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 Georgios Averof as a floating museum inPalaio Faliro, Athens | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Greece | |
| Name |
|
| Namesake | George Averoff |
| Builder | Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando,Livorno |
| Laid down | 1907 |
| Launched | 12 March 1910 |
| Commissioned | 16 May 1911 |
| Decommissioned | 1 August 1952 |
| Nickname(s) |
|
| Status | Ceremonially commissioned;museum ship |
| General characteristics | |
| Class & type | Pisa-classarmoured cruiser |
| Displacement | |
| Length | 140.13 m (459.7 ft) |
| Beam | 21 m (69 ft) |
| Draft | 7.18 m (23.6 ft) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | |
| Range | 2,480 nmi (4,590 km; 2,850 mi) at 17.5 knots (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph) |
| Complement |
|
| Armament |
|
| Armor |
|
Georgios Averof (Greek:Θ/Κ Γεώργιος Αβέρωφ) is a modifiedPisa-classarmoured cruiser built in Italy for theRoyal Hellenic Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. The ship served as the Greekflagship during most of the first half of the century. Although popularly known in Greece as abattleship (θωρηκτό), she is in fact an armored cruiser (θωρακισμένο καταδρομικό), the only ship of this type still in existence.[2]
The ship was initially ordered by the ItalianRegia Marina, but budgetary constraints led Italy to offer it for sale to international customers. With the bequest of the wealthy benefactorGeorge Averoff as down payment, Greece acquired the ship in 1909. Launched in 1910,Averof arrived in Greece in September 1911. The most modern warship in theAegean Sea at the time, she served as the flagship of admiralPavlos Kountouriotis in theFirst Balkan War, and played a major role in the establishment of Greek predominance over theOttoman Navy and the incorporation of many Aegean islands to Greece.
The ship continued to serve inWorld War I, theGreco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, and theinterwar period, receiving a modernization in France in 1925 to 1927. Following theGerman invasion of Greece in April 1941,Averof participated in the exodus of the Greek fleet toEgypt. Hopelessly obsolete and prone to mechanical breakdowns, she nevertheless spent the next three years as a convoy escort and guard ship in theIndian Ocean and at theSuez Canal. In October 1944, she carried theGreek government in exile back to liberated Athens, after the withdrawal of the German army.
In 1952, she was decommissioned, before being moved toPoros, where she was berthed from 1956 to 1983. From 1984 until today, she has been reinstated on active duty as amuseum ship in theNaval Tradition Park inFaliro,Athens. After maintenance in late 2017, she achieved seaworthiness state once again, allowing the ship to sail (towed) accompanied by Greek frigateKountouriotis (F-462) (Φ/Γ Κουντουριώτης) to Thessaloniki Greece where she received more than 130,000 visitors over her 53-day stay.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Greece decided to reinforce its fleet, whose ships were fast becoming obsolete due to the rapidly advancingnaval technology of the era. The navy procured eightdestroyers (then a relatively new type of ship) between 1905 and 1907, but the most important addition was the armored cruiserGeorgios Averof. Like her Italian sistersAmalfi andPisa, she was being built atOrlando Shipyards, Livorno, Italy. When the Italian government cancelled the third ship of the class due to budgetary concerns, the Greek government immediately stepped in and bought her with a one-third downpayment (ca. 300,000 goldpound sterling), the bequest of a wealthy Greek benefactor,Georgios Averof, whose name she consequently received.
TheAverof was fitted out with a combination of Italian engines (Ansaldo type), French boilers (Belleville type), British guns (Armstrong type), and German generators and armor (Krupp type).[3] The most discernible difference between the cruiser and her Italian sisters was the shape of her six gun turrets. TheAverof encased her British-built guns in rounded pillbox-form housings with convex roof plates. She was also fitted out with a foremast, which her sister-ships did not receive until after the start of the First World War. Her stern was also equipped with a balcony (paying homage to the old wooden sailing ships of the Middle Ages and of the Greek War of Independence) and a large ornate nameplate with the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece. She was even fitted out with a very small Orthodox chapel inside her (initially designed to be a storehouse for ammunition), dedicated to Saint Nicholas, the Patron Saint of sailors. And she was finally equipped with a steel ram in her inverted bow (paying homage to the ancient triremes). Such was the urgency of the Greek Navy to see the ship in service, that they accepted her with a gouge inside one of the 7.5-inch (191 mm) gun barrels. This had been caused by the slip of a rifling tool, butArmstrong Whitworth's chief ordnance engineer correctly judged the defect as inconsequential to the weapon's performance and safety.
