | Russel Norman | .png) | 3 June 2006 | 30 May 2015 | |||||||
| 2 | Metiria Turei | .jpg) | 30 May 2009 | 9 August 2017 | |||||||
| 3 | James Shaw | .jpg) | 30 May 2015 | 10 March 2024 | |||||||
| 3 | Marama Davidson | .jpg) | 8 April 2018 | incumbent | |||||||
| 4 | Chlöe Swarbrick | .jpg) | 10 March 2024 | incumbent | |||||||
Equivalent to the organisational president of other parties. Historically, there was always one male co-convenor and one female co-convenor. As of May 2022, the party's new constitution requires one female co-convenor and one co-convenor of any gender.
| Male/Any gender | Female |
|---|---|
|
|
Policy co-convenors are the leaders of the policy committee, which is autonomous from both the caucus and the party executive. While lower in public profile than the party co-convenors, the policy co-convenors are considered to have the same status as the party co-convenors, and are elected in the same way. As of May 2022, the party's new constitution requires one female policy co-convenor and one policy co-convenor of any gender.
| Male/Any gender | Female |
|---|---|
|
|
The Green Party has 15 seats in parliament due its share of theparty vote won in the2023 general election.
Golriz Ghahraman resigned in January 2024 and was replaced byCelia Wade-Brown.[208]Efeso Collins died on 21 February 2024 and was replaced byLawrence Xu-Nan.[209]Benjamin Doyle entered Parliament in November 2024 following the removal ofDarleen Tana.[210] Doyle resigned in October 2025 and was replaced byMike Davidson.[211] As of October 2025[update] the MPs are, in order of their 2023 election list ranking:
| List rank | Name | Image | Term started | Portfolios & Responsibilities[212] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Marama Davidson |  | 2015 | Co-leader List MP | |
| 3 | Chlöe Swarbrick |  | 2017 | Co-leader MP for Auckland Central | |
| 4 | Julie Anne Genter | .jpg) | 2011 | MP for Rongotai | |
| 5 | Teanau Tuiono | .jpg) | 2020 | List MP | |
| 6 | Lan Pham | .jpg) | 2023 | List MP | |
| 8 | Ricardo Menéndez March | .jpg) | 2020 | List MP | |
| 9 | Steve Abel | .jpg) | 2023 | List MP | |
| 10 | Hūhana Lyndon |  | 2023 | List MP | |
| 12 | Scott Willis | .jpg) | 2023 | List MP | |
| 14 | Kahurangi Carter | .jpg) | 2023 | List MP | |
| 15 | Celia Wade-Brown | .jpg) | 2024 | List MP | |
| 16 | Lawrence Xu-Nan | .jpg) | 2024 | List MP | |
| 17 | Francisco Hernandez | .jpg) | 2024 | List MP | |
| 19 | Mike Davidson | .jpg) | 2025 | List MP | |
| – | Tamatha Paul | .jpg) | 2023 | MP for Wellington Central | |
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Under [the party's] proposal, people would be able to legally grow and possess marijuana for personal use.
The first national green party in the world, the Values Party, was started in the early 1970s in New Zealand.
Media related toGreen Party of Aotearoa New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |