Greek alphabet
Αα Alpha Νν Nu Ββ Beta Ξξ Xi Γγ Gamma Οο Omicron Δδ Delta Ππ Pi Εε Epsilon Ρρ Rho Ζζ Zeta Σσς Sigma Ηη Eta Ττ Tau Θθ Theta Υυ Upsilon Ιι Iota Φφ Phi Κκ Kappa Χχ Chi Λλ Lambda Ψψ Psi Μμ Mu Ωω Omega
History
Archaic local variants Ϝϝ Digamma Ͱͱ Heta Ϻϻ San Ϙϙ Koppa Ͷͷ Tsan Digamma Ͳͳ Sampi Ϸϸ Sho
Diacritics and other symbols
Diacritics ά ὰ ᾶ ἀ ἁ ᾱ ᾰ ϊ ᾳ σ̌ Ligatures ȢȢ Ϗϗ Ϛϛ ⳨ ☧ Numerals (Attic) ϛ(6) ϟ(90) ϡ(900)
Related topics
Use as scientific symbols Orthography Romanization Cyrillization
Category
v t e

Greek letters are used inmathematics,science,engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols forconstants,special functions, and also conventionally forvariables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities. Those Greek letters which have the same form asLatin letters are rarely used: capital Α, Β, Ε, Ζ, Η, Ι, Κ, Μ, Ν, Ο, Ρ, Τ, Υ, and Χ. Small ι, ο and υ are also rarely used, since they closely resemble the Latin letters i, o and u. Sometimes, font variants of Greek letters are used as distinct symbols in mathematics, in particular for ε/ϵ and π/ϖ. The archaic letterdigamma (Ϝ/ϝ/ϛ) is sometimes used.

TheBayer designation naming scheme forstars typically uses the first Greek letter, α, for the brightest star in each constellation, and runs through the alphabet before switching to Latin letters.

Inmathematical finance,the Greeks are the variables denoted by Greek letters used to describe the risk of certain investments.

Some common conventions:

• Intensive quantities inphysics are usually denoted withminuscules
  whileextensive are denoted withcapital letters.
• Most symbols are written initalics.
• Vectors can be denoted inboldface.
• Sets ofnumbers are typically bold orblackboard bold.

The Greek letter forms used in mathematics are often different from those used inGreek-language text: they are designed to be used in isolation, not connected to other letters, and some use variant forms which are not normally used in current Greek typography.

TheOpenType font format has the feature tag "mgrk" ("Mathematical Greek") to identify aglyph as representing a Greek letter to be used in mathematical (as opposed to Greek language) contexts.

The table below shows a comparison of Greek letters rendered inTeX and HTML.The font used in the TeX rendering is an italic style. This is in line with the convention that variables should be italicized. As Greek letters are more often than not used as variables in mathematical formulas, a Greek letter appearing similar to the TeX rendering is more likely to be encountered in works involving mathematics.

Greek letters in HTML and TeX (α–μ)

Name	TeX	HTML
Alpha	${\displaystyle \mathrm{A}\alpha }$	Α α
Beta	${\displaystyle \mathrm{B}\beta }$	Β β
Gamma	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Gamma }\gamma }$	Γ γ
Delta	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Delta }\delta }$	Δ δ
Epsilon	${\displaystyle \mathrm{E}ϵ\epsilon }$	Ε ϵ ε
Digamma	${\displaystyle Ϝϝ}$	Ϝ ϝ
Zeta	${\displaystyle \mathrm{Z}\zeta }$	Ζ ζ
Eta	${\displaystyle \mathrm{H}\eta }$	Η η
Theta	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Theta }\theta \vartheta }$	Θ θ ϑ
Iota	${\displaystyle \mathrm{I}\iota }$	Ι ι
Kappa	${\displaystyle \mathrm{K}\kappa \varkappa }$	Κ κ ϰ
Lambda	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Lambda }\lambda }$	Λ λ
Mu	${\displaystyle \mathrm{M}\mu }$	Μ μ

Greek letters in HTML and TeX (ν–ω)

Name	TeX	HTML
Nu	${\displaystyle \mathrm{N}\nu }$	Ν ν
Xi	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Xi }\xi }$	Ξ ξ
Omicron	${\displaystyle \mathrm{O}o}$	Ο ο
Pi	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Pi }\pi \varpi }$	Π π ϖ
Rho	${\displaystyle \mathrm{P}\rho \varrho }$	Ρ ρ ϱ
Sigma	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Sigma }\sigma \varsigma }$	Σ σ ς
Tau	${\displaystyle \mathrm{T}\tau }$	Τ τ
Upsilon	${\displaystyle \mathrm{{\rm Y}}\upsilon }$	Υ υ
Phi	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Phi }\varphi \phi }$	Φ ϕ φ
Chi	${\displaystyle \mathrm{X}\chi }$	Χ χ
Psi	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Psi }\psi }$	Ψ ψ
Omega	${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Omega }\omega }$	Ω ω

• ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ represents:
  • the firstangle in atriangle, opposite the sidea
  • thestatistical significance of a result
  • thefalse positive rate in statistics ("Type I" error)^[1]
  • thefine-structure constant in physics^[2][3]
  • theangle of attack of an aircraft
  • analpha particle (He²⁺)
  • angular acceleration in physics^[4]
  • thelinear thermal expansion coefficient
  • thethermal diffusivity^[5]
  • Inorganic chemistry the α-carbon is the backbone carbon next to the carbonyl carbon, most often foramino acids
  • right ascension inastronomy^[6]
  • the brightest star in a constellation^[7]
  • Iron ferrite and numerous phases within materials science
  • thereturn in excess of the compensation for the risk borne in investment
  • theα-conversion inlambda calculus
  • theindependence number of a graph
  • a placeholder forordinal numbers inmathematical logic
  •  a type of receptor for the neurotransmitternoradrenaline inneuroscience

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{B}}$ represents thebeta function
• ${\displaystyle \beta }$ represents:
  • thethermodynamic beta, equal to (k_BT)⁻¹, wherek_B is the Boltzmann constant andT is the absolute temperature.
  • the second angle in atriangle, opposite the sideb
  • thestandardized regression coefficient for predictor or independent variables inlinear regression (unstandardized regression coefficients are represented with the lower-case Latin b, but are often called "betas" as well)
  • the ratio of collector current to base current in a bipolar junctiontransistor (BJT) in electronics (current gain)
  • thefalse negative rate in statistics ("Type II" error)^[8]
  • thebeta coefficient, the non-diversifiable risk, of an asset inmathematical finance
  • thesideslip angle of an airplane
  • abeta particle (e⁻ or e⁺)
  • the beta brain wave inbrain orcognitive sciences^[9]
  • ecliptic latitude inastronomy^[10]
  • the ratio ofplasma pressure to magnetic pressure inplasma physics^[11]
  • β-reduction inlambda calculus
  • the ratio of the velocity of an object to thespeed of light as used in theLorentz factor^[12]
  • a type of receptor for thenoradrenaline neurotransmitter inneuroscience

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Gamma }}$ represents:
  • thecirculation influid dynamics
  • thereflection coefficient of a transmission or telecommunication line.^[13]
  • the confinement factor of an optical mode in awaveguide
  • thegamma function, a generalization of thefactorial^[14]
  • theupper incomplete gamma function
  • themodular group, the group of fractional linear transformations
  • thegamma distribution, a continuous probability distribution defined using thegamma function^[15]
  • second-order sensitivity to price inmathematical finance
  • theChristoffel symbols that describe components of a metric connection^[16]
  • the stack alphabet in the formal definition of apushdown automaton, or the tape-alphabet in the formal definition of aTuring machine
  • theFeferman–Schütte ordinal Γ₀^[17]
  • atmosphericlapse rates inmeteorology
• ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ represents:
  • thespecific weight of substances
  • thelower incomplete gamma function
  • the third angle in atriangle, opposite the sidec
  • theEuler–Mascheroni constant in mathematics^[18]
  • gamma rays and thephoton
  • theheat capacity ratio inthermodynamics
  • theLorentz factor in special relativity^[19]
  • theflight path angle of an airplane

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Delta }}$ represents:
  • afinite difference
  • adifference operator
  • asymmetric difference
  • theLaplace operator
  • giving heat in achemical reaction
  • the angle that subtends the arc of a circular curve insurveying
  • the maximumdegree of any vertex in a givengraph
  • sensitivity to price inmathematical finance
  • thediscriminant of a polynomial (in a quadratic polynomial determines the nature of the roots)
• ${\displaystyle \delta }$ represents:
  • percent error
  • a variation in thecalculus of variations
  • theKronecker delta function^[20]
  • theFeigenbaum constants^[21]
  • theforce of interest inmathematical finance
  • theDirac delta function^[22]
  • thereceptor whichenkephalins have the highest affinity for inpharmacology^[23]
  • theSkorokhod integral inMalliavin calculus, a subfield of stochastic analysis
  • the minimumdegree of any vertex in a givengraph
  • apartial charge. δ− represents a negative partial charge, and δ+ represents a positive partial chargechemistry (See also:Solvation)
  • thechemical shift of an atomic nucleus inNMR spectroscopy. For protons, this is relative totetramethylsilane = 0
  • stable isotope compositions
  • declination inastronomy^[24]
  • noncentrality measure instatistics^[25]
  • The transition function in the formal definition of afinite automaton,pushdown automaton, orTuring machine
  • Infinitesimal - seeLimit of a function § (ε, δ)-definition of limit
• Not to be confused with∂ which is based on the Latin letter d but often called a "script delta"

• ${\displaystyle ϵ}$ represents:
  • a small positive quantity; seelimit
  • a random error inregression analysis
  • the absolute value of an error^[26]
  • inset theory, the limitordinal of the sequence${\displaystyle \omega ,{\omega }^{\omega },{\omega }^{{\omega }^{\omega }},\dots }$
  • incomputer science, theempty string
  • theLevi-Civita symbol
  • inelectromagnetics,dielectricpermittivity^[27]
  • emissivity
  • strain incontinuum mechanics
  • permittivity^[28]
  • the Earth'saxial tilt inastronomy^[29]
  • elasticity ineconomics^[30]
  • electromotive force
  • inchemistry, themolar extinction coefficient of achromophore
  • in mathematics, asurreal number that is bigger than zero, but smaller than all positive real numbers.
• set membership symbol ∈ is based on ε

• Ϝ is sometimes used to represent thedigamma function, though the Latin letter F (which is nearly identical) is usually substituted.
• A hypothetical particle Ϝ speculated to be implicated in the750 GeV diphoton excess, now known to be simply a statistical anomaly

• ${\displaystyle \zeta }$ represents:
  • theRiemann zeta function and otherzeta functions in mathematics
  • thedamping ratio^[31]
  • the value for theZeta potential, i.e., the electrical potential at the slipping plane, used often incolloidal chemistry^[32]

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{H}}$ represents:
  • the Eta function ofLudwig Boltzmann'sH-theorem ("Eta" theorem), instatistical mechanics
  • Information theoretic (Shannon) entropy
• ${\displaystyle \eta }$ represents:
  • the intrinsicwave impedance of a medium (e.g. theimpedance of free space)
  • the partialregressioncoefficient in statistics, also interpreted as aneffect size measure foranalyses of variance
  • theeta meson
  • viscosity^[33]
  • theDedekind eta function^[34]
  • energy conversion efficiency^[35]
  • efficiency (physics)
  • theMinkowski metric tensor in relativity^[36]
  • η-conversion inlambda calculus^[37]
  • thelearning rate in machine learning and statistics^[38]
  • thehapticity of acoordination complexligand

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Theta }}$ (uppercase) represents:
  • an asymptotically tight bound related tobig O notation.
  • sensitivity to the passage of time inmathematical finance
  • inset theory, acertain ordinal number
  • Heaviside step function
• ${\displaystyle \theta }$ (lowercase) represents:
  • aplane angle ingeometry
  • theangle to thexaxis in thexy-plane inspherical orcylindrical coordinates (mathematics)
  • theangle to thezaxis inspherical coordinates (physics)
  • thepotential temperature in thermodynamics
  • theta functions
  • the angle of a scattered photon during aCompton scattering interaction
  • theangular displacement of a particle rotating about an axis
  • theWatterson estimator in population genetics
  • thethermal resistance between two bodies
• ϑ ("script theta"), the cursive form of theta, often used in handwriting, represents
  • the firstChebyshev function innumber theory
  • Theta role in linguistics