TheAverof waslaunched on 12 March 1910. She would be the last commissioned armored cruiser in the world, a class of warship that had already been rendered obsolete by thebattlecruiser. Her first captain,Ioannis Damianos, took command on 16 May 1911, and theAverof immediately sailed to England for the Coronation Naval Review ofKing George V. While there, she would also receive the first load of ammunition for her British-built guns. The stay in England was troubled byrunning aground atSpithead on 19 June, which forced her intodrydock. While waiting for repairs, her crew was involved in a large brawl with the locals, caused by their unfamiliarity with the mould found on edibleblue cheese. Captain Damianos was deemed inadequate to maintain discipline, and replaced by the esteemed taskmaster,Pavlos Kountouriotis. During the journey home, Captain Kountouriotis thoroughly trained his crew, with the exception of gunnery practice, as ammunition was limited to special deliveries from Britain. TheAverof finally reachedFaliro Bay, near Athens, on 1 September 1911. At that time, she was the most modern and powerful warship in the navies of theBalkan League or theOttoman Empire. And because of this, the Greek people started calling her a battleship.
With the outbreak of theFirst Balkan War in October 1912, Kountouriotis was namedrear admiral and commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Royal Navy.Averof, under CaptainSofoklis Dousmanis, served as the flagship of the fleet, and she took part in the takeover of the islands of the northern and easternAegean. During the naval battles atElli (3 December 1912) andLemnos (5 January 1913) against the Ottoman Navy, she almost single-handedly secured victory and the undisputed control of the Aegean Sea for Greece. In both battles, due to her superior speed, armor and armament, she left the battle line and pursued the Turkish Fleet alone. During the Battle of Elli, Kountouriotis, frustrated by the slow speed of the three older Greekbattleships, hoisted theFlag Signal for the letterZ which stood for "Independent Action", and sailed forward alone, with a speed of 20knots (37 km/h) against the Turkish fleet.Averof succeeded incrossing the T of the Turkish fleet and concentrated her fire against the Ottomanflagship, thus forcing the Ottoman fleet to retreat in disorder. Likewise, during the Battle of Lemnos, when the older battleships failed to follow up withAverof, Kountouriotis did not hesitate to pursue independent action.
In each battle the ship suffered only slight damage, while inflicting severe damage to several Turkish ships. These exploits propelled her and her Admiral to legendary status in Greece. After the Battle of Lemnos, the crew ofAverof affectionately nicknamed her "Lucky Uncle George", while the Turks dubbed her "Şeytan papor" ("The Devil's Ship"). It is a notable fact that, due to the aforementioned need to conserve ammunition which had to be secured from Britain,Averof fired her guns for the first time during the Battle of Elli.
Georgios Averof is credited with successfully closing the Aegean Sea to Ottoman transports bringing fresh troops and supplies to the front during the First Balkan War. This success had a concrete impact on the land action where the Ottoman forces suffered decisive defeats. It is hypothesized that in the lack of such decisive control of the sea by the Greek Navy, the Ottoman Empire might have reinforced its forces on the Balkan Peninsula and therefore fared better in the war.[4]
DuringWorld War I,Averof did not see much active service, as Greece was neutral during the first years of the war, and in deep internal turmoil (seeNational Schism). After theNoemvriana riots of 1916, she was seized by the French, and only returned after Greece formally entered the war on the side of the Allies in June 1917. After the armistice,Averof sailed with otherAllied warships toConstantinople, where she hoisted the Greek flag in front of the Hagia Sofia and received an ecstatic welcome from the city's many Greeks. Under Rear AdmiralIoannis Ipitis, the cruiser continued to serve as flagship of the Royal Hellenic Navy. During theGreco-Turkish War (1919–1922), she supported troop landings inEastern Thrace, bombarded the TurkishBlack Sea coastline, and helped to evacuate refugees after the Greek Army's defeat.
From 1925 to 1927, the cruiser underwent a major refit in France, during which she received modern anti-aircraft armament, a new tripod-foremast and conning tower, improved fire-control equipment, and an overhaul of her engines, boilers, and furnaces. The ship's obsolete 17-inch torpedo tubes were also removed. Given her age, the cost of converting the vessel to fuel-oil firing was considered prohibitive. In March 1935 the vessel evacuatedEleftherios Venizelos fromKasos in the Dodecanese following his failed coup attempt.[5] On 20 May 1937,Averof joined the warships of fourteen other nations at theCoronation Naval Review in Spithead, England. She was the only one of the 150 vessels present which had also attended the previous coronation review in 1911. King George VI was reminded of the fact, as he warmly welcomedAverof's captain, during the preliminary introduction of Britain's naval guests.
