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| Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Mutual Protection | |
|---|---|
 TheKingdom of Greece (green) and theKingdom of Serbia (orange) shown within Europe in 1914. | |
| Signed | 1 June 1913 |
| Location | Thessaloniki, Kingdom of Greece (now Greece) |
| Parties | |
TheGreek–Serbian Alliance of 1913 was signed atThessaloniki on 1 June 1913, in the aftermath of theFirst Balkan War, when both countries wanted to preserve their gains inMacedonia fromBulgarian expansionism. The treaty formed the cornerstone ofGreek–Serbian relations for a decade, remaining in force throughWorld War I until 1924.
During theFirst Balkan War, bothGreek andSerbian armies concluded their operations inMacedonia by late 1912, while the Bulgarian army was directed mainly towardsThrace. As a result, the former succeeded in taking control of most of Macedonia, including its largest city,Thessaloniki, which was occupied by the Greek army in early November. Bulgaria nevertheless demanded most of Macedonia for herself, relying on the crucial role its army had played in facing the bulk of the Ottoman army in the First Balkan War, as well as on the pre-war agreements with Serbia regarding their mutual territorial claims in northern Macedonia. Both Greece, which had not signed any agreement on territorial partition, and Serbia, which in theLondon Conference of 1912–13 was forced by theGreat Powers to cede its conquests inAlbania in favour of the newly createdAlbanian Principality, opposed Bulgarian claims and insisted on anuti possidetis division of territory.
On 9 March 1913, the Greek Foreign MinisterLambros Koromilas instructed the Greek ambassador to Belgrade to sound out the Serbian government with a view to a bilateral alliance treaty. Preliminary discussions quickly bore fruit, and on 5 May Koromilas and the Serbian ambassador to Athens signed the first protocol, where both sides pledged mutual support against Bulgaria should the latter refuse to acknowledge the territorial status quo. The protocol also included a 50-year commercial agreement which allowed the use of Thessaloniki by Serbian companies. This protocol was then followed by a military convention signed on 13 May at Thessaloniki. The Serbian government however refused to ratify the latter, insisting that Greece take on itself the previous Bulgarian pledge to provide 200,000 troops in the case of anAustrian attack. The Greek government was reluctant to agree to this, but following the clashes between Greek and Bulgarian troops among the mutual demarcation line atNigrita andMount Pangaion, as well as the view of Prime MinisterEleftherios Venizelos that an Austro-Serbian war would soon draw the other Great Powers into the fray, it agreed.
The finalTreaty of Peace, Friendship and Mutual Protection was signed at Thessaloniki on 1 June 1913, by the Greek ambassador to Belgrade,Ioannis Alexandropoulos, and the Serbian ambassador to Athens,Mateja Bošković.[1] Article 1 gave a mutual guarantee of the signatories' territorial possessions, concluded a defensive alliance and precluded each government from unilaterally concluding a peace treaty. Article 2 pledged the two states to a common front in the negotiating table against Bulgaria. Article 3 delineated the Greek–Serbian border (presently the border of Greece and theRepublic of North Macedonia) based on the demarcation line between the respective armies. Articles 4 and 5 stated each country's territorial claims on Bulgarian-controlled territory (the lineGevgelija–Vardar River–Bregalnica–Osogovska Planina for the Serbs andBelasica–Eleftheres Gulf for the Greeks), committed them to seek international mediation, and to meet Bulgarian armed aggression towards either signatory with all available forces. The attendant military convention obliged each country to come to the other's aid with all available forces should either be attacked by a third power, or, if one of the signatories declared war first, to maintain a favourable neutrality and conduct a partial mobilization (40,000 men for Greece and 50,000 for Serbia). The signature of the Greek–Serbian alliance marked the demise of theBalkan League. On 30 June, Bulgarian troops attacked the Greek and Serbian lines, beginning theSecond Balkan War.
The alliance played an important role inWorld War I, when Serbia wasattacked by Austria. Venizelos mobilized the Greek army, but met with the refusal of the Germanophile KingConstantine I to enter the war on the side of theEntente Powers. In an attempt to force the king's hand, in mid-1915 Venizelos allowed a British-French force to land in Thessaloniki in order to aid the Serbs, establishing theSalonica front. The crisis between Prime Minister and King over the issue of the country's participation in the war led to theNational Schism, which plagued Greek political life until the 1930s. The Treaty of Alliance was finally unilaterally cancelled by the newKingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1924, as a reaction to the controversial Greek-BulgarianPolitis–Kalfov Protocol on minorities.