• ${\displaystyle \iota }$ represents:
  • aninclusion map inset theory
  • theindex generator function inAPL (in the form ⍳)
  • theinterior product

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{K}}$ represents:
  • theKappa number, indicating lignin content in pulp
• ${\displaystyle \kappa }$ represents:
  • theVon Kármán constant, describing the velocity profile of turbulent flow
  • thekappa curve, a two-dimensional algebraic curve^[39]
  • thecondition number of amatrix innumerical analysis
  • theconnectivity of agraph ingraph theory^[40]
  • curvature^[41]
  • dielectric constant${\displaystyle (\epsilon /{\epsilon }_0)}$
  • thermal conductivity (usually a lowercase Latin${\displaystyle k}$)^[42]
  • electrical conductivity of a solution^[43]
  • thermal diffusivity
  • aspring constant (usually a lowercase Latin${\displaystyle k}$)
  • theheat capacity ratio in thermodynamics (usually${\displaystyle \gamma }$)
  • thereceptor whichdynorphins have the highest affinity for inpharmacology^[23]
  • Einstein gravitational constant^[44]

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Lambda }}$ represents:
  • theLebesgue constant, a bound for the interpolation error
  • thevon Mangoldt function innumber theory
  • the set of logical axioms in theaxiomatic method of logical deduction infirst-order logic
  • thecosmological constant
  • thelambda baryon
  • a diagonal matrix ofeigenvalues inlinear algebra
  • alattice
  • molar conductivity in electrochemistry
  • Iwasawa algebra
• ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ represents:
  • onewavelength of electromagnetic radiation
  • thedecay constant in radioactivity^[45]
  • function expressions in thelambda calculus
  • a generaleigenvalue inlinear algebra
  • the expected number of occurrences in aPoisson distribution in probability
  • thearrival rate inqueueing theory
  • thefailure rate inreliability engineering
  • theLagrange multiplier inmathematical optimization, known as theshadow price in economics
  • theLebesgue measure denotes the volume or measure of a Lebesgue measurable set
  • longitude ingeodesy
  • linear density
  • ecliptic longitude inastronomy^[46]
  • theLiouville function innumber theory
  • theCarmichael function innumber theory
  • theempty string informal grammar
  • a formal system (lambda calculus) in mathematical logic
  • thermal conductivity
  • theLorentz transformation
  • non-standard bonding number ininorganic chemistry, such as in aparent hydride^[47]

• ${\displaystyle \mu }$ represents:
  • theMöbius function innumber theory
  • the populationmean orexpected value inprobability andstatistics
  • ameasure inmeasure theory
  • micro-, anSI prefix denoting 10⁻⁶ (one millionth)
  • Micrometre or micron (retired in 1967 as a standalone symbol, replaced by "μm" using the standard SI meaning)
  • thecoefficient of friction inphysics
  • theservice rate inqueueing theory
  • thedynamic viscosity in physics
  • magneticpermeability inelectromagnetics^[48]
  • amuon^[49]
  • reduced mass^[50]
  • theion mobility inplasma physics
  • theStandard gravitational parameter incelestial mechanics
  • population mean instatistics
  • chemical potential inthermodynamics
  • Absorption coefficient
  • Amplification factor
  • Magnetic moment of adipole^[51]

• ${\displaystyle \nu }$ represents:
  • frequency in physics inhertz (Hz)
  • Poisson's ratio in materials science
  • aneutrino^[52]
  • kinematic viscosity of liquids^[53]
  • stoichiometric coefficient in chemistry
  • true anomaly incelestial mechanics^[54]
  • degrees of freedom instatistics
  • thematching number of agraph
  • thep-adic valuation of a number

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Xi }}$ represents:
  • the originalRiemann Xi function, i.e. Riemann's lower case ξ, as denoted byEdmund Landau and currently
  • thexi baryon
• ${\displaystyle \xi }$ represents:
  • the originalRiemann Xi function
  • the modified definition of Riemann xi function, as denoted by Edmund Landau
  • theextent of reaction