In the early morning of 18 April 1941, after the collapse of the Greco-German front, theAverof's crew disobeyed direct orders toscuttle the ship in preventing her possible capture by the enemy. They cut through a closed harbor-boom with axes and handsaws to let the vessel escape, and their commanding officer embarked up a rope ladder to join them as the vessel was underway. Under the constant threat of Luftwaffe air strikes (which had sunk many Greek and British warships during the evacuation), the cruiser sailed toSouda Bay,Crete and then on to the UK naval station atAlexandria, arriving in Egypt on 23 April.
While too slow to serve with the British Fleet in the Mediterranean, and also lacking sufficient anti-aircraft armament for that theatre of operation, the old armored cruiser was considered quite appropriate for escorting Indian Ocean convoys. In this capacity, she could offer more firepower than a contemporary heavy cruiser (albeit with less gunnery range), and twice their respective armour protection, quite sufficient to deal with the threat posed by German raiders operating in the sector. This task also required no more speed than her then greatly reduced maximum of 12 knots. So from September 1941 through October 1942, under British control, she was assigned to convoy escort and patrol duties in theIndian Ocean and based atBombay.
TheAverof left Alexandria on 30 June and passed through the Suez Canal to Port Tewfiq (Port Suez). The three weeks spent there saw her crew involved in the rescue of sailors and soldiers aboard the Cunard Line troopshipMVGeorgic, which was set ablaze and sunk at an adjacent berth during a Luftwaffe air raid on 6 July. With several of her boilers deactivated, and the fuel-oil spraying mechanism for her coal furnaces now inoperable, theAverof was then capable of only 9 knots, insufficient for her planned convoy duties. So on 20 July, the ship departed for Port Sudan, where she underwent three weeks of emergency repairs to her oil-accelerant apparatus, raising her cruising speed to the required minimum. The vessel then resumed her passage of the Red Sea and reached the port of Aden, in late-August. From there, she sailed in an unassigned convoy crossing of the Indian Ocean, arriving at Bombay on 10 September 1941.
As theAverof had not seen an overhaul of her boilers and furnaces since 1926, mechanical problems continued to plague the vessel and ultimately cut short her usefulness in convoy service. On 28 September she was assigned to escort an oil tanker convoy (BP.16) from Bombay to Basra in the Persian Gulf, but was detached before completing the voyage due to faulty boilers. This was of extra concern because on 24 September, the Germanauxiliary cruiserKormoran had sunk theStamatios G. Embiricos at the equator, ending three months of raider inactivity in the sector. By the time theAverof was forced to leave her convoy, the Greek freighter was already four days overdue to Columbo, Ceylon, meaning the enemy would have had a week to sail in any direction from theEmbiricos' last known position. However, theKormoran had moved southeast towards Australia (and her fateful meeting with HMASSydney), and convoy BP.16 reached Basra safely on 5 October. TheAverof returned to Bombay on 4 October, where the cruiser underwent emergency repairs. On 20 December, she finally sailed again from Bombay to “cover” a troop-support convoy (BM.31B) headed for Singapore with a stop at Columbo. Here she was detached, returning to Bombay on 5 January 1942.
On 9 January theAverof again put to sea in advance of the unescorted departures of six troopships from Bombay and Karachi, headed for Basra (BP.31A – 31B). The cruiser could not hope to keep up with these vessels, traveling at 14 to 16 knots, so she was once again designated as a patrol vessel (“defensive cover”) for the sea lane in which they would eventually overtake her. Turning in the Gulf of Oman, theAverof's lookout spotted a modern freighter appearing to shadow the warship at a safe distance. The cruiser went to “battle stations” over the possible sighting of a merchant raider, but the suspicious vessel altered course and sped away.
This incident appears to have prompted a call for gunnery practice after the ship returned to Bombay on 15 January. During these exercises in the bay outside the harbor, the recoil from one of theAverof's eight-gun broadsides fractured the mounts on two of her active boilers and sent them crashing to the deck. The vessel limped into port for major repairs and did not venture out again until she departed Bombay in early November 1942. By then, she had been dubbed, “Georgios Never-off”, by the base’s Royal Navy personnel. Again repaired to a cruising capability of 12 knots, she sailed for Port Said, Egypt, in an independent passage of the Arabian and Red Seas, and took up duties as a Suez Canal guard ship from mid-November 1942.