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Pi }}$ represents:
  • theproduct operator in mathematics
  • aplane
  • the unary projection operation inrelational algebra
  • the Pi function, i.e. theGamma function when offset to coincide with the factorial
  • thecomplete elliptic integral of the third kind
  • thefundamental groupoid
  • osmotic pressure
• ${\displaystyle \pi }$ represents:
  • Archimedes' constant (more commonly just called Pi), the ratio of acircle'scircumference to itsdiameter
  • theprime-counting function
  • the state distribution of aMarkov chain
  • inreinforcement learning, a policy function defining how asoftware agent behaves for each possible state of its environment
  • a type ofcovalent bond in chemistry (pi bond)
  • apion (pi meson) in particle physics
  • instatistics, thepopulation proportion
  • nucleotide diversity in molecular genetics
  • in electronics, a special type ofsmall-signal model is referred to as ahybrid-pi model
  • in discrete mathematics, apermutation
  • Projection
• ϖ (a graphic variant, seepomega) represents:
  • angular frequency of awave, influid dynamics (angular frequency is usually represented by${\displaystyle \omega }$ but this may be confused withvorticity in a fluid dynamics context)
  • longitude of pericenter, inastronomy^[55]
  • comoving distance, in cosmology^[56]

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{P}}$ represents:
  • one of theGegenbauer functions in analytic number theory (may be replaced by the capital form of the Latin letter P).
• ${\displaystyle \rho }$ represents:
  • one of theGegenbauer functions in analytic number theory.
  • theDickman–de Bruijn function
  • theradius in apolar,cylindrical, orspherical coordinate system
  • thecorrelation coefficient instatistics
  • theradius of convergence inreal analysis^[57]
  • thesensitivity to interest rate inmathematical finance
  • density (mass or charge per unit volume; may be replaced by the capital form of the Latin letter D)^[58]
  • resistivity
  • theshape and reshape operators inAPL (in the form ⍴)
  • therename operator inrelational algebra
  • theplastic ratio
  • Rho meson

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Sigma }}$ represents:
  • thesummation operator
  • thecovariance matrix
  • the set ofterminal symbols in aformal grammar
  • Mathematical surface
  • Sigma baryon
• ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ represents:
  • Stefan–Boltzmann constant inblackbody radiation^[59][60]
  • thedivisor function innumber theory
  • thereal part of thecomplex variable${\displaystyle s=\sigma +it}$ inanalytic number theory
  • the sign of apermutation in the theory of finite groups
  • the populationstandard deviation, a measure ofspread inprobability andstatistics
  • a type ofcovalent bond in chemistry (sigma bond)
  • the selection operator inrelational algebra
  • stress in mechanics^[61]
  • electrical conductivity
  • area density
  • Cross section
    • nuclear cross section
  • surface charge density for microparticles
  • standard deviation of arandom variable instatistics
  • Spectrum of a matrix
  • Spin

• ${\displaystyle \tau }$ represents:
  • torque, the net rotational force inmechanics
  • the elementarytau lepton inparticle physics
  • amean lifetime, of anexponential decay orspontaneous emission process
  • thetime constant of any device, such as anRC circuit
  • proper time inrelativity
  • oneturn: theconstant ratio of acircle'scircumference to itsradius, with value${\displaystyle 2\pi }$ (6.283...).^[62]
  • Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient, a measure ofrank correlation in statistics
  • Ramanujan's tau function innumber theory
  • shear stress incontinuum mechanics^[63]
  • a type variable in type theories, such as thesimply typed lambda calculus
  • pathtortuosity in reservoir engineering
  • intopology, a given topology
  • thetau inbiochemistry, aprotein associated tomicrotubules
  • the number of divisors of highly composite numbers (sequenceA000005 in theOEIS)
  • precision (${\displaystyle {\tau }^2}$), the reciprocal ofvariance, instatistics

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{{\rm Y}}}$ (U+03D2) represents:
  • theupsilon meson

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Phi }}$ represents:
  • thework function in physics; the energy required by a photon to remove an electron from the surface of a metal
  • magnetic flux orelectric flux
  • thecumulative distribution function of thenormal distribution in statistics
  • phenyl functional group in organic chemistry (pseudoelement symbol)
  • thereciprocal of thegolden ratio (represented by${\displaystyle \varphi }$, below), also represented as${\displaystyle 1/\varphi }$
  • the value of the integration of information in a system (based onintegrated information theory)
  • Geopotential
  • Alternative symbol for awave function inquantum mechanics

Note: Theempty set symbol ∅ looks similar, but is unrelated to the Greek letter.

• ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ or${\displaystyle \phi }$ represents:
  • thegolden ratio 1.618... in mathematics, art, and architecture^[64]
  • Euler's totient function in number theory^[65]
  • the argument of acomplex number in mathematics
  • the value of aplane angle in physics and mathematics
  • theangle to thezaxis inspherical coordinates (mathematics)
  • epoch orphase difference between two waves or vectors
  • theangle to thexaxis in thexy-plane inspherical orcylindrical coordinates (physics)
  • latitude ingeodesy
  • radiant flux
  • neutron flux
  • Potential energy
  • electric potential
  • ascalar field inquantum field theory
  • theprobability density function of thenormal distribution in statistics
  • theVeblen functions

• ${\displaystyle \chi }$ represents:
  • thechi distribution instatistics (${\displaystyle {\chi }^2}$ is the more frequently encounteredchi-squared distribution)
  • thechromatic number of a graph ingraph theory^[66]
  • theEuler characteristic inalgebraic topology^[67]
  • electronegativity in theperiodic table
  • the Fourier transform of alinear response function
  • acharacter inmathematics; especially aDirichlet character innumber theory
  • sometimes themole fraction
  • a characteristic orindicator function in mathematics
  • themagnetic susceptibility of a material in physics^[68]
  • the fission neutron energy spectrum inneutron transport

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Psi }}$ represents:
  • a quaternary combinator incombinatory logic
  • a symbol forpsychology
  • thewave function in theSchrödinger equation ofquantum mechanics^[69]
• ${\displaystyle \psi }$ represents:
  • theJ/psi mesons in particle physics
  • thestream function in fluid dynamics
  • thereciprocal Fibonacci constant^[70]
  • the secondChebyshev function innumber theory^[71]
  • thepolygamma function inmathematics^[72]
  • the supergolden ratio^[73]
  • Incircadian physiology, ψ represents the phase relationship between azeitgeber and abiological rhythm.^[74]
  • Invirology the ψ site is a viral packaging signal.^[75]
  • Water potential in movement of water between plant cells.^[76]

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Omega }}$ represents:
  • Absolute infinite
  • theSI unit measure ofelectrical resistance, theohm^[77][78]
  • theright ascension of the ascending node (RAAN) orLongitude of the ascending node inastronomy andorbital mechanics
  • theomega constant 0.5671432904097838729999686622...^[79]
  • an asymptotic lower bound notation related tobig O notation
  • inprobability theory andstatistical mechanics, thesupport
  • asolid angle^[80][81]
  • theomega baryon
  • thearithmetic function counting a number's prime factors counted with multiplicity
  • thedensity parameter incosmology^[82]
  • thefirst uncountable ordinal (also written as ω₁)^[83]
  • Chaitin's constant for a given computer program
  • thevacuum state inquantum field theory
• ${\displaystyle \omega }$ represents:
  • angular velocity /radian frequency (rad/sec)^[84]
  • theargument of periapsis inastronomy andorbital mechanics
  • acomplexcuberoot of unity — the other is${\displaystyle {\omega }^2}$ — (used to describe various ways of calculating thediscrete Fourier transform)
  • the differentiability class (i.e.${\displaystyle C^{\omega }}$) for functions that are infinitely differentiable because they arecomplex analytic
  • the firstinfiniteordinal
  • theomega meson
  • the set ofnatural numbers inset theory (although${\displaystyle \mathbb{N}}$ orN is more common in other areas of mathematics)
  • an asymptotic dominant notation related tobig O notation
  • inprobability theory, a possible outcome of an experiment
  • thearithmetic function counting a number's distinct prime factors^[85]
  • the symbol ϖ, a graphic variant of π, is sometimes construed as omega with a bar over it; seeπ
  • theunsaturated fats nomenclature in biochemistry (e.g.ω−3 fatty acids)
  • the first uncountable ordinal${\displaystyle {\omega }_1}$ (also written as Ω)
  • theclique number (number of vertices in a maximum clique) of a graph ingraph theory^[86]

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