Averof was the only World War I-era armored cruiser to serve in her original capacity during World War II (several old Japanese vessels of the type acted as training ships, or were converted for minelaying). While her 9.2-inch British-built ordnance was no longer in sea service with the Royal Navy, many of these weapons had been moved to coastal batteries and their shells were readily available. The British 7.5-inch naval gun was still employed on three of the Royal Navy'sHawkins-class heavy cruisers, as well as shore installations, so its ammunition also remained in production. However, this was not to prove a factor inAverof's viability, as she was never again required to fire her guns in anger.
On 17 October 1944, once again as the flagship of the exiled Hellenic Navy, and under the command of Captain Theodoros Kountouriotis (the Admiral's son), she carried the Greek government-in-exile from Cairo to liberated Athens. After arriving, her flag was taken down and raised on the Acropolis by Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou, as a symbol of freedom.Averof continued as Fleet Headquarters until she wasdecommissioned in 1952. Afterward, the vessel remained anchored at Salamis until she was towed toPoros, where she was berthed from 1956 to 1983.
In 1984 the Navy decided to restore her as amuseum ship, and in the same year she was towed toPalaio Faliro,Athens where she is anchored as a functioning floating museum, seeking to promote the historical consolidation and upkeep of the Greek naval tradition. Free guided tours are provided to visiting schools and on holidays. In 2016 she was retrofitted with an internal elevator allowing access to most decks by visitors with movement disabilities. She is berthed at Trocadero quay, as part of theNaval Tradition Park.
The ship is crewed and regarded as in active service, carrying the Rear Admiral'srank flag a square blue flag with white cross, like the Greekjack, with two white stars in each of the two squares on the flagstaff side[6][7] atop themainmast with themasthead pennant (a long triangular blue flag with a white orthogonal Greek cross) displaced downward. Every Hellenic Navy ship entering or sailing in Faliro Bay honoursAverof while passing. The crew are ordered to attention (with the "Still to" order) and from the relevantboatswain's pipe (or bugle call) every man on decks stands to attention, officers saluting, looking to the side whereAverof is in sight until "Continue" is ordered.[8]
In June 2010 the ship was involved in a scandal after being used as the stage for a lavish wedding party by Greek shipownerLeon Patitsas and TV personaMarietta Chrousala. The publication of photos from the party by theProto Thema tabloid caused major political uproar, resulting in the dismissal of her commander,Commodore Evangelos Gavalas.[9][10]
On 26 April 2017, theAverof was towed from her museum dock at Palaio Faliro to theSkaramangas Shipyard, in Elefsis. Two commercial tugs and a pilot craft maneuvered the cruiser under the command of theCommodoreSotiris Charalambopoulos. A Greek Navy tug and a helicopter also assisted the operation. At the shipyard, theAverof underwent two months of maintenance and repairs, partially funded by Greek shipping magnate and philanthropist,Alexandros Goulandris. In May 2017, Goulandris, together withHydra Ecologists Club, and several retired Hellenic Navy officers, announced their intention to begin a thorough review of the mechanical parts that would need to be newly machined or refurbished, so that the ship might eventually sail the Aegean under steam power. If realised, it would make theAverof the oldest operational steel warship in the world. Goulandris died on 25 May 2017, three weeks after the announcement.
The cruiser's two months of dry dock inspection and hull maintenance were a prelude to the vessel's first voyage in 72 years. On 5 October 2017, theAverof left her long-time berth at Palaio Faliro, and was towed 250 miles across the open sea to a 50-day exhibition-docking on Thessaloniki's urban waterfront. The vessel was escorted by up to six large tugs and a pilot craft fromZouros Salvage & Towage. A Hellenic Navy tugboat also accompanied them. On 7 October, the group approached the Thessaloniki dock with horns and sirens blaring, their fire-fighting nozzles shooting great plumes of water skywards. An honor guard of Greek sailors and a Hellenic Navy band were arrayed along the dock to meet the ship. After 7 weeks of heavy visitation (over 130,000 visitors in 53 days[11]) by the general public, theAverof returned to her Palaio Faliro museum dock on 13 December.
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 Regia Marina | |
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 Hellenic Navy | |
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37°56′02″N23°41′01″E / 37.93389°N 23.68361°E /37.93389; 23.68361
